713. The verb is inflected by attaching person endings to the several stems.
714. The stem contains the meaning of the verb, and also denotes the mode (mood) and the time (tense) of the action as viewed by the speaker.
715. There are three Moods, Indicative, Subjunctive, and Imperative.
716. There are six Tenses in the indicative, three of the present system, Present, Imperfect, and Future; and three of the perfect system, Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect. The subjunctive lacks the futures; the imperative has only the present.
717. The meanings of the moods and tenses are best learnt from reading. No satisfactory translation can be given in the paradigms, especially of the subjunctive, which requires a variety of translations for its various uses.
718. The verb has two principal stems: I. The Present stem, which is the base of the present system; II. The Perfect stem, which is the base of the perfect active system.
719. The perfect system has no passive; its place is supplied by the perfect participle with a form of sum, am, or less frequently of fuī, am become.
720. Many verbs have only the present system: as, maereō, mourn; some have only the perfect system: as, meminī, remember. Some verbs have a present and perfect system made up of two separate roots or stems: as, present indicative ferō, carry, perfect indicative tulī, and perfect participle lātus; present possum, can, perfect potuī.
721. The person ending limits the meaning of the stem by pointing out the person of the subject. There are three Persons, the First, used of the speaker, the Second, of what is spoken to, and the Third, of what is spoken of. The person ending furthermore indicates number and voice.
722. There are two Numbers: the Singular, used of one, and the Plural, used of more than one.
723. There are two Voices: the Active, indicating that the subject acts, and the Passive, indicating that the subject acts on himself, or more commonly is acted on by another.
724. Only transitive verbs have all persons of the passive. Intransitive verbs have in the passive only the third person singular, used impersonally; the participle in this construction is neuter.
725. Some verbs have only the passive person endings, but with a reflexive or an active meaning; such are called Deponents: see 798.
726. The person endings are as follows:
| Voice. | Active. | Passive. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mood. | Ind. & Sub. | Imperative. | Ind. & Sub. | Imperative. | ||||
| Number. | Sing. | Plur. | Sing. | Plur. | Sing. | Plur. | Sing. | Plur. |
| First person. | -m | -mus | not used | not used | -r | -mur | not used | not used |
| Second person. | -s | -tis | none, -tō | -te, -tōte | -ris, -re | [-minī] | -re, -tor | [-minī] |
| Third person. | -t | -nt | -tō | -ntō | -tur | -ntur | -tor | -ntor |
727. In the perfect indicative active, the second person singular ends in -tī, and the third person plural in -runt for an older -ront, or in -re. -re is most used in poetry and history, and by Cato and Sallust; -runt by Cicero, and almost always by Caesar.
728. In the indicative -m is not used in the present (except in sum, am, and inquam, quoth I), in the perfect or future perfect, or in the future in -bō. -s is not used in es for ess, thou art, and in ēs, eatest (171, 1).
729. In inscriptions, -d sometimes stands for -t (149, 2) in the third person singular, and sometimes -t is not used: as, FECID, made, for fēcit; DEDE, gave, for dedēt or dedit. And other forms of the third person plural of the indicative active are sometimes used: as, Pisaurian DEDROT, DEDRO (with syncope, 111) for dederunt, gave; EMERV, bought, for ēmērunt; once DEDERI, probably for dedēre (856).
730. In the passive second person singular, Terence has always, Plautus commonly -re; later it is unusual in the present indicative, except in deponents; but in other tenses -re is preferred, especially in the future -bere, by Cicero, -ris by Livy and Tacitus. The second person plural passive is wanting; its place is supplied by a single participial form in -minī, which is used without reference to gender, for gender words and neuters alike (297).
731. Deponents have rarely -mino, in the imperative singular: as, second person, prōgredimino, step forward thou (Plaut.); in laws, as third person: FRVIMINO, let him enjoy; or -tō and -ntō for -tor and -ntor: as, ūtitō, let him use; ūtuntō, let them use. In a real passive, -ntō is rare: as, CENSENTO, let them be rated.
732. The verb is accompanied by some nouns, which are conveniently, though not quite accurately, reckoned parts of the verb; they are:
Three Infinitives, Present Active and Passive, and Perfect Active, sometimes called the Infinitive Mood. For the future active and passive and the perfect passive, compound forms are used.
