257. The words used as absolute attributes of manner and 5time resemble in meaning conjunctive attributes and are frequently used in the latter construction. As a rule they are loosely joined and absolute. In this way are used:

258. Derivatives by doubling of words of time, in the sense of every (day, night, etc.). With these goes the compound áraw-gabè 10day and night. For both formations see Morphology. Hinàhatdan nyà akò naŋ gátas áraw-áraw. He delivers milk to me every day. Gabi-gabì ay tinùtulúgan naŋ bantày aŋ áki ŋ báhay. Every night the sentry makes our house his sleeping-place.

259. Words with prefix ka- referring to past time (see Morphology): 15Aŋ pàtáya ŋ naŋyári kagabì ay paglalasìŋ aŋ nagìŋ sanhèʾ. The killing that occurred last night had drunkenness as its cause. Aŋ maŋa áso sa báya ŋ itò ay nagtàhúlan kagabè. The dogs in this town all bayed last night. Aŋ kabáyo ay namatày kahápon. The horse died yesterday. Pumaroòn akò kamakalawà. 20I went there day before yesterday.

These may be followed by a disjunctive attribute telling the specific time when: Nagsipútol kamì naŋ tubò kahápon naŋ hápon. We cut sugar-cane yesterday afternoon. So: kahápon naŋ umága yesterday morning.

25260. Words of time with prefix kinà- and suffix -an expressing actual past time (see Morphology): Kinàháti-ŋ-gabihàn ay nágisiŋ syà. When midnight came he woke up. Kinàbukásan hinánap silà naŋ kanila ŋ amà. On the next day they were called by their father.

30With disjunctive attribute telling the special time: Kinàbukásan naŋ hápun ay naparoòn sila sa simbáhan. On the next day in the afternoon they went to church.

261. Words of time preceded by the pronouns boòʾ and isà as conjunctive modifiers: Sila y nagsipagsugàl gabi-gabì boò ŋ 35magdamàg. They gambled all night every night. Isa ŋ áraw naupó sya sa taburéte. One day he sat down on his chair. Aŋ iyò ŋ kapatìd ay nalígo isa ŋ hápon. Your sister bathed one afternoon. Isa ŋ gabì ay nárinig ko.... One evening I heard.... So: isa ŋ kataŋhalían one midday, isa ŋ liŋgò one Sunday, isa ŋ 40taŋháleʾ one noon, isa ŋ umága one morning. As conjunctive attributes: Sya y naglálakad na isa ŋ gabì. He was walking one night. Páparoon sya ŋ isa ŋ liŋgò. He will come one Sunday. Those with boòʾ also as local attributes: Nakatahul nà aŋ maŋa áso sa boò ŋ magdamàg. The dogs have been barking all night.

262. Various words of time:

5(1) antimáno beforehand (Spanish).

(2) búkas tomorrow: Magpàpapútol ba táyo naŋ káhoy búkas? Are we going to have some wood cut tomorrow? With disjunctive attribute of specific time: Magsìsipútol kamì naŋ tubò búkas naŋ umága. We are going to cut sugar-cane tomorrow 10morning.

(3) dáti for a long time already; formerly; it is sometimes closely joined: aŋ mukhá naŋ babáye, na dáti y nagpàpakilála naŋ malakì ŋ paghihírap the face of the woman, which before had been showing great suffering; Dáti náriyàn aŋ mansà ŋ iyàn. 15That spot has been there for a long time. As conjunctive attribute: Dáti sya ŋ napàparíto sa áki ŋ báhay. He has been coming to my house since long ago.

(4) kadalasàn often, usually: Aŋ kanya ŋ pinasàsakítan kadalasà y nagáanyo ŋ pára ŋ ulòl. The person he is injuring 20usually acts as if crazy.

(5) kanína a little while ago, just now: Sinábi ko na pò sa inyo kanína, na.... I just told you a little while ago that....

With a conjunctive attribute of the specific time in the phrase kanína ŋ umága this morning, which may be closely 25joined: Kumáin ka ba kanína ŋ umága naŋ karnè?—Hindí ako kumáin naŋ karnè kanína ŋ umága. Did you eat meat this morning?—I did not eat meat this morning.

(6) karanyúwan mostly, usually: Aŋ kosinéro karanyúwa y upahàn. The cook is usually hired.

