883. In the future perfect, short i is found before the person endings -s, -mus, and -tis, some 40 times, as follows: -is, 29 times (Plaut. 2, Cic. 1, Catull. 1, Verg. 7, Hor. 12, Ov. 4, Germ. 1, Juv. 1); -imus, 3 times (Plaut., Ter., Lucr.); -itis, 8 times (Enn. 1, Plaut. 5, Ov. 2).
884. In the future perfect, long ī is found, as in the perfect subjunctive, some 33 times, thus: -īs, 28 times (Plaut. 3, Hor. 5, Ov. 15, Prop., Stat., Mart., Priap., inscr., once each), -īmus, once (Catull.), -ītis, 4 times (Ov. 3, Priap. 1).
885. (1.) Some shorter forms in the perfect system are principally found in old Latin.
886. (a.) Shorter forms in the perfect indicative, the pluperfect subjunctive, and the infinitive, most of them from perfects in -s- (867), occur chiefly in verse: thus,
Perfect indicative, second person singular, common: as, dīxtī (Plaut., Ter., Cic.); plural, rare: as, accestis (Verg.). Pluperfect subjunctive singular, not very common: as, exstīnxem (Verg.), intellēxēs (Plaut.), vīxet (Verg.); plural, once only, ērēpsēmus (Hor.). Infinitive, dīxe (Plaut.), cōnsūmpse (Lucr.).
887. (b.) A perfect subjunctive stem in -sī- or in -ssī-, and a future perfect indicative stem in -so|e- or in -sso|e-, occur chiefly in old laws and prayers, and in dramatic verse: as,
Perfect subjunctive: faxim, faxīs, FAXSEIS (inscr. 145 B.C.), faxit, faxīmus, faxītis, faxint; ausim, ausīs, ausit; locāssim, amāssīs, servāssit, amāssint, prohibēssīs, prohibēssit, cohibēssit, licēssit.
Future perfect indicative: faxō, faxis, faxit, faxitis, capsō, recepsō, iussō, occīsit, capsimus; levāssō, invītāssitis, mulcāssitis, exoculāssitis, prohibēssis, prohibēssint. Denominatives in -āre have also, in old Latin, a future perfect infinitive: as, impetrāssere.
888. Passive inflections, as future perfect faxitur, turbāssitur, deponent MERCASSITVR (inscr. 111 B.C.), are very rare; and, indeed, with the exception of faxō and ausim, even the active forms had become antiquated by 150 B.C. Denominatives in -īre never have the above formations. But ambiō, canvass, is thought to have a future perfect ambīssit twice (Plaut. prol.).
889. (2.) Shortened forms from perfect stems formed by the suffix -v- (869) are very common in all periods.
890. (a.) In tenses formed from perfect stems in -āv-, -ēv-, and -ōv-, v is often dropped before -is-, -ēr-, or -er-, and the vowels thus brought together are contracted (153, 1): as,
laudāvistī, laudāstī; laudāvistis, laudāstis; laudāvērunt, laudārunt (but the form in -re, as laudāvēre, is never contracted); laudāverim, laudārim, &c.; laudāveram, laudāram, &c.; laudāvissem, laudāssem, &c.; laudāverō, laudārō, &c.; laudāvisse, laudāsse.
-plēvistī, -plēstī; -plēvistis, -plēstis; -plēvērunt, -plērunt; plēverim, -plērim, &c.; -plēveram, -plēram, &c.; -plēvissem, -plēssem, &c.; -plēverō, -plērō, &c.; -plēvisse, -plēsse.
nōvistī, nōstī; nōvistis, nōstis; nōvērunt, nōrunt; nōverim, nōrim, &c.; nōveram, nōram, &c.; nōvissem, nōssem, &c.; nōverō always retains the v, but cōgnōrō, &c.; nōvisse, nōsse.
891. The verbs in which v belongs to the root (864), are not thus shortened, except moveō, mostly in compounds. From iuvō, iuerint (Catull.), adiuerō (Enn.), once each, and twice adiuerit (Plaut., Ter.) are unnecessary emendations.
