Dispossessed of Constantinople, iii. 10.
See Constantinople and Crusaders.
Laws, the administration of, during the middle ages, iii. 311 et seq.
Lazar-houses, establishment of, iii. 336.
Lazarus, St., order of, historical notices of, iii. 298 and n.
Lebrun, Hugh, count of Angoulême, engages in the crusades, ii. 393.
Leibnitz, his ideas in favour of the crusades, iii. 247.
Memoir of, addressed to Louis XIV. on the conquest of Egypt, iii. 478-493 (App.).
Leo X., his exertions for reviving a crusade against the Turks, iii. 202 et seq.
Allows the sale of indulgences, iii. 210.
After the preaching of Luther, the crusades cease to engage his attention, iii. 213.
The distinguished age of, iii. 229.
—— Sguerre, conquests of, ii. 156.
Leopold, duke of Austria, his treatment by Richard I., i. 484.
His caustic reply to Richard, i. 490.
Detains him a prisoner in Austria, i. 507.
Lepanto, naval battle of, in which the Turks are signally defeated, iii. 225.
Great rejoicings throughout Christendom, iii. 226, iii. 227.
Leprosy in the West, ii. 308.
Lethal, pilgrimage and fanaticism of, i. 28, 29 and n.
Lewenstein, virgin of, miraculous vision of the, i. 444.
Liberty, progress of, in England, iii. 256-258.
Increasing spirit of, in Europe, during the crusades, iii. 284-292.
Lion, curious anecdote of its docility, i. 180.
Lisbon taken from the Moors, i. 375.
L’Isle-Adam, grand master of the knights of St. John, iii. 213.
Litbert, bishop of Cambray, his pilgrimage to the Holy Land, i. 29.
Literature, state of, during the period of the crusades, iii. 333 et seq.
Litz, Martin, preaching of, ii. 44, ii. 45 and n.
His possession of relics and images, ii. 141, ii. 142.
Livre Tournois, explanation of, ii. 389.
Lombardy, confederacy in, ii. 269.
Louis II. of Hungary, slain by the Turks, iii. 215.
—— VII. of France, resists the encroachments of the pope, i. 330.
Destroys Vitri, ib.
Repents, and determines on a crusade against the infidels, i. 331.
His measures for raising money to defray the expenses of the war, i. 345.
His devotion, i. 346.
Leaves France at the head of the Crusaders, ib.
Arrives at Constantinople, i. 349.
Marches through Phrygia, i. 353;
and defeats the Turks, ib.
Is surprised and defeated, i. 355.
Report of his death, ib.
His piety and determination, i. 357, i. 358.
Arrives at Antioch, with a part of his army, i. 360.
Repudiates his queen, Eleanor of Guienne, i. 362.
Leaves Antioch, and proceeds to Jerusalem, i. 363.
His unsuccessful military operations, i. 366 et seq.
Leaves Palestine, and returns to Europe, i. 378.
The unfortunate results of his crusade, i. 378 et seq.
He revokes his promise of revisiting the Holy Land, i. 379.
—— IX. (or St. Louis), his recovery from a dangerous malady, ii. 345 and n.
He determines on prosecuting a seventh crusade against the infidels of the Holy Land, ii. 346 et seq.
Makes extensive preparations, ii. 358 et seq.
Quits France, ii. 368;
and arrives at Cyprus, ii. 369.
Conciliates the Christian litigants, ii. 371, ii. 372.
Receives an embassy from the Tartar prince Ecalthai, ii. 373.
Arrives before Damietta, ii. 379.
His address, ii. 380.
His speech to the Crusaders, ii. 381.
Defeats the Mohammedan forces, ii. 382.
Captures Damietta, ii. 385.
His severe loss at the battle of Monsurah, ii. 408.
His continued contests with the Egyptians, ii. 413 et seq.
The sufferings of his army, ii. 413-422.
He attempts to regain Damietta, but is defeated, and surrenders as a prisoner, ii. 428.
Religious resignation of, ii. 433.
Enters into a treaty with Almoadan for his ransom, ii. 438, ii. 447.
Departs from Egypt, ii. 450.
Consternation throughout France at his capture, ii. 452.
His arrival at Ptolemaïs, ii. 453.
Deliberations and speeches of his knights respecting their future operations, ii. 455, ii. 456.
His negotiations with the Mohammedans of Egypt and Damascus, ii. 459.
Singular message to, from the “Old Man of the Mountain”, ii. 467.
He fortifies the cities of Palestine, ii. 470, ii. 474, ii. 476.
Negotiates a treaty with the emirs of Egypt, ii. 472.