30(7) káylan, kélan when? Káylan ako malìlígoʾ? When shall I bathe? Káylan pa kayà paŋhìhinayáŋan naŋ maŋa táo aŋ maŋa áni ŋ taòn-taò y nàsìsíra naŋ luktòn o naŋ túyot? When, pray, will the people regret the harvests every year destroyed by locusts or by drought? So káylan màn at any time, ever, always 35(§§ 221. 317): Káylan mà y hindí nilìlimútan si Maryà. Maria was never forgotten.

(8) makálawà twice, when with maghápon per day: Naàári ako ŋ malígo makálawa maghápun, dahilàn sa kainítan. I can bathe twice a day on account of the heat. Alone makálawà is a 40conjunctive attribute: Makálawa ko ŋ itinanùŋ kuŋ saàn sya páparoòn, dátapuwat hindí nya ako sinagòt. I asked him twice where he was going, but he did not answer me. Maghápon does not occur alone.

(9) mámayàʾ, mámyàʾ after a while, soon, with a disjunctive attribute of the specific time when: Mámyá naŋ kauntìʾ ay áalis akò. In a little while I am going. As conjunctive modifier; the phrase so formed is used like mámayàʾ alone: Mámaya ŋ gabì 5ay pàpások táyo sa teyátro. This evening we shall go to the theatre.

(10) mínsan once, once upon a time: Mínsan sila y nakáraàn naŋ isa ŋ púno-ŋ-nyòg. Once upon a time they came across a cocoanut-tree. With màn at any one time (§ 221): Mínsan 10màn ay hindí sya náuna. Not a single time did he succeed in getting ahead. As conjunctive attribute: Aŋ tatlo ŋ itù y nagtìpána ŋ mínsan. These three once made an appointment.

(11) ŋayòn now, just now, today (cf. § 302): Sya y nása Mayníla ŋayòn. He is in Manila today. Ŋayòn ay maŋàkàkatúlog 15silà. Now they will be able to sleep. So ŋayon dìn right now (§ 218): Umalìs ka ŋayon dìn. Go away this minute.

(12) paráti often: Mahína aŋ kanyà ŋ katawàn at paráti sa sakìt. Her body was weak and often in sickness. Also conjunctive: Akò y paráti ŋ nàhàhábol. I am often pursued.

20(13) siyèmpre (Spanish) always: Aŋ paggalàw na pagtagílid ay syèmpre (or: káylan màn ay) sa kaikliàn naŋ baŋkàʾ, dátapuwat aŋ pagtikwàs ay sa kahabáan. The movement of rocking is always along the short axis of a boat, but pitching is along its length.

25263. Four words of place, which serve also as local forms of the demonstrative pronouns (§ 199). They are, corresponding to the four demonstrative pronouns: díne, ríne; díto, ríto; diyàn, dyàn, riyàn; doòn, roòn. They occur in every position which an attribute can have:

30Loosely joined, preceding: Doòn ay sinalúboŋ sya naŋ susòʾ. There he was met by the snail. Díto nàmálas nya ŋ.... Here he perceived that....

Loosely joined, following: Taginit nà naŋ sya y dumatiŋ díto. It was already summer when he arrived here. Aŋ alílaʾ ay 35ipinagamùt nya díto. The servant was-ordered-to-be-cured by-him of-the-latter, i. e. He had the latter cure the servant. Alis dyàn! Get away there! (e. g. to a dog). Alìs na riyàn, Pédro. Go away from there, Pedro. Mátira ka dyàn. Stay there.

Closely joined, preceding: Díne ako maúupòʾ. I am going 40to sit right here. Díto ka na makikáin sa ámin. Eat here with us. Díto nya ginámit aŋ kanya ŋ lakàs. For this he used his strength. Doòn sila magpalípas naŋ bakasyòn. There they are to spend the vacation.

Closely joined, following: Hwag mò ŋ ilagay díto aŋ palatòn. Don’t put the plate here.

5Enclitic: Dalhìn mo ríto iyò ŋ librò ŋ binàbása ko kagabì. Bring here the book I was reading last night. Magdalà ka díto naŋ kasapwégo. Bring some matches.

These words often precede a local attribute: Ílag ka dyàn sa daàn. Get out of the road there. Nakitúloy silà sa ámin doòn 10sa búkid. They asked us to take them in out there in the country. Note also: Sa isa ŋ karitò ŋ dí maláyo sa báhay, doòn sya nahigàʾ In a cart not far from the house, there he lay down.