The Gerund and the Gerundive.
Two Supines.
Three Participles, Present and Future Active, and Perfect Passive.
733. The several verb stems can readily be found, when once the principal parts are known; these are given in the dictionary.
734. The Principal Parts of a verb are the Present Indicative Active, Present Infinitive Active, Perfect Indicative Active, and Perfect Participle: as,
| Pres. Indic. | Pres. Infin. | Perf. Indic. | Perf. Part. |
|---|---|---|---|
| regō, rule | regere | rēxī | rēctus |
| laudō, praise | laudāre | laudāvī | laudātus |
| moneō, advise | monēre | monuī | monitus |
| audiō, hear | audīre | audīvī | auditus |
735. The Principal Parts of deponents are the Present Indicative, Present Infinitive, and Perfect Participle: as,
| Pres. Indic. | Pres. Infin. | Perf. Part. |
|---|---|---|
| queror, complain | querī | questus |
| mīror, wonder | mīrārī | mīrātus |
| vereor, fear | verērī | veritus |
| partior, share | partīrī | partītus |
736. A verb is usually named by the present indicative active first person singular: as, regō; laudō, moneō, audiō; or by the present infinitive active: as, regere; laudāre, monēre, audīre. Deponents are named by the corresponding passive forms: as, queror; mīror, vereor, partior; or querī; mīrārī, verērī, partīrī.
737. For convenience, verbs with -ere in the present infinitive active are called Verbs in -ere; those with -āre, -ēre, or -īre, Verbs in -āre, -ēre, or -īre, respectively. In like manner deponents are designated as Verbs in -ī; or Verbs in -ārī, -ērī, or -īrī, respectively.
738. The several stems of the verb come from a form called the Theme. In primitives, the theme is a root; in denominatives, the theme is a noun stem.
Thus, reg- in reg-ō is a root; while vesti- in vesti-ō, dress, is a noun stem. The noun stem is sometimes modified in form. Oftentimes the noun stem is only presumed: as, audi- in audi-ō.
739. Some verbs have a denominative theme in the present system, and a primitive theme in the perfect system, others have the reverse.
740. Most verbs with an infinitive of more than two syllables in -āre, -ēre, or -īre, or, if deponent, in -ārī, -ērī, or -īrī, are denominative; most other verbs are primitive.
Thus, laudāre, monēre, audīre; mīrārī, verērī, partīrī, are denominative; while esse, dare, (dē)lēre, regere, querī, are primitive. A few verbs, however, which have the appearance of denominatives, are thought to be primitive in their origin.
741. Verbs are divided into two classes, according to the form of the present system: I. Root verbs, and verbs in -ere, mostly primitive; II. Verbs in -āre, -ēre, or -īre, mostly denominative.
742. Verbs are sometimes arranged without regard to difference of kind, in the alphabetical order of the vowel before -s of the second person singular of the present indicative active, ā, ē, i, ī: thus, laudās, monēs, regis, audīs, sometimes called the first, second, third, and fourth conjugation respectively.
743. A few of the oldest and commonest verbs of everyday life have a bare root as stem in the present indicative or in parts of it; and some of them have other peculiarities; such are called Root Verbs, or by some, irregular (744-781). Most primitives are verbs in -ere, like regō (782).
Irregular Verbs.
(a.) With a Prevalent Bare Root.
744. Primitives with the bare root as present indicative stem in almost all their forms are sum, am, dō, give, put, and compounds; and with the root doubled, bibō, drink, serō, sow, and sistō, set.
