1112. Indiarubber sheet joint for the tubes of condensers, the rubber being pressed around the tube joints by a plate with projecting rings. See Plate, page 139.
1113. V-ring metallic gland packing. See Plate, page 139.
Joints of plane surfaces are usually made with red-lead for steam and water; asbestos, millboard, and sometimes rubber insertion, tape, paper, or wire gauze for steam, water, air, &c.
(See also Sections 60, and 12.)
On land, vehicles, &c., may be propelled by:
a.
Any engine having contained in itself its source of power; such as a steam engine, compressed-air engine, electric motor, &c.
b.
Any fixed source of power, the moving vehicle being connected to it by: 1, a rope or chain; 2, a tube; 3, an electric wire or other electric connection.
c.
By gravitation down an inclined or vertical road. See Section 69.
d.
By wind power, using sails or windmill. See Section 95.
e.
Animal power.
a. Any engine having contained in itself its source of power; such as a steam engine, compressed-air engine, electric motor, &c.
b. Any fixed source of power, the moving vehicle being connected to it by: 1, a rope or chain; 2, a tube; 3, an electric wire or other electric connection.
c. By gravitation down an inclined or vertical road. See Section 69.
d. By wind power, using sails or windmill. See Section 95.
e. Animal power.
On water, vessels are propelled by:
a.
Wind.
b.
Steam or other heat engine.
c.
Wave motion.
d.
Natural currents, tides.
e.
Animal power.
a. Wind.
b. Steam or other heat engine.
c. Wave motion.
d. Natural currents, tides.
e. Animal power.
In air, balloons have been propelled by:
a.
Wind.
b.
Some kind of engine power.
c.
Hand power.
a. Wind.
b. Some kind of engine power.
c. Hand power.
But the two latter sources must be at present considered almost impracticable.
On land:
a.
Steam or other engine and boiler on the moving vehicle.
b.
A reservoir of compressed air or gas, driving an engine on the vehicle.
c.
An electric battery or accumulator, driving an engine on the vehicle.
d.
Rope railway: the rope may be driven by any kind of engine.
e.
Endless rope transmission. See Section 66.
f.
Inclined or vertical hoists. See Section 69.
g.
Ice vessels, or yachts, propelled by wind and sails, windmills, &c. See Section 95.
h.
Velocipedes of all kinds, hand power lifts and hoists. See Section 69.
a. Steam or other engine and boiler on the moving vehicle.
b. A reservoir of compressed air or gas, driving an engine on the vehicle.
c. An electric battery or accumulator, driving an engine on the vehicle.
d. Rope railway: the rope may be driven by any kind of engine.
e. Endless rope transmission. See Section 66.
f. Inclined or vertical hoists. See Section 69.
g. Ice vessels, or yachts, propelled by wind and sails, windmills, &c. See Section 95.
h. Velocipedes of all kinds, hand power lifts and hoists. See Section 69.
On water, vessels are propelled by:
a.
Sails.
b.
Steamships, by screw, paddle-wheel, stern wheel, water jet, and steam jet.
c.
Wave engine.
d.
Barges and rafts usually employ tidal motion only.
e.
Rowing boats, &c., hand power paddle and screw boats, horse towage.
a. Sails.
b. Steamships, by screw, paddle-wheel, stern wheel, water jet, and steam jet.
c. Wave engine.
d. Barges and rafts usually employ tidal motion only.
e. Rowing boats, &c., hand power paddle and screw boats, horse towage.
In air, balloons are propelled by:
a.
Wind, acting on the inflated balloon, or on an umbrella-shaped or other sail; also on the under side of inclined planes of large area.
b.
Balloons of elongated form have been propelled by an engine placed in the car, driving either a large screw propeller or wings.
c.