264. Similarly saàn where? which serves also instead of a local form of anò (§ 199). It is closely joined and, as a question-word, 15precedes: Saàn nároon aŋ kanya ŋ kapatìd?—Hindí ko nàlàláman kuŋ saàn nároon aŋ kanya ŋ kapatìd. Where is his brother?—I don’t know where his brother is. Saan nàndon sya? Where is he? Saàn mo sya nàkíta? Where did you see him? Saàŋ ka maúupòʾ? Where are you going to sit? Saàŋ ka gáliŋ? 20Where do you come from? (Cf., for the local value, the answer, e. g.: Gáliŋ ako sa Maynílaʾ. I come from Manila.) Saàn ka naŋgàgáliŋ? Where are you coming from? Saàn ka naŋgáliŋ? Where have you come from? Saàŋ ka páparon? Where are you going? Saàn ka púpunta? Where are you bound for? So: káhit 25saàn anywhere at all (§ 248): Itò y hindí nya màkíta káhit saàn. He could not find the latter anywhere.

As local form of anò, saàn stands also in conjunctive attribution (§ 131): Saà ŋ gawèʾ mulá ríto aŋ báya-ŋ-Kamálig?—Sa gawì ŋ kánan mulá ríto aŋ báya-ŋ-Kamálig. In what direction 30from here is the town of Camalig?—The town of Camalig is to the right of here. Pagkaísip mo, Hwàn, kuŋ saà ŋ báyan ka maghàhánap-búhay ay sabíhin mo sa ákin. When you have decided, Juan, in what town you will try to earn your living, tell me.

35As a question-word, further, saàn may form a static predicate (§ 96): Saàn aŋ làgáyan mo naŋ iyo ŋ sapátos? Where is your place for putting away your shoes?

265. Several words of manner:

(1) The particle agàd at once and its doubled form agad-agàd 40immediately (see Morphology) are closely joined; where ŋ can be used, they are mostly conjunctive: Tumakbò sya agàd. He ran at once, or: Tumakbò sya ŋ agàd. Minulàn nya agàd aŋ pagtatalumpáteʾ. He at once began his speech. Agad nà ŋ lálamìg. It will soon be cold now. Agad-agàd inùumpisahàn aŋ pagsisìgáwan. At once the yelling begins.

(2) halimbáwaʾ for example, for instance is loosely joined: Kuŋ halimbáwa y makàkíta sya naŋ isa ŋ bákol.... When, for 5instance, she saw a basket ... isa ŋ tahòl naŋ áso halimbáwaʾ the barking of a dog, for instance.

(3) hálos almost is closely joined: hálos lahàt naŋ táo almost all the people, walà ŋ pamamároʾ hálos almost without clothing.

(4) isa-isà one by one is closely joined; it is more often conjunctive 10than absolute: Siniyásat nya isa-isà aŋ maŋa púnoʾ. She questioned the trees one by one. Itò y sya nyà ŋ isa-isà ŋ inilaglàg. These he dropped one by one.

(5) karáka-ráka right away, quickly (cf. pagdáka, pagkaráka, below): “Hindí akò!” winíka nya karáka-ráka. “It wasn’t 15I!” he said at once.

(6) katunáyan truth, as absolute attribute, loosely joined, truly; in this sense also conjunctive: Katunáya y uwalà ŋ mwàŋ si Hwàn. Really Juan was ignorant. Katunáya ŋ walá sya ŋ nàlàláman káhit isa ŋ hóta. He really did not know a single iota.

20(7) mìsmo (Spanish) himself, herself, intensive: aŋ nàkùkúlam mìsmo the bewitched person himself; siya mìsmo he himself, she herself.

(8) palibhásaʾ is loosely joined and precedes. It expresses that what follows is stated as a reason; the construction is apparently 25not subordinating, but parallel with that of halimbáwaʾ above: Aŋ pagsasáma ... ay hindí nila pinápansìn, palibhása y gawá rin namàn nilà. The living together ... was not minded by them, the reason being that they did it themselves.

(9) pagdáka and pagkaráka immediately, quickly (synonymous 30with karáka-ráka above): Pagdáka y tinaŋnan nyà aŋ dalawà ŋ hintutúroʾ naŋ babáye. He quickly seized the woman’s two forefingers. Also closely joined: Itinanòŋ pagdáka naŋ médiko.... The doctor at once asked....