967. The common male and female or nipple and socket rod joint.
968. Multiple hinges, with one centre bolt, for long or heavy doors.
969. Scarfed rod or bar joint.
970. Another form of hinge, to effect the same object as No. 954.
See also Swivel Joints, Nos. 893 and 894. Sections 49, 4, and 48.
I do not propose to attempt to illustrate the vast tribe of “greasers” of all kinds. They would easily fill a moderate volume, but scarcely repay the reader for perusal. I shall content myself here as elsewhere by indicating the types of most interest and importance to the machine draughtsman.
Besides the simple cup or enlarged oil hole, oil box, and grease cup, the following are the most commonly employed:—
971. Oil pan for gearing, worms, wheels, &c.
972. Revolving wire lubricator; carries a drop of oil on to the shaft at each revolution.
973. Roller and pan lubricator. Can be employed also for gum, paste, paint, &c.
974. Screw ram lubricator, to force lubricant into a cylinder or pipe against pressure, with non-return valve.
975. Telescopic tube lubricating device, for reciprocating or revolving joints, such as crank pins.
976. Another tubular device for crank pins; a hollow cup on end of a tube stands opposite the centre of the shaft, and can be fed with oil while revolving, the oil running down the tube during the lower half revolution.
977. Stauffer’s lubricator for thick oil, which is forced in by screwing down the cap.
978. Shaft bearing lubricator by the capillary action of pieces of cane, the lower ends of which dip into the oil cistern.
979. Endless string lubricator.
980. Single cock lubricator, with screwed cap for filling.
981. Double cock lubricator.
982. Hollow plug cock.
The last three are used to feed oil against steam pressure.
983. Lieuvain’s needle lubricator. A loose wire (one end of which touches the revolving shaft and the other is in the oil); keeps the oil flowing as long as the shaft is running.
984. The pressure of steam enters the cup above the oil, which is fed through an adjustable small valve at bottom.
985. Plunger or ram and cylinder lubricator, with ratchet feed worked from some reciprocating part of engine.
Lubricating or inking rollers to evenly cover a flat surface are placed at an angle of about 10° to the direction of motion of the surface to be lubricated or inked.
Large engines are fitted with an oil reservoir, and pipes are led to all joints, bearings, &c., with small cocks for regulation.
The common spirit level and plumbline are ordinarily employed, as also the surveyor’s telescope and spirit level or “Dumpy.”
986. Gravitation level.
987. Plumbline and square.
988. Water tube level; the tube may be carried a long distance and round corners, &c., in any direction below the water level.
989. Spirit level plumbing square.
| 990. Lever of the 1st order | - | See Applications, Section 48. | |
| 991. Lever of the 2nd order | |||
| 992. Lever of the 3rd order | |||
993. Wheel and axle; power gained and speed reduced in proportion to the diameters of the two sheaves.
994. Return block; power multiplied 2 to 1.
995. Two double sheave blocks; power multiplied 4 to 1.
996. Four single blocks; power same as No. 995.
997. Three return blocks; power multiplied 8 to 1.
See Applications, Section 42.
The inclined plane is simply a modification of the force of gravity, which acts vertically.
The wedge. See Section 37.
The screw is simply a circular inclined plane. See Section 78.
See also Gearing, Sections 40 and 84.
998. Kneading mill, with spiral vanes.
999. Pug mill, with radial spiral paddles revolving inside a conical case.
1000. Pug mill, with spiral paddles.
1001. Pan mixer. A cylindrical case or pan with a set of arms revolving with the central shaft.
1002. Egg beater or mixing machine. Two sets of open radial frames revolve in opposite directions, the frames being shaped to pass through each other, and are driven by mitre gear driving a shaft and sleeve.
1003. Diagonal mixing barrel, with revolving and fixed vanes.
1004. Conical mixing barrel of similar construction.
1005. Diagonal mixing pan, used for confectionery, &c.
1006. Mixer, with two pairs of arms running in opposite directions.
See Cross section.
1007. A modification of the last; the centres of the arms being above one another so that the arms pass each other in revolving.
1008. Horizontal table mixing machine. The stuff works its way from the centre to the edge of the table by centrifugal force.
See also No. 60. Anderson’s patent employs this plan to continuously distribute purifying material through water with which the revolving drum is charged.
See Section 13. Crushing, grinding, &c.
Purpose: to maintain rectilinear motion of a rod or equivalent detail coupled to a lever without employing guide bars.
1009. Watt’s parallel motion for a beam engine.
1010. Rack and segment motion.
1011. Epicycloidal parallel motion. The pinion is one-half the diameter of the wheel at the pitch lines, and the gudgeon is fixed upon the pitch line of the pinion.
