Late perfect vulsī (Sen., Luc.); -vulsī (Laber., Col., Sen., Luc.).
(B.) PERFECT STEM IN -s-, OR IN -v- OR -u-.
PERFECT STEM IN -s-.
952. (1 a.) The following verbs in -ere have the perfect stem in -s- (867), and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus:
953. (a.) With the present stem in -o|e- (829).
| carpō, nibble, pluck | carpere | carpsī | carptus |
Compounds have e for a: as, dē-cerpō, dē-cerpere, dē-cerpsī, dē-cerptus.
| com-būrō, burn up | com-būrere | com-bussī | com-būstus |
| cōmō, put up | cōmere | cōmpsī | cōmptus |
Compound of com- and emō (937, 823). See also dēmō, prōmō, sūmō.
| coquō, cook | coquere | coxī | coctus |
| dēmō, take away | dēmere | dēmpsī | dēmptus |
| dīcō, say | dīcere | dīxī | dictus |
For dīc, see 846.
| dī-ligō, esteem | dī-ligere | dī-lēxī | dī-lēctus |
Compound of dis- and legō (937, 823). See also intel-legō and neg-legō.
| dūcō lead | dūcere | dūxī | ductus |
For dūc, ē-dūc, see 846.
| -flīgō, smash | -flīgere | -flīxī | -flīctus |
Of the simple verb, flīgit occurs (L. Andr.), flīgēbant (Lucr.), and flīgī (L. Andr., Acc.).
| gerō, carry | gerere | gessī | gestus |
| intel-legō, understand | intel-legere | intel-lēxī | intel-lēctus |
| neg-legō, disregard | neg-legere | neg-lēxī | neg-lēctus |
In the perfect system very rarely intel-lēgī and neg-lēgī (862, 823).
| nūbō, veil, marry (a man) | nūbere | nūpsī | nūpta |
| prōmō, take out | prōmere | prōmpsī | prōmptus |
| regō, guide, rule | regere | rēxī | rēctus |
In the present system, con-rigō and ē-rigō; commonly por-rigō, sometimes porgō; rarely sur-rigō, commonly surgō; always pergō.
| rēpō, creep | rēpere | rēpsi | —— |
| scalpō, dig | scalpere | scalpsī | scalptus |
| scrībō, write | scrībere | scrīpsī | scrīptus |
| sculpō, carve | sculpere | sculpsī | sculptus |
| struō, build up | struere | strūxī | strūctus |
| sūgō, suck | sūgere | sūxī | suctus |
| sūmō, take up | sūmere | sūmpsī | sūmptus |
| tegō, cover | tegere | tēxī | tēctus |
| trahō, drag | trahere | trāxī | tractus |
| ūrō, burn | ūrere | ussī | ustus |
| vehō, cart | vehere | vēxī | vectus |
| vīvō, live | vīvere | vīxī | —— |
954. (b.) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by -o|e- (831).
| cingō, gird | cingere | cīnxī | cīnctus |
| com-pungō, prick over | com-pungere | com-pūnxī | com-pūnctus |
A compound of pungō (925, 823).
| ē-mungō, clean out | ē-mungere | ē-mūnxī | ē-mūnctus |
| ex-pungō, prick out | ex-pungere | ex-pūnxī | ex-pūnctus |
A compound of pungō (925, 823).
| fingō, mould | fingere | fīnxī | fīctus |
| iungō, join | iungere | iūnxī | iūnctus |
| pingō, paint | pingere | pīnxī | pīctus |
| plangō, beat | plangere | plānxī | plānctus |
| stinguō, poke, poke out | stinguere | -stīnxī | -stīnctus |
| stringō, peel, graze | stringere | strīnxī | strīctus |
| tingō, wet | tingere | tīnxī | tīnctus |
| unguō, anoint | unguere | ūnxī | ūnctus |
Sometimes ungō, ungere, &c., in the present system.