Treaty violated, and hostilities resumed against him, ii. 474.
Anecdotes of his pious devotedness, ii. 476, ii. 479.
Quits Palestine, and arrives at Paris, ii. 478, ii. 480.
Reflections on his character and misfortunes, ii. 484 et seq.
He determines upon another crusade to the Holy Land, iii. 23, iii. 24.
The illustrious names who take the cross in his support, iii. 25.
His extensive preparations, iii. 27 et seq.
His expedition to the coast of Tunis, iii. 38.
His illness and fervent devotion, iii. 42-45.
His death, iii. 46.
His virtues and piety, iii. 54-56.
Letter of, on his captivity and deliverance, iii. 458 (App.).
List of the great officers who followed him to Tunis, iii. 465.
His death-bed instructions, iii. 467.
Louis XIV. joins a Christian confederation against the Turks, iii. 233, iii. 234.
Memoir of Leibnitz, addressed to, on the conquest of Egypt, iii. 478-493 (App.).
——, count of Chartres, engages in the fifth crusade, ii. 45.
Loyola, Ignatius, his pilgrimage to the Holy Land, iii. 248.
Lulli, Raymond, preaches a fresh crusade, iii. 103-106.
Lusignan. See Guy de.
Luther, his preaching against indulgences and the crusades, iii. 211.
Its important consequences, iii. 212.
He preaches against the Turks, 220; but denounces a Christian crusade, iii. 221-223.
Lyons, council of, ii. 335.
Determines on the seventh crusade, and excommunicates Frederick II. of Germany, ii. 338, ii. 341.
Council at, convoked by Gregory X., for reviving a new crusade, iii. 59.
M.
Maarah, siege and capture of, i. 183-186.
Machines used at the siege of Jerusalem, i. 217-219.
Magi, worship of the, i. 4.
Annihilated by Mohammedanism, i. 5.
Magicians among the Saracens, i. 220 and n.
Magistracy in France during the middle ages, iii. 319.
Mahomet, frenzy of his followers, i. xx.
Spread of his religion, i. 4, i. 5.
The empire of, i. 12.
New sectaries of, ib.
Principles of the religion of, i. 382.
See Mohammedans.
—— II., his accession to the Ottoman throne, iii. 143, iii. 144.
His powerful empire, iii. 144.
Besieges Constantinople, iii. 148 et seq.
His fleet defeated, iii. 149.
His extraordinary land fleet, iii. 150.
Captures the city, iii. 156.
Defeated at Belgrade, iii. 167.
His extended conquests, iii. 171, iii. 174, iii. 180, iii. 184.
His negotiations with Pius II., iii. 174.
He swears to annihilate Christianity, iii. 180, iii. 181.
Invades Hungary and different parts of Europe simultaneously, iii. 187-189.
Defeated by the Hungarians, ib.
Death of, iii. 191.
Divisions in his family, ib.
Mainfroy, of the house of Swabia, slain, iii. 21.
Malek-Adel, brother of Saladin, i. 491.
Takes possession of Egypt, &c., i. 509.
His ambitious policy, ii. 5, ii. 71 n.
Opposes the Crusaders, ii. 16.
Defeated by the Christians before Berytus, ii. 18, ii. 19.
Renews hostilities, ii. 195.
The throne of Syria abdicated by, ii. 226.
His death and character, ii. 236.
Malek Saleh Negmeddin, sultan of Egypt, extent of his conquests, ii. 376, ii. 377.
His preparations for resisting the Crusaders under Louis IX., ii. 377.
Malek-Scha, conquests of, i. 32.
Court of, i. 34.
Malleville, assailed by the Crusaders, i. 64.
Malta, knights of St. John transferred to, iii. 214.
Heroic defence of, against the Turks, iii. 224.
Mamelukes, first established by Saladin, i. 402.
Their bravery, i. 459.
Their treachery, ii. 398.
Defeat the Crusaders, ii. 405.
Revolt against Almoadan, ii. 439, ii. 440.
The Syrians refuse to acknowledge their authority, ii. 459.
Their rise and fall, ii. 486.
They defeat and expel the Tartars from Palestine, iii. 8.
Their victories against the Christians, iii. 11 et seq.
Capture Tripoli, iii. 69;
Ptolemaïs, iii. 85;
and several other Christian cities, iii. 89.
Mamouh, sultan of Persia, uncalculating policy of, in encouraging the Turks, i. 31.
Mansourah, sanguinary battle at, ii. 404 and n.
And death of many illustrious Crusaders, ii. 408.