745. sum, am, is used only in the present system (720). The perfect system is supplied by forms of fuī (fu-).
| PRINCIPAL PARTS. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Pres. Indic. | Pres. Infin. | Perf. Indic. | Perf. Part. |
| sum | esse | (fuī) | —— |
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | |||
| Present Tense. | |||
| Singular. | Plural. | ||
| sum, I am | sumus, we are | ||
| es, thou art | estis, you are | ||
| est, he is | sunt, they are | ||
| Imperfect Tense. | |||
| eram, I was | erāmus, we were | ||
| erās, thou wert | erātis, you were | ||
| erat, he was | erant, they were | ||
| Future Tense. | |||
| erō, I shall be | erimus, we shall be | ||
| eris, thou wilt be | eritis, you will be | ||
| erit, he will be | erunt, they will be | ||
| Perfect Tense. | |||
fuī, I have been, or was |
fuimus, we have been, or were |
||
fuistī, thou hast been, or wert |
fuistis, you have been, or were |
||
fuit, he has been, or was |
fuērunt or -re, they have been, or were |
||
| Pluperfect Tense. | |||
| fueram, I had been | fuerāmus, we had been | ||
| fuerās, thou hadst been | fuerātis, you had been | ||
| fuerat, he had been | fuerant, they had been | ||
| Future Perfect Tense. | |||
| fuerō, I shall have been | fuerimus, we shall have been | ||
| fueris, thou wilt have been | fueritis, you will have been | ||
| fuerit, he will have been | fuerint, they will have been | ||
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | |||
| Present Tense. | |||
| Singular. | Plural. | ||
| sim, may I be | sīmus, let us be | ||
| sīs, mayst thou be | sītis, be you, may you be |
||
sit, let him be, may he be |
sint, let them be, may they be |
||
| Imperfect Tense. | |||
| essem, I should be | essēmus, we should be | ||
| essēs, thou wouldst be | essētis, you would be | ||
| esset, he would be | essent, they would be | ||
| Perfect Tense. | |||
| fuerim, I may have been | fuerīmus, we may have been | ||
| fuerīs, thou mayst have been | fuerītis, you may have been | ||
| fuerit, he may have been | fuerīnt, they may have been | ||
| Pluperfect Tense. | |||
| fuissem, I should have been | fuissēmus, we should have been |
||
fuissēs, thou wouldst have been |
fuissētis, you would have been |
||
| fuisset, he would have been | fuissent, they would have been |
||
| IMPERATIVE MOOD. | |||
es or estō, be thou, thou shalt be |
este or estōte, be you, you shall be |
||
| estō, he shall be | suntō, they shall be | ||
| NOUNS OF THE VERB. | |||
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | ||
| Pres. esse, to be | Pres. See 749 | ||
| Perf. fuisse, to have been | Perf. —— | ||
| Fut. futūrus esse, to be going to be | Fut. futūrus, going to be | ||
746. For the first person sum, Varro mentions esum as an archaic form. This e was probably prefixed by analogy with the other forms; for the -m, and for es, see 728. For sim, &c., and siem, &c., see 841. In the imperfect eram, &c., and the future erō, &c., s has become r (154).
747. The indicative and imperative es is for older ess (171, 1), and is regularly used long by Plautus and Terence. The e of es and est is not pronounced after a vowel or -m, and is often omitted in writing: as experrēcta es, pronounced experrēctas; epistula est, pronounced epistulast; cōnsilium est, pronounced cōnsiliumst. In the dramatists, -s preceded by a vowel, which is usually short, unites with a following es or est: thus, tū servos es becomes tū servos; similis est, similist; virtūs est, virtūst; rēs est, rēst.
748. Old forms are: SONT (inscr. about 120 B.C.); with suffix -scō (834), escit (for *esscit), gets to be, will be, escunt; present subjunctive, siem, siēs, siet, and sient (841), common in inscriptions down to 100 B.C., and in old verse; also in compounds; imperative estōd rare.
749. The present participle is used only as an adjective. It has two forms: sontem (accusative, no nominative), which has entirely lost its original meaning of being, actual, the real man, and has only the secondary meaning of guilty, and īnsōns, innocent; and -sēns in absēns, away, praesēns, at hand, dī cōnsentēs, gods collective; also once INSENTIBVS. sum has no gerund or gerundive.