Various attempts have been made to work flying machines (generally having some form of wings) by the power of a man’s hands and feet, with very little success.
a. Wind, acting on the inflated balloon, or on an umbrella-shaped or other sail; also on the under side of inclined planes of large area.
b. Balloons of elongated form have been propelled by an engine placed in the car, driving either a large screw propeller or wings.
c. Various attempts have been made to work flying machines (generally having some form of wings) by the power of a man’s hands and feet, with very little success.
It is assumed that all physical energy is derived more or less directly from the sun, whose rays combine: 1, heat; 2, light; 3, actinic or chemical power.
Heat may be obtained:
a.
By direct use of the sun’s rays.
b.
From any combustible material.
c.
From chemical reaction.
a. By direct use of the sun’s rays.
b. From any combustible material.
c. From chemical reaction.
Light does not separately develop power.
Chemical reactions are employed to develop heat, combustion, contraction, or expansion, as means of developing power.
From the foregoing elementary physical sources the following are the practical sources of our power for mechanical purposes.
These are employed in producing power by the following apparatus or motors:—
Electric motors driven from a dynamo, battery, or accumulator.
Magnetic power cannot be employed continuously as a motor, as it gives out only as much as it receives.
Tidal motion can be utilised to drive any kind of wheel, see Water Wheels, Section 90. It can also be stored in a reservoir, driving a water engine as it flows in and out on the flood and ebb; or a floating vessel may, by its rise and fall, communicate motion to machines.
Falling water; for machines employed to utilise, see Water Wheels, Section 90; Turbines, Water-pressure Engines, &c., Section 93.
Descending weights must first of course be raised, absorbing as much power in raising as they give out in falling, neglecting friction. Clockwork; water; or compression of a spring (see Section 80); multiplying pulleys (see Section 42), are the apparatus employed to utilise this form of energy.
Wave motion is too uncertain and erratic to be a practicable source of power. Rocking air-compressing chambers, rocking pumps, &c., have obtained some small measure of success.
Wind, windmills. See Section 95.
Expansion of air and gases. Ascending currents of hot air from a fire are used to drive a light screw motor, fan, &c. Hot-air engines, see Ryder’s patent and numerous others, which depend upon alternate expansion and contraction of air by heating and cooling. Air compressed in an accumulator or reservoir is employed to give motion to multiplying pulleys or an air engine.
Expansion of liquids, other than water (by heat), into the gaseous form. Engines in which the fuel is burnt under pressure and the total products of combustion employed (with or without steam) to drive a motor.
Steam is in reality one of the last-mentioned sources of power; it is employed by direct pressure on a piston or ram (see Section 32); or to produce direct rotary motion (see Section 75); also in the jet pump, No. 801; or injector (see Section 45); or by direct pressure on a body of water contained in a closed vessel, as in the pulsometer, steam accumulator, &c.
Explosives are substances which, by application of flame, heat, percussion, &c., suddenly assume the gaseous form, thus increasing their bulk many hundred times, usually in a small fraction of a second of time. A second class comprise explosive mixtures of gases, such as hydrogen, and oxygen, carburetted hydrogen, and air. Some attempts have been made to employ explosive substances to drive engines in various ways, but with no permanent success. The second class of explosive mixtures of gases are largely employed in the gas engine, petroleum engine, and their varieties.
Fuels, hydrocarbons, &c., are employed to evaporate water into steam; to expand air or other gases, or convert liquids into gases; and also by vaporisation to supply gas for use in some forms of gas engine.
1114. Vertical direct-acting, with either ram pump, ram and piston pump, or piston only. See Section 56.
1115. Slot and crank motion, a variety of the last named. Of course any other kind of crank driving can be employed. See Section 10.
The frame standards are frequently used as air vessels or valve chests.
1116. Direct-acting ram pump, with fly-wheel worked off crosshead pin.
1117. Direct-acting, with yoke crosshead; much used in the northern counties. The standards form air vessels and valve boxes, and they are made both of the piston and ram types.
1118. Three-cylinder, with yoke crosshead. Either the centre cylinder or the two side ones can be used as the steam motor cylinders, or the pumps.