892. Contractions in the perfect before -t and -mus are rare: as, inrītāt, disturbāt; suēmus or su͡emus (Lucr.), nōmus (Enn.), cōnsu͡emus (Prop.).
893. (b.) In tenses formed from perfect stems in -īv-, v is often dropped before -is-, -ēr-, or -er-; but contraction is common only in the forms which have -is-: as,
audīvistī, audīstī; audīvistis, audīstis; audīvērunt, audiērunt; audīverim, audierim, &c.; audīveram, audieram, &c.; audīvissem, audīssem, &c.; audīverō, audierō, &c.; audīvisse, audīsse. Sometimes audiī, audiit, audīt. Intermediate between the long and the short forms are audīerās and audīerit, once each (Ter.). In the perfect subjunctive, sinō has sīverīs (Plaut., Cato), sīrīs (Plaut., Cato, Liv.), sīreis (Pac.), or seirīs (Plaut.), sīrit (Plaut., Liv.), sīrītis (Plaut.), sīverint (Plaut., Curt.), sierint (Cic., Curt.), or sīrint (Plaut.). dēsinō is thought to have dēsīmus in the perfect indicative a couple of times (Sen., Plin. Ep.).
894. The active infinitive has the ending -re in the present, and -isse in the perfect: as,
dare; regere, capere; laudāre, monēre, audīre. rēxisse; laudāvisse or laudāsse, monuisse, audīvisse or audīsse.
895. For -rē in old Latin, see 134, 2. The infinitive of fīō, become, ends in -rī, fī̆erī, with a passive ending (789); twice fīere (Enn. Laev.). An older form for -re is -se, found in esse, to be, ēsse, to eat, and their compounds. For velle, to wish (mālle, nōlle), see 166, 8. In the perfect, eō, go, sometimes has -iisse in compounds (766), and in poetry, petō, go to, has rarely petiisse.
896. The present infinitive passive of verbs in -ere has the ending -ī; that of other verbs has -rī: as,
regī, capī; laudārī, monērī, audīrī. ferō, carry, has ferrī. The length of the ī is sometimes indicated by the spelling ei (29, 2): as, DAREI.
897. A longer form in -ier for -ī, and -rier for -rī, is common in old laws and dramatic verse, and occurs sometimes in other poetry: as, FIGIER, to be posted, GNOSCIER, to be read (inscr. 186 B.C.); dīcier, to be said, cūrārier, to be looked after (Plaut.); dominārier, to be lord paramount (Verg.).
898. The place of the perfect passive, future active, and future passive infinitive is supplied by a circumlocution, as seen in the paradigms. For the future perfect -āssere, see 887.
899. The gerundive stem is formed by adding -ndo-, nominative -ndus, -nda, -ndum, to the present stem: as,
dandus, stem dando-; regendus, capiendus; laudandus, monendus, audiendus. Verbs in -ere and -īre often have -undus, when not preceded by u or v, especially in formal style: as, capiundus; eō, go, always has eundum, and orior, rise, oriundus. For the adjective use, see 288. The gerund is like the oblique cases of the neuter singular. For -bundus, see 289; -cundus, 290.
900. The supine stem is formed by the suffix -tu-, which is often changed to -su- (912).
This suffix is attached to a root or to a form of the present stem after the manner of the perfect participle (906): as, nūntiātum, to report, nūntiātū, in reporting, stem nūntiātu-. Many of the commonest verbs have no supine: as, sum, eō, ferō; regō, emō, tegō; amō, dēleō, doceō, &c., &c.
901. The present participle stem is formed by adding -nt- or -nti-, nominative -ns, to the present stem: as,
dāns, giving, stems dant-, danti-; regēns, capiēns; laudāns, monēns, audiēns.