750. A subjunctive present fuam, fuās, fuat, and fuant occurs in old Latin; and an imperfect forem, forēs, foret, and forent, in all periods. The present infinitive fore, to get to be, become, has a future meaning. Old forms in the perfect system are FVVEIT (29, 1), FVET; fūit, fūimus, fūerim, fūerit, fūerint, fūisset (Plaut., Enn.). fuī has no perfect participle or supine.
possum, can.
| Principal parts: possum, posse; (potuī, see 875.) | ||
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular. | Plural. | |
| Pres. | possum, potes, potest | possumus, potestis, possunt |
| Imp. | poteram, poterās, poterat | poterāmus, poterātis, poterant |
| Fut. | poterō, poteris, poterit | poterimus, poteritis, poterunt |
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | ||
| Pres. | possim, possīs, possit | possīmus, possītis, possint |
| Imp. | possem, possēs, posset | possēmus, possētis, possent |
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | |
| Pres. | posse | —— |
752. possum is formed from pote, able, and sum, juxtaposed (166, 2; 396). The separate forms potis sum, &c., or pote sum, &c., are also used, and sometimes even potis or pote alone takes the place of a verb; in either case potis and pote are indeclinable, and are applied to gender words and neuters both.
753. t is retained before a vowel, except in possem, &c., for potessem, &c., and in posse; t before s changes to s (166, 2). Old forms are: possiem, &c., (748), potessem, potisset, potesse. Rare forms are POTESTO (inscr. 58 B.C.), and passives, as potestur, &c., with a passive infinitive (1484). possum has no participles; the perfect system, potuī, &c., is like fuī, &c. (745).
(2.) dō, give, put (dā-, da-).
754. There are two verbs dō, one meaning give, and one meaning put. The dō meaning put is oftenest used in compounds; the simple verb has been crowded out by pōnō. The present system of dō is as follows:
| Principal parts: dō, dare, dedī, datus. | ||
| ACTIVE VOICE. | ||
|---|---|---|
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | ||
| Singular. | Plural. | |
| Pres. | dō, dās, dat | damus, datis, dant |
| Imp. | dabam, dabās, dabat |
dabāmus, dabātis, dabant |
| Fut. | dabō, dabis, dabit | dabimus, dabitis, dabunt |
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | ||
| Pres. | dem, dēs, det | dēmus, dētis, dent |
| Imp. | darem, darēs, daret |
darēmus, darētis, darent |
| IMPERATIVE MOOD. | ||
| dā or datō, datō | date or datōte, dantō |
|
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | |
| Pres. | dare | dāns |
| GERUND. | ||
| Gen. | dandī, &c. | |
| PASSIVE VOICE. | ||
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | ||
| Singular. | Plural. | |
| Pres. | ——, daris or -re, datur |
damur, daminī, dantur |
| Imp. | dabar, dabāre or -ris, dabātur |
dabāmur, dabāminī, dabantur |
| Fut. | dabor, dabere or -ris, dabitur |
dabimur, dabiminī, dabuntur |
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | ||
| Pres. | ——, dēre or -ris, dētur |
——, dēminī, dentur |
| Imp. | darer, darēre or -ris, darētur |
darēmur, darēminī, darentur |
| IMPERATIVE MOOD. | ||
dare or dator, dator |
daminī, dantor | |
| INFINITIVE. | GERUNDIVE. | |
| Pres. | darī | dandus |
755. In the present system a is short throughout in the first syllable, except in dās and dā. For dedī, datus, and supines datum, datū, see 859 and 900.
756. Old forms: danunt of uncertain origin (833) for dant. From another form of the root come duis, duit; interduō, concrēduō, perfect concrēduī; subjunctive duim, duīs (duās), duit and duint (841), and compounds, used especially in law language, and in praying and cursing; crēduam, crēduās or crēduīs, crēduat or crēduit.
757. Real compounds of dō have a present system like regō (782); in the perfect and the perfect participle, e and a become i: as, abdō, put away, abdere, abdidī, abditus; crēdō, put trust in. perdō, fordo, destroy, and vēndō, put for sale, have gerundives perdendus, vēndundus, and perfect participles perditus, vēnditus; the rest of the passive is supplied by forms of pereō and vēneō. reddō, give back, has future reddibō 3 times (Plaut.). In the apparent compounds with circum, pessum, satis, and vēnum, dō remains without change, as in 754.
758. bibō, drink, serō, sow (for *si-sō, 154), and sistō, set, form their present stem by reduplication of the root (189). The vowel before the person endings is the root vowel, which becomes variable, like a formative vowel (824). These verbs have the present system like regō (782).