955. (c.) With the present stem in -no|e- (833).
| temnō, scorn | temnere | (con-tempsī) | (con-temptus) |
956. (d.) With the present stem in -io|e- (836).
| ad-liciō, lure | ad-licere | ad-lexī | —— |
| in-liciō, inveigle | in-licere | in-lexī | in-lectus |
| pel-liciō, lead astray | pel-licere | pel-lexī | pel-lectus |
| -spiciō, spy | -spicere | -spēxī | -spectus |
Forms of the simple verb are old and rare: as, specitur, spicit, spece (Plaut.), specimus (Varr.), spiciunt (Cato), spēxit (Naev., Enn.).
957. (1 b.) The following verbs in -ere have the perfect stem in -s- (867), and the perfect participle, when used, in -sus (912):
958. (a.) With the present stem in -o|e- (829).
| cēdō, move along | cēdere | cessī | cessus |
| claudō, shut | claudere | clausī | clausus |
Sometimes clūdō, clūdere, clūsī, clūsus. Compounds have ū for au throughout.
| dī-vidō, separate | dī-videre | dī-vīsī | dī-vīsus |
| fīgō, pin | fīgere | fīxī | fīxus, twice fīctus |
| fluō, flow | fluere | flūxī | fluxus adjective |
| laedō, hurt | laedere | laesī | laesus |
Compounds have ī for ae throughout: as, in-līdō, in-līdere, &c.
| lūdō, play | lūdere | lūsī | lūsus |
| mittō, send | mittere | mīsī | missus |
| mergō, dip, duck | mergere | mersī | mersus |
| plaudō, clap | plaudere | plausī | plausus |
Also ap-plaudō, ap-plaudere, &c. Other compounds have usually ō for au throughout: as, ex-plōdō, &c.; but ex-plaudō (Lucr.).
| premō, squeeze | premere | pressī | pressus |
Compounds have i for e in the present system: as, com-primō, &c.
| rādō, scrape | rādere | rāsī | rāsus |
| rōdō, gnaw | rōdere | rōsī | rōsus |
| spargō, scatter | spargere | sparsī | sparsus |
Compounds usually have e for a throughout: as, cōn-spergō, &c.
| trūdō, shove | trūdere | trūsī | trūsus |
| vādō, go | vādere | -vāsī | -vāsus |
959. (b.) With the present stem in -sco|e- (834).
| algēscō, get cold | algēscere | alsī | —— |
| ardēscō, flame out | ardēscere | arsī (ex-arsī) | —— |
| lūcēscō, grow light | lūcēscere | -lūxī | —— |
Sometimes in the present system lūcīscō, lūcīscere, &c.
| frīgēscō, grow cold | frīgēscere | -frīxī | —— |
| vīvēscō, get alive | vīvēscere | (re-vīxī) | —— |
In composition, also re-vīvīscō, re-vīvīscere.
960. (c.) With the present stem in -to|e- (835).
| flectō, turn | flectere | flexī | flexus |
| nectō, bind together | nectere | nexī, nexuī | nexus |
Perfect system rare: nexit (Lucil., Acc.); nexuit, ad-nexuerant (Sall.).
| pectō, comb | pectere | pexī once | pexus |
961. (d.) With the present stem in -io|e- (836).
| quatiō, shake | quatere | -cussī | quassus |
Compounds drop the a (111, a): as, in-cutiō, in-cutere, in-cussī, in-cussus.
PERFECT STEM IN -v-.
962. (2 a.) The following verbs in -ere have the perfect stem in -v-, preceded by a long vowel of the root (869), and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus:
963. (a.) With the present stem in -o|e- (829).
| terō, rub | terere | trīvī | trītus |
Perfect infinitive once in pentameter verse (823) at-teruisse (Tib.).
964. (b.) With the present stem in -no|e- (833).
| cernō, sift, separate, see | cernere | crēvī, decided | certus, -crētus |
| linō, besmear | linere | lēvī, rarely līvī | litus |
In the present system some forms in -īre are used by late writers.
