195. An object expression in local attribution expresses a local circumstance of that which is modified, such as the place in, to, or from which, that from whose midst, that about which 35or owing to which, the person to whom, etc.

196. In this construction initial si is replaced by kay (atonic), sinà by kinà (pretonic), and aŋ by sa (atonic); object expressions which begin with none of these particles take sa: Si Pédro ay galìt kay Hwàn. Pedro is angry at Juan. Nakitúluy 40kamì kina Pédro. We asked hospitality of Pedro’s family. Syà y nanáog sa báhay. He came out of his house. sa boo ŋ báyan in the whole town.

Rarely both sa and kay precede a personal name: Itò y nàtúto sa kay Mayèstro ŋ Hwàn. This one got his training from 5Teacher Juan. aŋ pagkàbúhay naŋ médiko sa kay Hwàn the doctor’s saving of Juan’s life.

197. The personal pronouns and síno take their prepositive forms after sa: Ibinigày nya sa ákin aŋ aklàt. Was-given by-him to me the book, i. e. He gave me the book.

10198. In a peculiar construction these prepositive forms are preceded by the particle ganà as a conjunctive attribute, in the sense of so far as ... is concerned: Sa ganà ŋ ákin sya y maàári ŋ umalìs. So far as I am concerned he may leave.

199. The demonstrative pronouns and anò never stand in 15local attribution, see § 263 f.

200. Whole predications are rarely used as local attributes:

Dumatìŋ aŋ dalága ŋ itò sa dalawa ŋ pù ŋ taòn aŋ gúlaŋ. This young woman arrived at (the time when) her age was twenty years, i. e. reached the age of twenty years.

20201. Local attributes are mostly closely joined and as a rule follow that which they modify, taking precedence of a disjunctive attribute or of a subject: aŋ nagbigày sa ákin naŋ aklàt na itò the giver to me of this book, the one who gave me this book (Bayad nà) aŋ útaŋ sa ákin ni Hwàn. Juan’s debt to me (has 25been paid). Ibigày mo kay Hwàn aŋ librò. Be-given by-you to Juan the book, i. e. Give Juan the book.

Often, however, a disjunctive attribute which is felt to belong closely to what precedes, comes before a local attribute: Bayad-útaŋ ni Hwàn sa ákin aŋ relòs na itò. This watch is Juan’s 30debt-payment to me.

Occasionally the local attribute precedes the expression modified: Syà y sa baŋkàʾ naŋ maŋa babáe nakíkisakày. He goes along into the canoe of the women. Sa kabilà ŋ bandà mo ibwàl aŋ púno ŋ iyàn. Make that tree fall in the direction away from me.

35202. Very frequently, however, local attributes are loosely joined, preceding or following; in the former case ay, y is sometimes omitted: Sa Báya-ŋ-San-Migèl ay naŋyáre aŋ isa ŋ nakawàn. In the town of San Miguel a robbery took place. Hindí makadádala si Pédro naŋ kahòn sa kabigatàn nilà. Pedro will not 40be able to carry any boxes, on account of their heaviness. Sa ganà ŋ ákin sya y maàári ŋ umalìs. So far as I am concerned he can go. (§ 198).

203. We have seen that disjunctive attribution expresses the relation of objects (direct object, local object, instrumental object, §§ 184, 185, 187) to an action, provided that these objects are more or less indefinite. If they are quite definite, they are 5preferably made subjects in a passive construction. Frequently, however, they are instead put into local attribution, which thus competes with these types of disjunctive attribution, but involves a more definite object: Aŋ báhay na batò ay aŋ áki ŋ pinaghàhatdàn naŋ gátas. The stone house is the place to which I am 10delivering milk (instrumental object), i. e. I am delivering milk to the stone house; but: Aŋ báhay na batò ay aŋ áki ŋ pinaghàhatdàn sa bátaʾ. The stone house is where I am bringing the child. (naŋ bátaʾ would be a child or children).