(b.) With the Bare Root in Parts.
inquam, eō, and queō.
759. inquam, eō, and queō have the bare root as present stem, in almost all their parts; in a few parts only the root is extended by a formative vowel (829).
760. inquam, say I, is chiefly used in quoting a person’s direct words; and, from its meaning, is naturally very defective. The only parts in common use are the following:
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular. | Plural. | |
| Pres. | inquam, inquis, inquit |
——, ——, inquiunt |
| Fut. | ——, inquiēs, inquiet |
——, ——, —— |
761. Rare forms are: subjunctive inquiat (Cornif.), indicative imperfect inquiēbat (Cic.), used twice each; indicative present inquimus (Hor.), perfect inquiī (Catull.), inquīstī (Cic.), once each; imperative inque, 4 times (Plaut. 2, Ter. 2), inquitō, 3 times (Plaut.). For inquam, see 728.
| Principal parts: eō, īre, iī, itum. | ||
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular. | Plural. | |
| Pres. | eō, īs, it | īmus, ītis, eunt |
| Imp. | ībam, ībās, ībat | ībāmus, ībātis, ībant |
| Fut. | ībō, ībis, ībit | ībimus, ībitis, ībunt |
| Perf. | iī, īstī, iīt or īt |
iimus, īstis, iērunt or -re |
| Plup. | ieram, ierās, ierat |
ierāmus, ierātis, ierant |
| F. P. | ierō, ieris, ierit | ierimus, ieritis, ierint |
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | ||
| Pres. | eam, eās, eat | eāmus, eātis, eant |
| Imp. | īrem, īrēs, īret | īrēmus, īrētis, īrent |
| Perf. | ierim, ierīs, ierit |
ierīmus, ierītis, ierint |
| Plup. | īssem, īssēs, īsset |
īssēmus, īssētis, īssent |
| IMPERATIVE MOOD. | ||
| ī or ītō, ītō | īte or ītōte, euntō |
|
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | |
| Pres. | īre | iēns, Gen. euntis |
| Perf. | īsse | itum |
| Fut. | itūrus esse | itūrus |
| GERUND. | SUPINE. | |
| Gen. | eundī | |
| Dat. | eundō | |
| Acc. | eundum | —— |
| Abl. | eundō | —— |
763. The passive is only used impersonally, and has a neuter gerundive eundum and participle itum; but transitive compounds, as adeō, go up to, have a complete passive: as, adeor, adīris, &c. ambiō, go round, canvass, follows denominatives in -īre (796), but has once or twice the imperfect ambībat, ambībant, ambībātur (Liv., Tac., Plin. Ep.), and once the future ambībunt (Plin.); future perfect ambīssit, ambīssint, once each (prol. Plaut.).
764. The ī is weakened from ei (98): as, eis, eit, eite, abeis, abei (Plaut.); EITVR, ABEI, ADEITVR (inscr. 130 B.C.), VENEIRE (49 B.C.), PRAETEREIS. Before o, u, or a, the root becomes e. For u in euntis, see 902.
765. Old forms are: īerō (Plaut.), īī, īerant (Ter.), once each (126); in an inscription of 186 B.C., ADIESET, ADIESENT, ADIESE, and of 146 B.C., REDIEIT (29, 2; 132); INTERIEISTI. A future in -iet, as trānsiet (Sen.), is late and rare.
766. A double i is found in iissēs and iisset once each (Ciris, Nepos), also sometimes in compounds of these forms: as rediissēs, interiisset. Compounds sometimes have it also in the perfect infinitive and in the second person singular of the perfect indicative: as, abiisse, abiistī; also in rediistis once (Stat.). In the first person of the perfect indicative a single long ī is found rarely in late writers in the singular: as, adī (Val. Fl.).
767. A few examples are found of a perfect system with v, as īvī, &c. This form is confined almost exclusively to poetry and late prose.