| sinō, leave, let | sinere | sīvī | situs |
Perfect system forms of sinō and dē-sinō in -v- are: sīvī (Plaut., Ter., Cic.); dē-sīvit (Sen.), sīvistis (Cic.), once each; sīverīs (Plaut., Cato), dē-sīverit (Cato, Gell.), sīverint (Plaut., Curt.), sīvisset (Cic., Liv.). Much oftener without -v-: as, dē-siī (Sen.), sīstī (Plaut., Cic.); dē-sīstī often, siit once (Ter.), dē-siit (Varr., Sen., &c.), dē-sīt (Mart., &c.), dē-siimus (Lent.), dē-sīmus (893), sīstis; dē-siērunt (Cic., Liv.); dē-sierat, dē-sierit (Cic.); dē-sīssem, &c., sīsset, sīssent, dē-sīsse. For sīrīs, &c., see 893; for pōnō, 972.
| spernō, spurn | spernere | sprēvī | sprētus |
| sternō, strew | sternere | strāvī | strātus |
965. (c.) With the present stem in -sco|e- (834).
| crēscō, grow | crēscere | crēvī | crētus |
| nōscō, get to know | nōscere | nōvī | nōtus adjective |
Compounds: ī-gnōscō, ī-gnōvī, ī-gnōtum; ā-gnōscō, ā-gnōvī, ā-gnitus; cō-gnōscō, cō-gnōvī, cō-gnitus; dī-nōscō, dī-nōvī, rarely dī-gnōscō, dī-gnōvī, ——; inter-nōscō, inter-nōvī, ——. Old passive infinitive GNOSCIER (inscr. 186 B.C.).
| pāscō, feed | pāscere | pāvī | pāstus |
| scīscō, enact | scīscere | scīvī | scītus |
966. (2 b.) The following verbs in -ere have the perfect stem in -v-, preceded by the long vowel of a presumed denominative stem (870), and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus:
967. (a.) With the present stem in -o|e- (829).
| petō, aim at | petere | petīvī | petītus |
In the perfect, sometimes petiī (Cic., Ov., Liv., Val. Fl., Plin. Ep.), PETIEI (inscr.), petī late (Sen., Stat.); petiit (Cic., Hor., Tac., Suet.), petīt (Verg., Ov., Phaedr., Sen., Luc., Suet.), petiisse (Verg., Hor., Ov., Val. Fl., Stat.).
| quaerō, inquire | quaerere | quaesīvī | quaesītus |
Compounds sometimes retain ae in old Latin, but usually have ī for ae throughout: as, con-quīrō, con-quīrere, &c.
968. (b.) With the present stem in -sco|e- (834).
| ab-olēscō, vanish away | ab-olēscere | ab-olēvī | —— |
| ad-olēscō, grow up | ad-olēscere | ad-olēvī | ad-ultus |
| con-cupīscō, hanker for | con-cupīscere | con-cupīvī | con-cupītus |
| -dormīscō, fall asleep | -dormīscere | -dormīvī | —— |
| ex-olēscō, grow out | ex-olēscere | ex-olēvī | ex-olētus |
| in-veterāscō, get set | in-veterāscere | in-veterāvī | —— |
| obs-olēscō, get worn out | obs-olēscere | obs-olēvī | obs-olētus adj. |
| quiēscō, get still | quiēscere | quiēvī | quiētus adjective |
| re-sipīscō, come to | re-sipīscere | re-sipīvī | —— |
| suēscō, get used | suēscere | suēvī | suētus |
| vesperāscit, gets dusk | vesperāscere | vesperāvit | —— |
969. (c.) With the present stem in -io|e- (836).
| cupiō, want | cupere | cupīvī | cupītus |
Once with a form in -īre (791), cupīret (Lucr.).
| sapiō, have a smack | sapere | sapīvī | —— |
Compounds have i for a: as, re-sipiō, &c.
970. (d.) With the present stem in -sso|e- (375).
| ar-cēssō, send for | ar-cēssere | ar-cēssīvī | ar-cēssītus |
Sometimes ac-cersō, &c.; infinitive rarely ar-cēssīrī or ac-cersīrī.
| capēssō, undertake | capēssere | capēssīvī | —— |
| facēssō, do, make off | facēssere | facēssīvī | facēssītus |
Perfect system rare: facēssierīs or facēsserīs (Cic.), facēssīsset (Tac.).
| in-cēssō, attack | in-cēssere | in-cēssīvī | —— |
| lacēssō, provoke | lacēssere | lacēssīvī | lacēssītus |
PERFECT STEM IN -u-.