1012. Peaucellier’s parallel motion. A is a fixed centre; B (for parallel motion) must be one-half way to C; power is applied to C; D parallel centre gudgeon.
1013. Beam, with rocking fulcrum. A A are equal, as also B B.
1014. Single radius bar and link; the radius bar to be same length as the half beam and the link hinged on its centre.
1015. All the radius bars to be of same length as the half beam.
1016. Two equal radius bars connected by a link, the main gudgeon in its centre.
1017. Beam of the 2nd order with rocking fulcrum, A and A being equal.
1018. Sector and rack motion.
See also No. 714.
Some of the most primitive methods are still in use, and may possibly still be found of service in particular cases.
1019. Scoop wheel.
1020. Dipping trough.
1021. Endless chain of buckets.
1022. Archimedean screw; a spiral pipe serves the same purpose as the worm revolving in a cylindrical case.
1023. Chain pump, frequently used still. The lower length of pipe should be bored to fit the buckets on chain; the rest of the pipe may be a little larger in diameter and not bored.
1024. Lifting wheel for raising water.
The following four examples are machines for raising water to any height by employing a fall of water of comparative low pressure:—
1025. Hydraulic ram. A stream of water runs down the incline pipe and flows away at the ball valve; when its speed reaches a certain point it suddenly closes the ball valve, and the shock opens the delivery valve, water flows into the air vessel till the power of the stream is checked, when the delivery valve closes, the ball drops, and the action is repeated.
1026. The Robinet. Direct-action water pressure self-acting pump; performs the same work as the hydraulic ram, that is by using a low fall and large quantity of water it raises a smaller quantity to a greater height, the low-pressure water acting on the large double-acting piston. The valve is reversed by the motion of the engine.
1027. Hydraulic pumping engine. A modification of the Robinet. A is the driving cylinder, B the pump. The main slide valve is worked by two pistons, and the pressure water distributed by an auxiliary four-way cock or small slide valve, connected to a stop rod from the main crosshead. See also No. 1741. See Sec. 93.
1028. Water wheel and pump.
1029. Single-acting bucket or suction pump.
1030. Single-acting ram force pump. Sometimes an open top cylinder and piston are used instead of a ram, as No. 1029.
1031. Double-acting ram and piston pump. Forces on both strokes; sucks only on the up stroke.
1032. Double-acting plunger or ram pump, externally packed; a favourite arrangement.
1033. Double-acting piston pump, four valves. This is of course a type of a very great variety of pumps.
1034. Double-action piston pump, without valves. The piston has an oscillating or radial motion (see plan), as well as an up and down motion, so that the two ports are alternately open to the upper and under side of piston by the small passages A A. The required motion can be obtained from No. 406, crank motion.
1035. Rope pump. A simple endless soft or porous rope absorbs water at its lower part (immersed), which water is pressed out of it between the rollers at top.
1036. Apparatus to supply air to air vessels. The main pump at every stroke draws a small quantity of water from the small air vessel A, and on the return stroke forces an equal quantity of air from the smaller to the larger vessel B. C is a double air valve.
1037. Combined bucket and plunger pump draws on the up stroke only, but delivers on both strokes.
1038. Air pump, with foot and head valves.
1039. Hand or power pump. Can be thrown into action from the crank shaft by fastening the set screw, or may be worked independently by the hand lever.
1040. “Worthington” pattern of plunger pump, double acting.
1041. Double barrel pump, with bucket pistons. The water passes both pistons, which are fitted with valves opening opposite ways.
1042. Oscillating sector or quadrant pump, with one vane or piston.
1043. Double quadrant pump. The two vanes are worked by links from a single crank.
1044. Oscillating pump, with two radial vanes keyed to a central rocking shaft.
1045. Hollow plug; oil or water feeder.
1046. Double ram pump.
Rising mains in mines and wells have been used as the main pump rods in some instances.
In pumping up to a tank or reservoir from which a down service pipe is taken, the pump can be arranged to deliver into this pipe at its nearest convenient point, instead of having a second pipe from the pump to the tank.
1047. Schmid’s trunk cyl. hydraulic pumping engine utilises a low-pressure supply to force from the annular side of the piston a high-pressure service.
See also rotary engines and pumps, Section 75.
Pumping engines, Section 61.
Plain tubing may be either of iron, brass, zinc, lead, tin plate, sheet iron, papier mâché, indiarubber, guttapercha, leather, cotton, or canvas.