(a) Examples of simple forms with v are: īvisse (Plaut.), īvit (Cato), īvī (Varro), īverat (Catull.). (b) Compound forms: exīvī (Plaut.), obīvit (Verg.), subīvit (Stat.); trānsīvisse (Claud. ap. Tac.), inīvimus, trānsīvī, trānsīvimus (Curt.), trānsīvit, trānsīverant (Sen.), exīvit (Gell.). Apparent compounds (396): īntrō īvit (C. Gracch., Piso, Gell.).
768. queō, can, and nequeō, can’t, have the perfect quīvī, the rest like eō (762); but they have no imperative, gerundive, or future participle, and the present participle is rare. queō is commonly used with a negative, and some parts only so. Passive forms are rare, and only used with a passive infinitive (1484).
edō; volō (nōlō, mālō) and ferō.
769. edō, eat, has a present system with a formative vowel like regō throughout (782); but in some parts of the present, and of the imperfect subjunctive, parallel root forms are usually found, with d of the root changed to s, and the vowel lengthened (135), as may be seen in the following:
| Principal parts: edō, ēsse, ēdī, ēsus. | ||
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular. | Plural. | |
| Pres. | edō, ēs or edis, ēst or edit |
edimus, ēstis or editis, edunt |
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | ||
| Pres. | edim, edīs, edit |
edīmus, edītis, edint |
| Imp. | ēssem, ēssēs, ēsset |
ēssēmus, ——, ēssent |
| IMPERATIVE MOOD. | ||
| ēs or ede, ēstō or editō | ēste or edite | |
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | |
| Pres. | ēsse | edēns |
770. For ēs, see 728; for edim, &c., 841. In the passive, the indicative present ēstur is used, and imperfect subjunctive ēssētur. The perfect participle ēsus is for an older ēssus (170, 7). Supines ēssum, ēssū (Plaut.).
771. comedō, eat up, has also the following root forms: comēs, comēst, comēstis; comēstō; comēsse; comēssēs, comēsset, comēssēmus. The present subjunctive has also comedim, comedīs, comedint. The participle perfect is comēssus, comēsus, or comēstus, future comēssūrus. exedō, eat out, has exēst and exēsse; subjunctive exedint. adedō, eat at, has adēst.
772. volō (nōlō, mālō) and ferō have the bare root in some parts only of the present system; in other parts the root extended by a formative vowel, like regō (782). volō (nōlō, mālō) lack some forms, as will be seen below.
(2.) volō, will, wish, want, am willing (vol-, vel-).
| Principal parts: volō, velle, voluī, ——. | ||
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular. | Plural. | |
| Pres. | volō, vīs, volt or vult |
volumus, voltis or vultis, volunt |
| Imp. | volēbam, volēbās, volēbat |
volēbāmus, volēbātis, volēbant |
| Fut. | volam, volēs, volet |
volēmus, volētis, volent |
| Perf. | voluī, voluistī, voluit |
voluimus, voluistis, voluērunt or -re |
| Plup. | volueram, voluerās, voluerat |
voluerāmus, voluerātis, voluerant |
| F. P. | voluerō, volueris, voluerit |
voluerimus, volueritis, voluerint |
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | ||
| Pres. | velim, velīs, velit |
velīmus, velītis, velint |
| Imp. | vellem, vellēs, vellet |
vellēmus, vellētis, vellent |
| Perf. | voluerim, voluerīs, voluerit |
voluerīmus, voluerītis, voluerint |
| Plup. | voluissem, voluissēs, voluisset |
voluissēmus, voluissētis, voluissent |
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | |
| Pres. | velle | volēns |
| Perf. | voluisse | |
774. volo for volō is rare (2443). volt and voltis became vult and vultis about the time of Augustus (141). For volumus, see 142; velim, &c., 841; vellem, &c., velle, 166, 8. sīs, an thou wilt, is common for sī vīs (Plaut., Ter., Cic., Liv.). sultis, an ‘t please you, is used by Plautus for sī voltis.
775. nōlō, won’t, is formed from ne-, not, and volō, juxtaposed, and mālō, like better, abbreviated from māvolō for *magsvolo (779, 170, 2).