902. The adjective sontem (accusative, no nominative), which was originally the participle of sum, has o before the suffix, and absēns and praesēns have e; the participle of eō has ē in the nominative singular, otherwise u, iēns, euntis, &c. n rarely drops before -s (63): as, LIBES (inscr.), exsultās (Enn.), animās (Lucr.).
903. Some adjectives which were originally present participles have no verb: as, clēmēns, merciful, ēlegāns, choice, ēvidēns, clear, frequēns, thick, petulāns, wanton, recēns, fresh, repēns, sudden, &c., &c. For potēns, powerful, see 922.
904. The future participle suffix is -tūro-, nominative -tūrus, -tūra, -tūrum, which is often changed to -sūro-, nominative -sūrus, -sūra, -sūrum (912).
This suffix is added to a theme after the manner of the perfect participle (906): as, rēctūrus, going to guide; laudātūrus, going to praise.
905. Some future participles have a different formation from that of the perfect participle: as, mortuus, dead, moritūrus; see also in the dictionary arguō, fruor, orior, ruō, secō. And some verbs have two forms of the future participle: as, āgnōscō, īgnōscō, hauriō, iuvō, pariō. Some verbs which have no perfect participle have a future participle: as, acquiēscō, appāreō, ardeō, caleō, careō, doleō, ēsuriō, fugiō, haereō, incidō, iaceō, -nuō, parcō, rauciō, recidō, sonō, stō, valeō.
906. The perfect participle suffix is -to-, nominative -tus, -ta, -tum, which is often changed to -so-, nominative -sus, -sa, -sum (912).
907. The perfect participle was originally active as well as passive, and some participles have retained the active meaning: as,
adultus, grown up; ēmersus, rising out from; exōsus, perōsus, hating bitterly; placitus, engaging; iūrātus, sworn, coniūrātus, conspiring; prānsus, having lunched, cēnātus, having dined, pōtus, drunk, &c. The perfect participles of deponents are usually active, but sometimes passive: as, meditātus, having studied, or studied. Many verbs are not accompanied by a perfect participle (811), particularly verbs in -ēre, with a parallel adjective in -idus (287). Intransitive verbs have usually only the neuter. A perfect active participle meminēns is said to have been used twice (Plaut., Laev.).
908. The perfect participle is formed in one of two separate ways:
909. (1.) From a theme consisting of a root; in this way the participles of most verbs in -ere and -ēre are formed: as,
gestus, carried, aptus, fit, solūtus, loosed (142), iūnctus, joined (831), sparsus, sprinkled (170, 3); doctus, taught.
910. In some consonant root participles of verbs in -ere, -āre, or -ēre, which have the suffix -u- in the perfect stem (873), the -to- is preceded by a short i: as, genitus, born (971-976); domitus, tamed (993); monitus, warned (1003, 1004, 1009). In old Latin, e occurs: as, MERETA (41); e is retained in vegetus, sprightly. One participle has -tuo-: mortuus, dead.
911. Some verbs in -āre have participles from consonant roots: as, frictus, rubbed, fricō, fricāre; see 993. Also some in -īre: as, fartus, stuffed (170, 3), farciō, farcīre; fultus, propped, fulciō, fulcīre; see 1011-1015, and 1017, 1019, 1020.
912. Roots in -d- and -t- change -to- to -so-, before which the dentals change to s (159). After long vowels, nasals, and liquids the double ss is simplified to s: as, fossus, dug, but dīvīsus, divided; vorsus or versus, turned. The suffix -so- is also found with some roots in -l-, -m-, or -r- and a few others: as, pulsus (159).
913. (2.) From a theme in long ā or in long ī; in this way participles are regularly formed from denominatives in -āre or -īre respectively: as,
laudātus, praised; audītus, heard.
914. A few perfect participles of verbs in -ere are formed from a presumed theme in long ī, or long ē, or from one in long ū: as, petītus, aimed at; exolētus, grown out; see 967-970; tribūtus, assigned; see 947, 948.