Mantua, general assembly at, to incite resistance to the Turks, iii. 172.
Manuel, emperor of Constantinople, visits France, iii. 130.
Manufactures, progress of, during the middle ages, iii. 328 et seq.
Marcel, treachery of, ii. 428.
Margarit, Admiral, sent to the defence of Tripoli, i. 453.
Margat, fort of, captured by the Mussulmans, iii. 48.
Marguerite of Flanders, wife of Baldwin, death of, ii. 155.
—— of Provence, wife of Louis IX., ii. 369.
Her agonizing situation during the misfortunes of Louis, ii. 432.
“Market of the Franks” at Jerusalem, i. 11.
Markets of the Franks established, i. 16.
Maronites, sect of, i. 4.
Martel, Charles, victories of, i. 6.
Matthew of Edessa, the historian, i. 14 n., i. 147 n. et passim.
Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary, iii. 187.
Maudoud, prince of Mossoul, assassinated, i. 292.
Maximilian, emperor of Germany, letters of, iii. 202.
Mecca, temple of, destroyed and rebuilt, iii. 226.
Medicine, state of, and progress during the period of the crusades, iii. 335, iii. 336.
Mehallah, canal of, fatal to the Crusaders, ii. 420, ii. 425.
Melik-Kamel, the sultan of Cairo, ii. 226.
Conspiracy against, ii. 242.
His speech respecting the Crusaders, ii. 260.
Signs a treaty of peace, ib.
Enters into negotiations with Frederick II., emperor of Germany, ii. 273, ii. 276.
Concludes a treaty, ii. 278.
Death of, ii. 294.
Political contests thence arising, ib.
Melisende, queen of Jerusalem, i. 313, i. 315.
Memphis, solitude of, i. 21.
Mercœur, duke of, defeats the Turks, iii. 231, iii. 232.
Mersbourg, assailed by the Crusaders, i. 70, i. 71.
Described, i. 70 n.
Merwan II., cruelty of, i. 8.
Mesopotamia, entered by the Crusaders, i. 121.
Mezerai, the historian, ii. 484.
Michaud, M. Jourdain’s letters to, iii. 413, iii. 441.
Middle Age, reflections on the state of society from 1571 to 1685, iii. 251 et seq.
Military orders of Christendom, i. 307-309.
Minerva, statue of, at Constantinople, destroyed, ii. 108.
Minieh, town of, ii. 427.
Miracles, pretended, i. 164, i. 165.
Modhaffer Abyverdy, his elegy on the taking of Jerusalem, i. 236.
Moguls, sovereign of the, his conquests, ii. 317 et seq.
Historical notices of, ii. 487.
They capture Bagdad, iii. 4.
Their warlike operations against the Mussulmans, iii. 5.
Take the principal cities of Syria, ib.
General terror of the, iii. 6.
History and conquests of, under Tamerlane, iii. 132, iii. 133.
See Tartars.
Mohammedanism, victorious career of, i. 33 et seq.
Not a religion of the sword, iii. 15 n.
Triumph of, under Mahomet II., iii. 158.
Its inferiority to Christianity, iii. 346.
The two leading sects of, iii. 413.
Evil principles of, iii. 241.
Mohammedans, conquests of the, i. 5 et seq.
Contests with the Crusaders before Antioch, i. 158 et seq.
Manners and characteristics of the, i. 183.
The cities of Palestine abandoned by the, i. 209.
Number slain at Jerusalem, i. 228.
Their despair on the conquest of Jerusalem by the Christians, i. 236, i. 237.
Sustain various defeats by Baldwin, king of Jerusalem, i. 277.
Their continued hostilities with the Christians in Palestine, Egypt, &c., i. 278-328.
Their prayers and exhortations against the Crusaders, i. 474.
Arouse themselves against the Crusaders, ii. 240.
Panic amongst the, ii. 242.
Propose conditions of peace, ii. 247, ii. 257.
Their alarm, ii. 251, ii. 252.
They burn the fleet of the Crusaders on the Nile, ii. 258;
and compel them to capitulate, ii. 260.
Defeated by the Carismians, ii. 330.
Political quarrel among the, ii. 376.
—— of Tunis encounter the Crusaders, iii. 40.
Mohyeddin Almoury, the imaum, iii. 63, iii. 64.
Molahed, epithet of, explained, iii. 419.
Monasteries founded during the middle ages, i. 22, iii. 303, iii. 304.
Montes Jovis, monastery of, i. 22.
Montferrat, marquis of, i. 338.
Visits the Holy Land, i. 452.
Montfort, Philip de, pays the ransom for Louis IX., iii. 450.