Flexible sorts of the last five materials named are strengthened when required by spiral wire, either inside or outside or imbedded in the material; also, in the case of rubber, by canvas insertion; or by being payed with yarn or wire, either wound or plaited round the exterior.
1048 to 1053. Show sections and elevations of forms of flanges employed. 1053 has a small V space, in which is inserted a ring of guttapercha cord or soft lead. Used for heavy pressures.
1054. Socket and spigot pipes.
The ordinary earthenware socket drain pipes, flue pipes, &c., are examples.
1055. Socket and spigot pipes, with tapered, bored, and turned joint.
1056. Cup and ball joint for uneven ground, &c.
1057. Wrought iron pipes, with cast iron flanges.
1058. Diagonal universal joint. See No. 1078.
1059. Swivelling joint. Coupling quickly opened or closed, faced with rubber or leather.
1060. Bayonet joint, for hydrants, &c. See No. 963.
1061. Sheet iron flue pipes.
1062. Wrought iron pipe and screwed couplings.
1063. Wrought iron flange coupling.
1064. Reducing socket or coupling.
1067. Bend.
1068. Internal coupling for handrailing, &c.
1069. Patent lap-folded pipe.
1070. Long screw, coupling and back nut, for making the last joint in a series of pipes when the last piece cannot be screwed into both joints.
1071 to 1073. Screwed unions. The nut may be as No. 1072 or 1073.
See also Section 78.
1074 & 1075. Unions with right and left-hand threads.
1076. Expansion joint plain.
1077. Expansion joint with gland and safety bolt to prevent the joint blowing out.
A bent U-shaped tube of copper is sometimes used as an expansion piece in a line of hot piping.
1078. Royle’s patent diagonal universal joint, by swivelling the diagonal joint the pipes can be set at any angle from 0° to 90° to each other.
1079. Expanding pipes with stuffing boxes at each joint, used for conveying water, steam, or air to a movable engine or machine.
1080 & 1081. Wood troughs sometimes lined with metal.
For conveying materials other than liquids, such as sand, coal, grain, &c., the following contrivances are used:—
Endless bands of canvas, rubber, leather, &c., sometimes with flanges like 1082.
Sloping wooden tubes or shoots.
1082. Sectional conveyor, endless, carried round pulleys like No. 1083.
1083. Creeper, an endless chain of boards or buckets sliding along a fixed wood trough. See Ewart’s patent detachable drive chain, which is fitted with special links for attachment of boards or buckets.
1084. Worm and trough, similar in principle to an archimedean screw.
See No. 1022.
Elevators for vertical or sloping conveyance usually consist of an endless band of some flexible material or chain with a number of tin or metal buckets attached at regular intervals (as No. 1086) like a creeper, No. 1083, but working in an enclosed tube.
Pneumatic tubes. See Section 19. Valves for do., No. 1638.
1085. Is an improved form of worm having no centre shaft. “Patent Anti-Friction Conveyor.”
1086. Elevator, or band and buckets, may be run in any position.
1087 & 1088. Endless web and roller devices for conveying sheets of paper, for printing or folding.
See also Raising and Lowering, Section 69.
1089. Piston with junk ring; the packing is sometimes cast iron, steel, brass, or phosphor bronze rings, or even hemp or asbestos.
1090. Small pistons have generally two rings of steel or brass sprung into the grooves.
1091. Double-acting hydraulic piston for cold water; if single acting, one leather only is required; for hot water, rings are generally employed.
1092. Indiarubber rolling ring packing, used on Kennedy’s patent piston water meters.
1093. Piston, with junk ring for fibrous packing.
Numerous patents are in use for springs of various kinds applied to piston rings. See Section 80.
1094, 1095, 1096, & 1097. Sections and plans of gland stuffing boxes.
1098. Leather packing ring or collar, used generally for higher pressures up to 3 or 4 tons per square inch.
1099. Stuffing box for hydraulic rams, up to pressures of about 1000 lbs. per square inch, with special hard packing.
1100 & 1101. When the wear on an hydraulic leather is considerable a guard-ring should be added, as shown here.
1102. Stannah’s patent stuffing box; the packing is tightened by a set screw.
1103 & 1104. Ram leathers, with gland to facilitate renewing.
1105. Grooved steam packing. It is said that the steam will not readily pass a series of grooves round a piston rod.
1106. Useful form of gland for a screwed spindle, the thread being cut in the outer cap.
1107. V-ring piston packing rings. The inner spring ring presses the outer rings out against the cylinder.
1108. “Bottle” gland to cover a reciprocating rod end.
1109. Gland with oil space to keep the rod lubricated.
1110. Water lute or seal for gas holders, &c.
1111. Grooved joint for packing round covers, &c.