915. (1.) Many perfect participles formed from consonant roots have a short root vowel (135, 1): as,
adspectus, beheld; captus, taken; coctus, cooked; commentus, devising; cultus, tilled; dictus, said, verb dīcō; ductus, led, dūcō; factus, made; fossus, dug; gestus, carried; inlectus, allured; questus, complaining; raptus, seized; tersus, neat; textus, woven; vorsus, turned.
916. (2.) Some perfect participles formed from consonant roots have a long root vowel, sometimes even when the vowel of the parallel present stem is short (135, 1; 122, f): as,
fīxus, fastened, verb fīgō; -flīctus, dashed, -flīgō; pāstus, fed, pāscō; pollūctus, offered up, pollūceō; scrīptus, written, scrībō; -cāsus, fallen, cadō. Also āctus, driven, agō; vīsus, seen, videō; frūctus, enjoying, fruor; lēctus, culled, legō; pīctus, painted, pingō; rēctus, ruled, regō; ēsus, eaten, edō; strūctus, piled, struō; tēctus, covered, tegō; ūnctus, anointed, unguō; frāctus, broken, frangō; pāctus, fixed, pangō. Furthermore, iūnctus, joined, iungō; sānctus, hallowed, sanciō (831); also, fūnctus, having performed, fungor.
917. (1.) Most perfect participles formed from vowel roots have a long root vowel: as,
lātus, borne (169, 1); nātus, born; -plētus, filled; trītus, worn; nōtus, known; sūtus, sewed. So also an isolated rūtus, in the law phrase rūta caesa, or rūta et caesa, diggings and cuttings, i.e. minerals and timber.
918. (2.) Ten perfect participles formed from vowel roots have a short root vowel; they are:
citus, datus, hurried, given
itum, ratus, gone, thinking
-rutus, satus, fallen, planted
situs, status, lying, set
litus, quitus, besmeared, been able
919. As citus, so always percitus and incitus (once incītus, doubtful); usually concitus, rarely concītus; excitus and excītus equally common; always accītus. ambītus always has long ī (763). āgnitus, recognized, cōgnitus, known, and the adjectives inclutus or inclitus, of high renown, and putus, clean, have a short root vowel. For dēfrūtum, dēfrutum, see 134, 1.
920. I. The principal parts of root verbs and of verbs in -ere are formed in a variety of ways and are best learned separately for every verb (922-986).
921. II. The principal parts of verbs in -āre, -ēre, and -īre, are usually formed as follows:
| laudō, praise | laudāre | laudāvī | laudātus |
| moneō, advise | monēre | monuī | monitus |
| audiō, hear | audīre | audīvī | audītus |
For other formations, see 989-1022.
922. Root verbs have their principal parts as follows:
| sum, am | esse | —— | —— |
| ——, become, get, am | fore | fuī | —— |
For fuam, &c., forem, &c., fore, see 750. fuī, &c., serves as the perfect system of sum.
| pos-sum, can | pos-se | —— | —— |
| ——, can | —— | potuī | —— |
potuī, &c., serves as the perfect system of possum. Of the present system of potuī, only potēns, powerful, is used, and only as an adjective.
| dō, give, put | dare | dedī | datus |
For compounds, see 757.
| bibō, drink | bibere | bibī | pōtus |
So the compounds, with the reduplication preserved in the perfect system (860).
| serō, sow | serere | sēvī | satus |
Compounds have i for a in the perfect participle: as, cōn-situs.
| sistō, set | sistere | -stitī, rarely stitī | status |
| inquam, quoth I | —— | inquiī once | —— |
| eō, go | īre | iī, very rarely īvī | itum, -itus |
| queō, can | quīre | quīvī | quitus |
| ne-queō, can’t | ne-quīre | ne-quīvī | ne-quitus |
| edō, eat | ēsse | ēdī | ēsus |
| volō, will, wish, want | velle | voluī | —— |
| nōlō, won’t | nōlle | nōluī | —— |
| mālō, like better | mālle | māluī | —— |
| ferō, carry | ferre | (tulī) | (lātus) |
For tulī, old tetulī, and lātus, see 780; for the perfect of re-ferō, 861.