It follows that the personal pronouns, which always refer to 15definite persons, cannot stand as disjunctive objects of transient words, but stand instead in local attribution: Aŋ báhay na batò ay aŋ áki ŋ pinaghàhatdàn sa kanyà. The stone house is the place where I am taking him.

Similarly a personal name: Ibigày mo kay Hwàn aŋ librò. 20Give Juan the book; cf. Bigyàn mo naŋ librò si Hwàn. Give Juan a book; “Juan” could not figure as disjunctive local object.

204. In many cases, however, these local attributes differ from disjunctive attributes and from the corresponding subjects of passive constructions: the local attribute represents the object 25as more externally involved and less thoroughly concerned in the occurrence: Humúkay sila naŋ bakúran. They dug up some yards. Hinukáyan nilà aŋ bakúran. They dug up the yard. In both sentences a serious change, such as unauthorized tampering, is implied; but: Humúkay sila sa bakúran. They dug in the yard, 30merely tells where they did their digging. Sya y pumanhìk naŋ báhay. He entered a house (or houses), perhaps illicitly; the house is viewed as in some way affected or intimately involved in the action; so also: Pinanhikàn nya aŋ báhay. He entered the house; but: Sya y pumanhìk sa báhay. He went into the house, 35He went into his house.

205. In other cases, where a transient predicate is not involved, the same difference appears: the local attribute is a mere scene or attendant circumstance, the disjunctive a real factor: Aŋ pagtatábon naŋ maŋa húkay na itò ay tapus nà. The filling 40up of these ditches is now finished, i. e. These ditches are filled up now; but: Aŋ pagtatábon sa maŋa húkay ay mahírap. Filling earth into ditches is hard work. karamíhan naŋ maŋa táo most of the people; karamíhan sa kanilà most of them; sa ganitò under these circumstances; naŋ ganitò (§ 190) thus, in this manner.

206. Expressions of time as local attributes denote future time when; occasionally also past time: Páparoòn akò sa makalawà. 5I shall go there the day after tomorrow. So: sa lúnes next Monday, cf. noò ŋ lúnes last Monday. Pího akò ŋ páparoòn sa alasìŋko. I will surely go there at five o’clock. Sa gabi ŋ iyòn.... That night....

207. With jussive words with prefix pa- (see Morphology) 10the person ordered to do so-and-so is viewed as a local feature: Ipinagupìt ko sa barbéro ŋ si Hwàn aŋ buhòk ni Andrès. Was-ordered-to-be-cut by-me of-the barber Juan the hair of Andrés, i. e. I ordered the barber Juan to cut Andrés’ hair.

208. Rarely an expression in local attribution is used as a 15conjunctive attribute in an object expression: it precedes and has the meaning of a disjunctive attribute of possessor: aŋ sa ibà ŋ táo ŋ kawáyan other people’s bamboo, or: aŋ kawáyan naŋ ibà ŋ táo.

209. This construction is much commoner when that owned 20is anaphorically omitted: aŋ sa pagòŋ that of the turtle, the turtle’s, i. e. aŋ púno naŋ pagòŋ. So: aŋ sa kanyà his, hers.

210. In other cases anaphoric omission of an element modified by a local attribute is less common: aŋ pagsakày sa trèn sa lugàr naŋ sa karumáta the riding on the train in place of the 25(sc. pagsakày riding) in the carriage.

211. A static predicate may have the form of a local attribute: Sa liŋgò aŋ áki ŋ lúlan sa trèn. On (next) Sunday my embarking on the train, i. e. Next Sunday I shall take the train. Aŋ uupà ŋ itò ay sa háreʾ. This seat is for the king.

30212. The particle sa has a number of derivatives which are transient in meaning, but otherwise have the same construction as sa; they are pretonic. Sya y nása Maynílaʾ. He is in Manila. Sya y nása kanya ŋ báhay. He is in his house. Aŋ tinterúhan ay nása bíŋit naŋ lamésa. The inkwell is at the edge of the table. 35For these forms see Morphology.