971. (3.) The following verbs in -ere have the perfect stem in -u- (873), and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus; in some participles -tus is preceded by a short i, thus, -itus (910):
972. (a.) With the present stem in -o|e- (829).
| alō, bring up | alere | aluī | altus, rarely alitus |
| colō, till, stay round, court | colere | coluī | cultus |
| con-cinō, chime with | con-cinere | con-cinuī | —— |
A compound of canō (924, 823). See also oc-cinō and prae-cinō.
| cōn-sulō, consult | cōn-sulere | cōn-suluī | cōn-sultus |
| depsō, knead | depsere | depsuī | depstus |
| fremō, growl | fremere | fremuī | —— |
| gemō, groan | gemere | gemuī | —— |
| molō, grind | molere | moluī | molitus |
| oc-cinō, sing ominously | oc-cinere | oc-cinuī | —— |
Once with reduplication, oc-cecinerit (Liv.).
| oc-culō, hide | oc-culere | oc-culuī | oc-cultus |
| pīsō, pīnsō, bray | pīsere, pīnsere | pīnsuī, pīsīvī | pistus |
Once (818, 847) pīnsībant (Enn.). Perfect once pīnsuī (Pomp.), once (823, 893) pīsiērunt (Varr.). Perfect participle often pīnsītus (Col.), once pīnsus (Vitr.).
| pōnō, place | pōnere | po-suī | po-situs |
A compound of po- and sinō (964). Perfect in old Latin po-sīvī (893); po-suī is first used by Ennius (875). Perfect participle in verse sometimes, po-stus, -po-stus; inf. inposīsse (Plaut.).
| prae-cinō, play before | prae-cinere | prae-cinuī | —— |
| serō, string | serere | -seruī | sertus |
| stertō, snore | stertere | (dē-stertuī) | —— |
| strepō, make a racket | strepere | strepuī | —— |
| texō, weave | texere | texuī | textus |
| tremō, quake | tremere | tremuī | —— |
| vomō, throw up | vomere | vomuī | —— |
973. (b.) With reduplication and -o|e- in the present stem (829).
| gignō, beget | gignere | genuī | genitus |
Present sometimes also without reduplication, genit, &c. (Varr., Lucr.).
974. (c.) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by -o|e- (831).
| ac-cumbō, lie by | ac-cumbere | ac-cubuī | ac-cubitus |
So also in-cumbō; dis-cumbō has dis-cubuī, dis-cubitum. Compounds with dē, ob, prō, re-, and sub, have -cubuī, ——.
975. (d.) With the present stem in -io|e- (836).
| ē-liciō, coax out | ē-licere | ē-licuī | ē-licitus |
| rapiō, seize | rapere | rapuī | raptus |
Compounds have i for a in the present and perfect systems, and e in the perfect participle: as, ē-ripiō, ē-ripere, ē-ripuī, ē-reptus. Old Latin has u in dē-rupier and in sub-rupiō, sub-rupere, sub-rupuī, sub-ruptus; shortened forms are: surpuit, surpuerit (Plaut.), surpit (Plaut. prol.), surpere (Lucr.), surpite, surpuerat (Hor.). For sub-repsit (Plaut.), see 887.
976. (e.) With the present stem in -sco|e- (835); for com-pēscuī, see 855.
| acēscō, get sour | acēscere | -acuī | —— |
| alēscō, grow up | alēscere | (co-aluī) | (co-alitus) |
| ārēscō, dry up | ārēscere | -āruī | —— |
| calēscō, get warm | calēscere | -caluī | —— |
| candēscō, get white | candēscere | -canduī | —— |
| cānēscō, get grey | cānēscere | cānuī | —— |
| clārēscō, get bright | clārēscere | clāruī | —— |
| com-pescō, check | com-pescere | com-pescuī | —— |
| con-ticēscō, get all still | con-ticēscere | con-ticuī | —— |
Also in the present system, con-ticīscō, con-ticīscere, &c.