(A.) PERFECT STEM WITHOUT A SUFFIX.
923. (1 a.) The following verbs in -ere have a reduplicated perfect stem (858), and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus:
924. (a.) With the present stem in -o|e- (829).
| canō, make music | canere | cecinī | (cantātus) |
For con-cinō, oc-cinō, and prae-cinō, see 971 and 823.
| tendō, stretch | tendere | tetendī | tentus |
For tennitur (Ter.), dis-tennite (Plaut.), see 166, 4; late participle tēnsus. Compounds have -tendī (860) and -tentus. But sometimes ex-tēnsus, and in late writers, dē-tēnsus, dis-tēnsus, os-tēnsus, and re-tēnsus.
925. (b.) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by -o|e- (831).
| pangō, fix | pangere | pepigī, agreed | pāctus |
In meaning, the perfect pepigī corresponds to pacīscor; pānxit, made, set in verse (Enn.), pānxerit, set (Col.), pēgit (Pac.), pēgerit (Cic.), fixed, once each. For com-pingō and im-pingō, see 938.
| pungō, punch | pungere | pupugī | pūnctus |
For com-pungō and ex-pungō, see 954 and 823.
| tangō, touch | tangere | tetigī | tāctus |
In old Latin: tagō (Turp.), tagit, tagam (Pac.). Compounds have i for a in the present system: as, con-tingō, con-tingere, con-tigī (860), con-tāctus; in old Latin: at-tigās (Plaut., Ter., Acc., Pac.), at-tigat (Pac.), at-tigātis (Plaut., Pac.).
926. (c.) With the present stem in -lo|e- (833).
| tollō, take off | tollere | (sus-tulī) | (sub-lātus) |
As the perfect and perfect participle of tollō are appropriated by ferō, tollō takes those of sus-tollō. The original perfect is tetulī (860).
927. (d.) With the present stem in -sco|e- (834).
| discō, learn | discere | didicī | —— |
| poscō, demand | poscere | poposcī | —— |
For poposcī, see 855. For -didicī and -poposcī, see 860.
928. (e.) With the present stem in -io|e- (836).
| pariō, bring forth | parere | peperī | partus |
For forms in -īre, see 791. com-periō, 1012; re-periō, 1011.
929. (1 b.) The following verbs in -ere have a reduplicated perfect stem (858), and the perfect participle, when used, is -sus (912).
930. (a.) With the present stem in -o|e- (829).
| cadō, fall | cadere | cecidī | -cāsus |
Compounds have i for a in the present system: as, oc-cidō, oc-cidere, oc-cidī (860), oc-cāsus. Rarely e in the present and perfect systems (Enn., Lucr., Varr.): as, ac-cedere, ac-cedisset (109). For the perfect of re-cidō, see 861.
| caedō, fell, cut | caedere | cecīdī | caesus |
Compounds have ī for ae: as, ac-cīdō, ac-cīdere, ac-cīdī (860), ac-cīsus.
| parcō, spare | parcere | pepercī | —— |
pepercī, &c. (regularly in Cic., Caes., Hor., Ov., Mart.; Nep. once; also Plaut. twice, Ter. once). Old parsī, &c. (Plaut. 8, Cato, Ter., Nov., Nep., once each); once parcuit (Naev.). Compounds: com-perce (Plaut.), con-parsit (Ter.), in-perce, im-percitō, re-percis (Plaut.), re-parcent (Lucr.).
| pendō, weigh, pay | pendere | pependī | pēnsus |
931. (b.) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by -o|e- (831).
| tundō, pound | tundere | tutudī not used | tūnsus |
For the perfect of re-tundō, see 861; other compounds have the perfect -tudī (861), but once con-tūdit (Enn.). Perfect participle, tūsus (Plin., Mart.); compounds: con-tūnsus (Plin.), con-tūsus (Cato, Varr., Caes., Lucr., Sal., Verg., &c.); ob-tūnsus (Plaut., Verg., Liv., Sen.), op-tūsus, ob-tūsus (Lucr., Sen., Quintil., Tac.); per-tūssus (Plaut.), per-tūsus (Cato, Lucr., Liv., Sen., &c.); re-tūnsus (Plaut., Verg.), re-tūsus (Cic., Lucr., Hor.); sub-tūsus (Tib.).