1119. The ordinary direct-acting engine, with either steam-moved or tappet valves, see Tangye’s “Special,” the “Coalbrookdale,” and others, in which the slide valve is operated by pistons controlled by auxiliary tappet valves on the same principle as No. 1506.
1120. Direct-acting, with crosshead and guide bars between the cylinders.
1121. Two modifications of No. 1120.
1123. Direct-acting, with rocking lever valve motion; see the “Worthington” and other “Duplex” pumps, in which two engines are combined so that one works the valve of the other.
1122, 1124, & 1125. Other forms of direct-acting engines.
1126. Horizontal compound direct-acting. The high-pressure cylinder, low-pressure ditto, and receiver are side by side, and the air pump and main pump in line with the steam cylinders.
1127. Horizontal pumping engine, with yoked crossheads and crank in centre.
1128 & 1129. Horizontal compound lever engines.
1130. Davey’s patent vertical compound beam mining pump.
The Cornish beam pumping engine is too well known to need illustration.
In mining pumps the pump rod has occasionally been made of iron pipe and employed as the rising main.
1131. Geared pumping engine, with steam cylinder and pump side by side; the speed of the steam piston is reduced on the pump by spur gearing.
1132. The common ratchet-wheel and pawl, or detent.
1133. Ditto, with compound pawls to check angular motion less than the pitch of the teeth.
1134. Locking pawl.
1135. Strut-action pawl.
1136. Indiarubber ball pawl; sometimes a solid roller is substituted for the indiarubber ball.
1137. Reverse ratchets, for continuous feed from an oscillating arm.
1138. Ball and socket ratchet, will work at an angle.
1139. Pawl, used with ordinary spur teeth, and sometimes made reversible (see dotted lines), to drive the opposite way.
1140. Ratchet bosses.
1141. Silent pawl; the pawl is lifted out of gear while reversing by the motion of the toggle joint and lever.
1142. Crown ratchet and pawl.
1143. Application of No. 1136 as a silent feed motion.
1144. Click and detent continuous feed motion.
1145. Hare’s foot ratchet motion with detent.
1146. Silent feed. The jaw grips the rim of wheel when moving in one direction and runs loose the other way.
1147. Reciprocating into intermittent rotary motion.
1148. Reciprocating circular motion into intermittent circular ditto, Kaiser’s patent.
1149. Continuous circular motion into intermittent ditto, Kaiser’s patent. The wheel A is locked by the ring C while the finger B is out of gear, the ring then passing between the teeth of A.
1150. Cam-ring intermittent feed motion.
1151. Modification of the last named; in both the wheel is locked during the dead movement of the cam by the flange passing between the teeth.
1152. Slot wheel and pin gear.
1153. Segment-wheel intermittent feed motion; locked during the dead movement of driving wheel.
1154. The pawl is lifted out of gear at each revolution of the pin wheel A and the ratchet moved one or more teeth.
1155. Double pawls and links for continuous feed motion.
1156. The cam A is eccentric to the wheel B, and slips out of gear at any required point while the driving wheel makes a partial revolution.
1157. Spring-pawl feed motion; the large wheel with pawl attached drives the ratchet wheel.
1158. Rocking lever and double pawls for raising a rack.
1159. Internal pawls, dropping into gear by gravitation.
1160. The pawl is lifted out of gear by the act of putting the handle on the square end of shaft, the handle having a boss shaped so as to lift the pawl.
1161. Star wheel and fixed pawl for conveying intermittent motion to screw on revolving disc; used for boring-bars, slide rests, &c.
1162. Pendulum and ratchet escapement.
1163. Cylinder escapement.
1164. Pendulum and double ratchet wheel escapement.
1165. Enlarged plan of cylinder escapement.
1166. Lever escapement.
1167. Double pawl and pin wheel escapement.
1168. Three-leg pendulum escapement.
1169. Self-sustaining ratchet motion. Pulling the cord A throws the pawl out of gear by the straightening of the cord forcing back the bent pawl lever.