776. nōlō, won’t, don’t want, object, am not willing.
| Principal parts: nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, ——. | ||
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular. | Plural. | |
| Pres. | nōlō, nōn vīs, nōn volt or vult |
nōlumus, nōn voltis or vultis, nōlunt |
| Imp. | nōlēbam, nōlēbās, nōlēbat |
nōlēbāmus, nōlēbātis, nōlēbant |
| Fut. | ——, nōlēs, nōlet |
nōlēmus, nōlētis, nōlent |
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | ||
| Pres. | nōlim, nōlīs, nōlit |
nōlīmus, nōlītis, nōlint |
| Imp. | nōllem, nōllēs, nōllet |
nōllēmus, nōllētis, nōllent |
| IMPERATIVE MOOD. | ||
| nōlī or nōlītō, nōlītō | nōlīte or nōlītōte, nōluntō | |
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | |
| Pres. | nōlle | —— |
777. nevīs and nevolt, from ne-, not, are found in Plautus. nōlō has usually no participles, but oblique cases of nōlēns are used a few times by post-Augustan writers (Cels., Luc., Quintil., Ta., Juv., Mart., Plin.). The perfect system, nōluī, &c., is like that of volō (772).
778. mālō, like better, choose rather.
| Principal parts: mālō, mālle, māluī, ——. | ||
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular. | Plural. | |
| Pres. | mālō, māvīs, māvolt or māvult |
mālumus, māvoltis or māvultis, mālunt |
| Imp. | mālēbam, mālēbās, mālēbat |
mālēbāmus, mālēbātis, mālēbant |
| Fut. | ——, mālēs, mālet |
mālēmus, mālētis, mālent |
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | ||
| Pres. | mālim, mālīs, mālit |
mālīmus, mālītis, mālint |
| Imp. | māllem, māllēs, māllet |
māllēmus, māllētis, māllent |
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | |
| Pres. | mālle | —— |
779. Old forms are māvolō, māvolunt; māvolet; māvelim, māvelīs, māvelit; māvellem. The perfect system, māluī, &c., is like that of volō (772).
780. ferō, carry, is used only in the present system (720). The other parts are supplied by forms of tollō, lift (tol-, tlā-). The present system of ferō is as follows:
| Principal parts: ferō, ferre; (tulī, lātus). | ||
| ACTIVE VOICE. | ||
|---|---|---|
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | ||
| Singular. | Plural. | |
| Pres. | ferō, fers, fert | ferimus, fertis, ferunt |
| Imp. | ferēbam, ferēbās, ferēbat |
ferēbāmus, ferēbātis, ferēbant |
| Fut. | feram, ferēs, feret |
ferēmus, ferētis, ferent |
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | ||
| Pres. | feram, ferās, ferat |
ferāmus, ferātis, ferant |
| Imp. | ferrem, ferrēs, ferret |
ferrēmus, ferrētis, ferrent |
| IMPERATIVE MOOD. | ||
| fer or fertō, fertō | ferte or fertōte, feruntō | |
| INFINITIVE. | PARTICIPLE. | |
| Pres. | ferre | ferēns |
| GERUND. | ||
| Gen. | ferendī, &c. | |
| PASSIVE VOICE. | ||
| INDICATIVE MOOD. | ||
| Singular. | Plural. | |
| Pres. | feror, ferris or -re, fertur |
ferimur, feriminī, feruntur |
| Imp. | ferēbar, ferēbāre or -ris, ferēbātur |
ferēbāmur, ferēbāminī, ferēbantur |
| Fut. | ferar, ferēre or -ris, ferētur |
ferēmur, ferēminī, ferentur |
| SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. | ||
| Pres. | ferar, ferāre or -ris, ferātur |
ferāmur, ferāminī, ferantur |
| Imp. | ferrer, ferrēre or -ris, ferrētur |
ferrēmur, ferrēminī, ferrentur |
| IMPERATIVE MOOD. | ||
| ferre or fertor, fertor | feriminī, feruntor | |
| INFINITIVE. | GERUNDIVE. | |
| Pres. | ferrī | ferendus |
781. For tulī, see 860; the full form tetulī, &c., is found in old Latin, and TOLI, &c., in inscriptions; the compound with re- is rettulī for *retetulī (861). For the participle lātus, see 169, 1.
The Third Conjugation.
regō, rule.