932. (c.) With the present stem in -ro|e-, or -lo|e- (833).
| currō, run | currere | cucurrī | cursum |
For perfect of compounds, see 860.
| fallō, cheat | fallere | fefellī | falsus |
Compound re-fellō, re-fellere, re-fellī (860), ——.
| pellō, push | pellere | pepulī | pulsus |
For the perfect of re-pellō, see 861. Other compounds have -pulī (860).
933. (1 c.) The following verbs in -ere are without the reduplication (861):
934. (a.) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by -o|e- (831).
| findō, split apart | findere | -fidī, rarely fidī | fissus |
| scindō, rend | scindere | -scidī, rarely scidī | scissus |
935. (b.) With the present stem in -lo|e- (833).
| per-cellō, knock down | per-cellere | per-culī | per-culsus |
936. (2 a.) The following verbs in -ere have a perfect stem consisting of a consonant root with a long vowel (862), and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus:
937. (a.) With the present stem in -o|e- (829).
| agō, drive | agere | ēgī | āctus |
Real compounds have i for a in the present system: as, ab-igō, ab-igere, ab-ēgī, ab-āctus; but per-agō retains a. cōgō and dēgō are contracted: cōgō, cōgere, co-ēgī, co-āctus; dēgō, dēgere, ——, ——.
| emō, take, buy | emere | ēmī | emptus |
co-emō retains e in the present system, and usually inter-emō and per-emō; other compounds have -imō. For cōmō, dēmō, prōmō, and sūmō, see 952.
| ——, strike | —— | īcī | ictus |
Forms of the present system are īcit (Plaut., Lucr.), īcitur (Plin.), īcimur (Lucr.).
| legō, pick up, read | legere | lēgī | lēctus |
Compounds with ad, inter, nec-, per, prae, and re-, have -legō in the present system, others -ligō. For dī-ligō, intel-legō, neg-legō, see 952.
938. (b.) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by -o|e- (831).
| com-pingō, fix together | com-pingere | com-pēgī | com-pāctus |
A compound of pangō (925, 823).
| frangō, smash | frangere | frēgī | frāctus |
Compounds have i for a in the present system: as, cōn-fringō, cōn-fringere, cōn-frēgī, cōn-frāctus.
| im-pingō, drive in | im-pingere | im-pēgī | im-pāctus |
A compound of pangō (925, 823). So also op-pēgī.
| linquō, leave | linquere | līquī | -lictus |
| rumpō, burst | rumpere | rūpī | ruptus |
So the compounds. But Plautus has con-rumptus and dir-rumptus.
| vincō, conquer | vincere | vīcī | victus |
939. (c.) With the present stem in -sco|e- (834).
| pavēscō, get afraid | pavēscere | ex-pāvī | —— |
940. (d.) With the present stem in -io|e- (836).
| capiō, take | capere | cēpī | captus |
Compounds have i for a in the present system and e in the perfect participle: as, in-cipiō, in-cipere, in-cēpī, in-ceptus. In the present system, e is rare: as, re-cepit (Lucr.); u is frequent in old Latin.
| coepiō, begin rare | coepere once | coepī | coeptus |
See 812-814.
| faciō, make | facere | fēcī | factus |
For fac, see 846; for passive, 788. Compounds have i for a in the present system and e in the perfect participle: as, ef-ficiō, ef-ficere, ef-fēcī, ef-fectus.
| fugiō, run away | fugere | fūgī | —— |
| iaciō, throw | iacere | iēcī | iactus |
Compounds have -iciō (104, c), -icere, -iēcī, -iectus: as, ē-iciō, ē-icere, ē-iēcī, ē-iectus. In old Latin the present system has rarely -ieciō; -iecere. dis-siciō is sometimes used (Lucr., Verg.) for dis-iciō.