| crēbrēscō, get common | crēbrēscere | -crēbruī | —— |
| crūdēscō, wax bad | crūdēscere | (re-crūduī) | —— |
| -dolēscō, get pained | -dolēscere | -doluī | —— |
| dūrēscō, get hard | dūrēscere | dūruī | —— |
| ē-vīlēscō, get cheap | ē-vīlēscere | ē-vīluī | —— |
| fervēscō, boil up | fervēscere | -ferbuī, -fervī | —— |
| flōrēscō, blossom out | flōrēscere | -flōruī | —— |
| horrēscō, bristle up | horrēscere | -horruī | —— |
| languēscō, get weak | languēscere | languī | —— |
| latēscō, hide away | latēscere | -lituī | —— |
| liquēscō, melt | liquēscere | (dē-licuī) | —— |
| madēscō, get moist | madēscere | maduī | —— |
| marcēscō, pine away | marcēscere | (ē-marcuī) | —— |
| mātūrēscō, ripen | mātūrēscere | mātūruī | —— |
| nigrēscō, get black | nigrēscere | nigruī | —— |
| nōtēscō, get known | nōtēscere | nōtuī | —— |
| ob-mūtēscō, get still | ob-mūtēscere | ob-mūtuī | —— |
| ob-surdēscō, get deaf | ob-surdēscere | ob-surduī | —— |
| oc-callēscō, get hard | oc-callēscere | oc-calluī | —— |
| pallēscō, grow pale | pallēscere | palluī | —— |
| pūtēscō, get soaked | pūtēscere | pūtuī | —— |
| rigēscō, stiffen up | rigēscere | riguī | —— |
| rubēscō, redden | rubēscere | rubuī | —— |
| sānēscō, get well | sānēscere | -sānuī | —— |
| senēscō, grow old | senēscere | -senuī | —— |
| stupēscō, get dazed | stupēscere | (ob-stupuī) | —— |
Also op-stipēscō or ob-stipēscō, op-stipuī or ob-stipuī.
| tābēscō, waste away | tābēscere | tābuī | —— |
| tepēscō, get lukewarm | tepēscere | tepuī | —— |
| -timēscō, get scared | -timēscere | -timuī | —— |
| torpēscō, get numb | torpēscere | torpuī | —— |
| tremēscō, quake | tremēscere | (con-tremuī) | —— |
Also in the present system, con-tremīscō, con-tremīscere, &c.
| tumēscō, swell up | tumēscere | -tumuī | —— |
| valēscō, get strong | valēscere | -valuī | —— |
| vānēscō, wane | vānēscere | (ē-vānuī) | —— |
DEPONENTS IN -ī.
977. (1.) The following deponents in -ī have the perfect participle in -tus, except morior, which has -tuus:
978. (a.) With the present stem in -o|e- (829).
| fruor, enjoy | fruī | frūctus |
| loquor, speak | loquī | locūtus |
| queror, complain | querī | questus |
| sequor, follow | sequī | secūtus |
979. (b.) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by -o|e- (831).
| fungor, get quit | fungī | fūnctus |
980. (c.) With the present stem in -sco|e- (834).
| apīscor, lay hold of | apīscī | aptus |
Compounds have i and e for a: as, ad-ipīscor, ad-ipīscī, ad-eptus.
| com-minīscor, devise | com-minīscī | com-mentus |
| ex-pergīscor, stretch myself, wake | ex-pergīscī | ex-per-rēctus |
Perfect participle rarely ex-pergitus (Lucil., Lucr.).
| nancīscor, get | nancīscī | nactus, nānctus |
| nāscor, am born | nāscī | nātus |
| ob-līvīscor, forget | ob-līvīscī | ob-lītus |
| pacīscor, bargain | pacīscī | pactus |
Compounds: dē-pecīscor, dē-pecīscī, dē-pectus; com-pectus.
| pro-ficīscor, start on | pro-ficīscī | pro-fectus |
| ulcīscor, avenge | ulcīscī | ultus |
981. (d.) With the present stem in -io|e- (836).
| morior, die | morī | mortuus |
| orior, rise | orīrī | ortus |
| potior, master | potīrī | potītus |
For forms in -īrī of these three verbs, see 791. For potīrī, twice potī (Enn., Pac.).