Moors, expelled from Lisbon, i. 375.
Their contests and defeats in Spain, ii. 201, ii. 268.
Their expulsion, iii. 243, iii. 266, iii. 375.
Morosini, Thomas, elected patriarch of Constantinople, ii. 151.
Moslems. See Turks.
Mossoul, sultan of, attacks and defeats the Christians, i. 290, i. 291.
See Kerbogha.
Mourzoufle, of Constantinople, stirs up insurrection against the Latins, ii. 111, ii. 112.
Insidious policy of, ii. 118.
Destroys Alexius, and ascends the throne, ib.
Treachery of, ii. 119.
His contests with the Latins, ii. 119-128.
Dethroned, ii. 129.
Captured and executed, ii. 157.
Music, rise of, in Italy, iii. 333.
Mussulmans. See Mohammedans, &c.
“Mysterium Baphometi Revelatum,” Raynouard’s notes upon, iii. 494-500.
Mythology during the period of the crusades, iii. 342.
N.
Naccaire, the name of a kettledrum, ii. 381.
Naples, conquered by Henry VI., ii. 20.
Invaded by the Turks, ii. 189.
Agitations of, ii. 192, ii. 193.
State of, during the age of the crusades, iii. 263.
Naplouse, city of, pillaged, i. 291.
Decrees of the council of, i. 311 and n.
Acts of the council for reforming the Christians of Palestine, iii. 367.
Nasr-allah, vizier of the sultan Afdhal, ii. 4 and n.
Natural history, knowledge of, increased during the crusades, iii. 330.
Navigation, progress of, during and after the period of the crusades, iii. 251, iii. 321 et seq.
Codes of maritime rights established, iii. 324.
Nazareth, bishop of, miracle imputed to, i. 319.
Captured by the Crusaders, iii. 57.
Negmeddin, his negotiations with Louis IX., ii. 388.
Death of, ii. 397.
Nestorians, sect of, i. 4.
Neufmontier, abbey of, founded by Peter the Hermit, i. 247 n.
Nevers, count de, i. 341, i. 342.
Nezzarians, a sect of Ismaëlians, iii. 420.
Nice, the capital of Bithynia, besieged, i. 99-105.
Sultan of, desolates the country, i. 112.
Nicea, possessed by the Mussulmans, i. 33.
The sultan of, defeats the Crusaders, i. 75.
Nicephoras Phocas heads the Greeks, and captures Antioch, i. 13.
His assassination, i. 14, i. 36.
Nicetas, his account of the sacking of Constantinople by the Latins, ii. 133-137.
His history of the contests between the Greeks and the Latins, ii. 174, ii. 175.
Fragment from, iii. 435.
Nicholas IV., Pope, attempts to revive a fresh crusade against the East, iii. 93.
Nicopolis, the modern name of Emmaüs, i. 201.
Nile, battles on the banks of the, ii. 243.
Mouth of, filled with heaps of stones, ii. 485.
Nissa assailed by the Crusaders, i. 65, i. 66.
Nobility, historical notices of, iii. 278 et seq.
Normans join in the crusades, i. 82.
Northampton, a council held at, for aiding the second crusade of Louis IX., iii. 29.
Nosaïris, sect of the, iii. 428.
Noureddin, son of Zenguis, and sultan of Aleppo and Damascus, defeats and slaughters the Christians of Edessa, i. 326, i. 327.
Threatens Jerusalem, i. 328.
Extensive power of, i. 361, i. 396.
His conquests, i. 379.
Heroic character and benevolent sentiments of, i. 383-385.
His warlike preparations against Egypt, i. 389.
Conquers Egypt, and deposes the caliph, i. 396.
His death, i. 399.
Novagero, his eulogies on Leo X., iii. 204.
O.
Octaï, khan of the Tartars, ii. 321.
His extensive conquests, ii. 322.
——, chief of the Mamelukes, anecdote of, ii. 442.
Oderic Vital, the chronicler, i. 41 n., i. 82, i. 250 n. et passim.
Odo, bishop of Bayeux, i. 83.
Odoacer, marquis of Syria, i. 338.
“Old Man of the Mountain,” i. 304-306.
His singular message to Louis IX., ii. 467.
Visit to the court of, ii. 468.
Origin and history of his party, iii. 413 et seq. (App.).
Curious letter of, iii. 434.
Oleron, rolls of, established, iii. 324.
Olives, Mount of, i. 21, i. 214.
Olivia, bishop of Paderborn, ii. 233 and n.
Omar, Caliph, captures Jerusalem, i. 6.