941. (2 b.) The following verbs in -ere have a perfect stem consisting of a consonant root with a long vowel (862), and the perfect participle, when used, in -sus (912).
942. (a.) With the present stem in -o|e- (829).
| cūdō, hammer | cūdere | -cūdī | -cūsus |
943. (b.) With reduplication and -o|e- in the present stem (829).
| sīdō, settle | sīdere | sīdī, -sīdī, -sēdī | -sessus |
944. (c.) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by -o|e- (831).
| fundō, pour | fundere | fūdī | fūsus |
945. (d.) With the present stem in -so|e- for -to|e- (835).
| vīsō, go to see | vīsere | vīsī | —— |
946. (e.) With the present stem in -io|e- (836).
| fodiō, dig | fodere | fōdī | fossus |
For forms in -īre, see 791.
947. (2 c.) The following verbs in -ere (367) with the present stem in -o|e- (837, 840), have the perfect stem in -u- or in -v- of the theme (865), and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus:
| acuō, sharpen | acuere | acuī | acūtus adjective |
| arguō, make clear | arguere | arguī | argūtus rare |
| con-gruō, agree | con-gruere | con-gruī | —— |
| ex-uō, doff | ex-uere | ex-uī | ex-ūtus |
| im-buō, give a smack of | im-buere | im-buī | im-būtus |
| ind-uō, don | ind-uere | ind-uī | ind-ūtus |
| in-gruō, impend | in-gruere | in-gruī | —— |
| luō, pay, atone for | luere | luī | -lūtus, washed |
| metuō, fear | metuere | metuī | metūtus once |
| -nuō, nod | -nuere | -nuī | —— |
| pluit, it rains | pluere | pluit, plūvit | —— |
| ruō, tumble down | ruere | ruī | -rutus |
| so-lvō, loose | so-lvere | so-lvī | so-lūtus |
| spuō, spit | spuere | -spuī | —— |
| statuō, set | statuere | statuī | statūtus |
Compounds have i for a throughout: as, cōn-stituō, cōn-stituere, &c.
| volvō, roll | volvere | volvī | volūtus |
| suō, sew | suere | -suī | sūtus |
| tribuō, assign | tribuere | tribuī | tribūtus |
948. Two verbs in -ere with the present stem in -nuo|e- (833), have the perfect stem in -nu- (865), and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus:
| minuō, lessen | minuere | minuī | minūtus |
| sternuō, sneeze | sternuere | sternuī | —— |
949. (3.) The following verbs in -ere have a perfect stem consisting of a root ending in two consonants (866), and the perfect participle in -sus (912):
950. (a.) With the present stem in -o|e- (829); most have a nasal (831).
| -cendō, light | -cendere | -cendī | -cēnsus |
| -fendō, hit | -fendere | -fendī | -fēnsus |
| mandō, chew | mandere | mandī once | mānsus |
| pandō, open | pandere | pandī | passus, pānsus |
For dis-pennite (Plaut.), see 166, 4. dis-pandō, dis-pendō, has perfect participle dis-pessus (Plaut., Lucr.), dis-pānsus (Lucr., Plin., Suet.).
| pre-hendō, seize | pre-hendere | pre-hendī | pre-hēnsus |
Rarely prae-hendō; but very often prēndō, prēndere, prēndī, prēnsus.
| scandō, climb | scandere | -scendī | -scēnsus |
Compounds have e for a throughout: as, dē-scendō, dē-scendere, &c.
| vorrō, verrō, sweep | vorrere, verrere | -vorrī, -verrī | vorsus, versus |
| vortō, vertō, turn | vortere, vertere | vortī, vertī | vorsus, versus |
951. (b.) With the present stem in -lo|e- (833).
| vollō, vellō, tear | vollere, vellere | vollī, vellī | volsus, vulsus |