982. (2.) The following deponents in -ī have the perfect participle in -sus (912):
983. (a.) With the present stem in -o|e- (829).
| lābor, tumble down | lābī | lapsus |
| nītor, rest on | nītī | nīsus, nīxus |
| ūtor, use | ūtī | ūsus |
984. (b.) With the present stem in -sco|e- (834).
| dē-fetīscor, get tired out | dē-fetīscī | dē-fessus |
985. (c.) With the present stem in -to|e- (835).
| am-plector, hug round | am-plectī | am-plexus |
| com-plector, hug up | com-plectī | com-plexus |
986. (d.) With the present stem in -io|e- (836).
| gradior, step | gradī | gressus |
| patior, suffer | patī | passus |
Compounds of these two verbs have e for a: as, ad-gredior, per-petior, per-pessus; for forms of -gredior in -īrī, see 791.
987. Most verbs in -āre, -ēre, and -īre (or in -ārī, -ērī, and -īrī), are denominatives.
988. Some primitives from vowel roots have the form of denominatives in the present system, or throughout; and some verbs with a denominative present system have the perfect and perfect participle formed directly from a root.
(A.) PERFECT STEM WITHOUT A SUFFIX.
989. (1.) The following verb in -āre has a reduplicated perfect stem (859):
| stō, stand | stāre | stetī | —— |
For -stitī, see 860. The compound prae-stō has rarely the perfect participle prae-stātus (Brut., Plin.), and prae-stitus (Liv.).
990. (2.) The following verbs in -āre have a perfect stem consisting of a root which ends in -v- and has a long vowel (864), and the perfect participle in -tus:
| iuvō, help | iuvāre | iūvī | iūtus once |
In the perfect system, iuverint, adiuverō, and adiuverit occur once each in Catull., Enn., Plaut., and Ter.; see 891. Perfect participle usual only in the compound ad-iūtus.
| lavō, bathe | lavāre | lāvī | lautus |
Forms in -ere are very common in the present tense (820): lavis (Plaut., Hor.), lavit (Plaut., Lucr., Catull., Verg., Hor.), lavimus (Hor.), lavitur (Val. Fl.), lavitō (Cato), lavere often, lavī (Pomp.). Perfect participle often lōtus in writers of the empire; supine, lautum, lavātum.
(B.) PERFECT STEM IN -v- OR -u-.
PERFECT STEM IN -v-.
991. (1 a.) Two verbs in -āre have the perfect stem in -v- (869), and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus, both preceded by a long -ā- of the root:
| flō, blow | flāre | flāvī | flātus |
| nō, swim | nāre | nāvī | —— |
992. (1 b.) Most verbs in -āre have the perfect stem in -v- (869), and the perfect participle in -tus, both preceded by a form of the present stem in long -ā-: as,
| laudō, praise | laudāre | laudāvī | laudātus |
| līberō, free | līberāre | līberāvī | līberātus |
| nōminō, name | nōmināre | nōmināvī | nōminātus |
| spērō, hope | spērāre | spērāvī | spērātus |
PERFECT STEM IN -u-.
993. (2.) The following verbs in -āre have the perfect stem in -u (874), and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus; in some participles, -tus is preceded by a short i, thus, -itus (910):
| crepō, rattle | crepāre | crepuī | (in-crepitus) |
Forms of the perfect system in -v- (823) are: in-crepāvit (Plaut.), dis-crepāvit (Varr.), in-crepārit (Suet.).
| cubō, lie | cubāre | cubuī | —— |
Forms of the perfect system in -v- (823) are: ex-cubāverant (Caes.), cubāris (Prop.), in-cubāvēre (Plin.), cubāsse (Quintil.). Compound perfect participle in-cubitus (Plin.).
| domō, tame | domāre | domuī | domitus |
| ē-necō, murder | ē-necāre | ē-necuī | ē-nectus |
The simple verb has necāvī, necātus; twice necuit (Enn., Phaedr.). ē-necō sometimes has i for e in the present and perfect system; once (823) ē-nicāvit, and once (887) ē-nicāssō (Plaut.); perfect participle also ē-necātus (Plin.).