1170. Verge escapement.
1171. Intermittent circular motion by revolving pawl and detent.
1172. Spanner ratchet; a simple spanner having a pin near one end of one of the jaws which slips into the teeth of the ratchet wheel.
1173. V pawl; operates by wedging itself between the V flanges.
1174. Gravity pawls and ratchet wheel.
1175. Ratchet wheel, used to govern the striking gear of a clock.
1176. The pawl is hinged to the jointed end of the lever, and is pulled out of gear by the return movement of the rod—silent feed.
1177. Pawl and rack.
1178. Roller and inclined segmental recess for silent feed motion.
1179. Gripping pawls and ring for silent feed motion.
Snail ratchet, No. 725.
The ordinary Screw press and Hydraulic press are well-known machines.
1180. Rack and screw press.
1181. Power press or stamp, with double crank movement worked from below.
1182. Dick’s anti-friction press, with rolling contacts throughout.
1183. Hydraulic press, with dies for lead pipe making; a similar press is used for making earthenware drain and flue pipes, the material being forced out of an annular orifice.
1184. Wedge press.
1185. Ster-hydraulic press; a strand or rope is wound upon a barrel inside the cylinder, thus displacing the water and raising the ram.
1186. Screw fly press.
1187. Combined screw and hydraulic press. The screw is worked down by hand until the pressure becomes too great for hand power, when the pressing is finished by the hydraulic ram.
1188. Revolving dies.
1189. The “Boomer” double-screw toggle press, with increasing pressure as the press follower descends.
1190. Revolving toggle press, with similar capabilities but more restricted movement.
1191. Sector and link press for increasing pressure.
1192. Press dies, with sliding plate for discharging.
1193. Screw and toggle press; a modification of No. 1189.
1194. Double ram hydraulic press for two pressures; the small ram is employed to give the first pressure, the large ram then finishes the pressing.
See also Section 13.
(See Mechanical Powers, Section 53.)
Employed for machines having a slow movement one way, and a quicker return movement.
1195. Slot lever and crank motion; gives a varying speed, quickest when the crank pin is at the bottom centre, and slowest when at the top, with a slight pause at each end of stroke.
1196. Whitworth’s motion. The pin A in the wheel B travels eccentrically in the crank disc, which is eccentric to the fixed boss on which the driving wheel B runs, so that the radius of the driving motion of the pin varies as it revolves and it travels up and down the slot in the disc.
1197. By two belts, one open and one crossed, and driving drums of different diameters.
1198. By two belts, one open and one crossed, but driven by the same drum. The middle pulley is loose, the left hand pulley is fast to the spur wheel, and the right hand pulley to the spur pinion.
Segment gear, gearing alternately with the internal ring and the central pinion. See No. 724.
See Section 74.
1199. V-grooved pulley rim for round rope.
1200. Multiple pulley rim, used for rope driving in mills, &c.
1201. Single V-grooved pulley for hand ropes.
1202. Pulley for wire rope transmission, with wood bedding in the groove.
1203, 1204, & 1205. Clip pulleys, which grip the rope by its own tension.
Ordinary round grooved pulley. See Section 71, No. 1241.
Rope grip pulley, with snugs to wedge the rope and prevent slipping. See Section 71, No. 1242.
Pit head sheave. Used for quick running wire ropes. The boss is usually split to allow of expansion in cooling, and the arms are of wrought iron. See Section 71, No. 1243.
1206. Rope driving.
1207. Rope driving, with tightening pulley and weight.
1208. Rope grip pulleys, for driving a vertical rope, the large pulley has a V groove into which the rope is pressed by the small pulley.
1209. Jigger hoisting rope gear, used for whip cranes, &c., instead of spur gearing.
Wire rope transmission. Endless wire ropes of small diameter are used running over large pulleys and driven at a high speed (usually 3000 to 4000 feet per minute). This kind of power may be carried considerable distances and over uneven ground, but it is not desirable to have horizontal angles in the direction of the rope.