| fricō, rub down | fricāre | fricuī | frictus |
Perfect participle also fricātus (Vitr.), cōn-fricātus (Varr., Plin.), dē-fricātus (Catull., Col., Plin.), īn-fricātus (Col., Plin.), per-fricātus (Vitr., Plin.).
| micō, quiver | micāre | micuī | —— |
So the compounds; except dī-micō, dī-micāvī, dī-micātum; twice in pentameter verse (823) dī-micuisse (Ov.).
| -plicō, fold | -plicāre | -plicuī | -plicitus |
A few forms of the present system of the simple verb occur. In the perfect and perfect participle usually -plicāvī, -plicātus; but sometimes ap-plicuī (Cic. once, Tib., Ov., Liv., Sen., &c.); com-plicuī (Sen.), ex-plicuī (Verg., Hor., Liv., Sen., &c.), im-plicuī (Verg., Tib., Ov., Sen., &c.); ap-plicitus (Col., Quintil., Plin. Ep.), ex-plicitus (Caes., Sen., Plin. Ep.), im-plicitus (Plaut., Cic., Liv.); once re-plictus (Stat.).
| secō, cut | secāre | secuī | sectus |
The compound with ex sometimes has i for e; once (823) exicāveris (Cato).
| sonō, sound | sonāre | sonuī | —— |
Also (820) sonit, sonunt (Enn., Acc.), sonere (Acc., Lucr.); re-sonunt (Enn.). Perfect (823) re-sonārint (Hor.), re-sonāvit (Man.), sonātūrus (Hor.).
| tonō, thunder | tonāre | tonuī | (at-tonitus) |
Once (820) tonimus (Varr.). Perfect participle once in-tonātus (Hor.).
| vetō, forbid | vetāre | vetuī | vetitus |
In old Latin, votō, &c. (143). Perfect once (823) vetāvit (Pers.).
DEPONENTS IN -ārī.
994. There are many deponents in -ārī, with the perfect participle in -ātus: as,
| hortor, exhort | hortārī | hortātus |
For the primitive fārī, speak, and compounds, see the dictionary.
(A.) PERFECT STEM WITHOUT A SUFFIX.
995. (1.) The following verbs in -ēre have a reduplicated perfect stem (859), and the perfect participle, when used, in -sus (912):
| mordeō, bite | mordēre | momordī | morsus |
The compound prae-mordeō has once (823) prae-morsisset (Plaut.).
| pendeō, am hung | pendēre | pependī | —— |
The compound prō-pendeō has the perfect participle prō-pēnsus.
| spondeō, covenant | spondēre | spopondī | spōnsus |
For dē-spondī and re-spondī, see 860; rarely dē-spopondī (Plaut.).
| tondeō, shear | tondēre | -totondī, -tondī | tōnsus |
For dē-tondunt (Varr.), see 821. Perfect only in the compounds at-tondī and dē-tondī (860); once dē-totonderat (Varr.), and perhaps dē-totondit (Enn.).
996. (2 a.) The following verbs in -ēre have a perfect stem consisting of a root which ends in -v- and has a long vowel (864), and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus:
| caveō, look out | cavēre | cāvī | cautus |
| faveō, am friendly | favēre | fāvī | —— |
| foveō, warm, cherish | fovēre | fōvī | fōtus |
| moveō, move | movēre | mōvī | mōtus |
For short forms in the perfect system, particularly in compounds, see 891.
| voveō, vow | vovēre | vōvī | vōtus |
997. (2 b.) Three verbs in -ēre have a perfect stem consisting of a consonant root with a long vowel (864), and the perfect participle in -sus (912):
| sedeō, sit | sedēre | sēdī | -sessus |
Real compounds have i for e in the present system: as, ob-sideō, &c. Compounds with dis-, prae, and re- have no perfect participle.
| strīdeō, grate | strīdēre | strīdī | —— |
Often with a present system in -ere (821).
| videō, see | vidēre | vīdī | vīsus |
998. (3.) The following verbs in -ēre have a perfect stem ending in two consonants (866), and the perfect participle, when used, in -sus (912):
| ferveō, boil | fervēre | fervī, ferbuī | —— |
Sometimes with forms in -ere (821) in verse. The perfect system is rare.
| prandeō, lunch | prandēre | prandī | prānsus |