97. The frequent changes of style of dress which fashion dictates may be referred to a physiological law. The reaction of the nervous system to a constant stimulus diminishes in proportion to the duration of the action of the stimulus. Constant association with nudity removes its power to excite sexually. Owing to this, the savage endeavors to attract attention by changing his physical peculiarities; he dresses his hair in some remarkable way, or paints his body; then he tattooes his skin, or performs striking self-mutilation, such as half-castration and circumcision (comp. Westermarck, op. cit., p. 205). Finally, mutilation is replaced by movable appendages, upon which ornaments are worn; and thus there is afforded opportunity for change, in obedience to the unconscious physiological requirement, which is called a “taste for change.” Undoubtedly, woman’s desire for changes of fashion is primarily dependent upon man’s desire to be pleased; and her function in this direction has certainly been transferred from him to her by civilization (comp. p. 16).—Trans.

98. Comp: Goethe’s remarks about his adventure in Geneva (“Briefe aus der Schweiz,” 1. Abtheil., Schluss).

99. The fact that the partly-veiled form is often more charming than when it is perfectly nude, is, as far as object goes, similar, but quite different psychically. This depends upon the effect of contrast and expectation, which are common phenomena, and in no sense pathological.

100. On page 124 (op. cit.) Dr. Moll writes concerning this impulse in hetero-sexual individuals: “The passion for handkerchiefs may go so far that the man is entirely under their control. A woman tells me: ‘I know a certain gentleman, and when I see him at a distance I only need to draw out my handkerchief so that it peeps out of my pocket, and I am certain that he will follow me as a dog follows its master. Go where I please, this gentleman will follow me. He may be riding in a carriage or engaged in important business, and yet, when he sees my handkerchief he drops everything in order to follow me,—i.e., my handkerchief.’”

101. Garnier (Anomalies Sexuelles, Paris, pp. 508, 509) reports two cases (Cases 222 and 223) that are apparently opposed to this assumption, particularly the first, in which despair about the unfaithfulness of a lover led the individual to submit to the seductions of men. But the case itself clearly shows that this individual never found pleasure in homo-sexual acts. In Case 223, the individual was effeminated ab origine, or was at least a psychical hermaphrodite.

Those who hold to the opinion that the origin of homo-sexual feelings and instinct is found to be exclusively in defective education and other psychological influences are entirely in error.

An untainted male may be raised never so much like a female, and a female like a male, but they will not become homo-sexual. The natural disposition is the determining condition; not education and other accidental circumstances, like seduction. There can be no thought of contrary sexual instinct save when the person of the same sex exerts a psycho-sexual influence on the individual, and thus brings about libido and orgasm,—i.e., has a psychical attraction. Those cases are quite different in which, faute de mieux, with great sensuality and a defective æsthetic sense, the body of a person of the same sex is used for an onanistic act (not for coitus in a psychical sense).

In his excellent monograph, Moll shows very clearly and convincingly the importance of original predisposition in contrast with exciting causes (comp. op. cit., pp. 156–175). He knows “many cases where early sexual intercourse with men was not capable of inducing perversion.” Moll significantly says, further: “I know of such an epidemic (of mutual onanism) in a Berlin school, where a person who is now an actor shamelessly introduced mutual onanism. Though I now know the names of very many urnings in Berlin, yet I could not ascertain, even with anything like probability, that among all the scholars of that school at that time there was one that had become an urning; but, on the other hand, I have quite certain knowledge that many of those scholars are now normal sexually, in feeling and intercourse.”

102. Comp, author’s Experimental Study in the Domain of Hypnotism, 1889. G. P. Putnam’s Sons, New York.

103. Comp. Sprengel, “Apologie des Hippokrates,” Leipzig, 1792, p. 611; Friedreich, “Literärgeschichte der psych. Krankheiten,” 1830, p. 31; Lallemand, “Des pertes séminales,” Paris, 1836, i, p. 581; Nysten, “Dictionn. de médecine,” xi édit., Paris, 1858, Art. “éviration et Maladie des Scythes”; Marandon, “De la maladie des Scythes”; “Annal. médico-psychol.,” 1877, Mars, p. 161; Hammond, American Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry, August, 1882.

104. The following description of the “bote” is taken from Dr. J. G. Kiernan’s article on “Responsibility in Sexual Perversion,” read before the Chicago Medical Society, March 7, 1892: “In accordance with the well-known physiological law, that too frequent excitation of a nerve exhausts the reaction of that nerve to that excitant, sexual excess exhausts the normal reaction, whence it occurs that abnormal stimulus is required and the vice type of sexual perversion results. Such vice types crop up among savages. Dr. A. B. Holder (N. Y. Med. Jour., 1889) describes a sexual pervert called the ‘bote’ by the Montana and the ‘burdach’ by the Washington Indians. Such a pervert is found among all the tribes of the Northwest. Like all other sexual perverts, these ‘botes’ can recognize each other. Dr. Holder has found that the ‘bote’ wears the squaw dress, parts his hair like a squaw, and assumes feminine speech and manners. Their features are often masculine. In childhood feminine dress and manners are assumed, but not until puberty do ‘bote’ practices result. These consist in taking the male organ of the active party in the lips of the ‘bote,’ who experiences the sexual orgasm at the same time. A ‘bote’ examined by Dr. Holder was a splendidly formed fellow, of prepossessing face, in perfect health, active in movement, and happy in disposition. By offering payment, he induced him to submit himself, though with considerable reluctance, to a thorough examination. He was five feet eight inches high, weighed one hundred and fifty-eight pounds, and had a frank, intelligent face,—being an Indian, of course beardless. He was thirty-three years of age, and had worn woman’s dress for twenty-eight years. His dress was the usual dress of the Indian female, consisting of four articles,—a single dress or gown of half a dozen yards of cloth, made loose with wide sleeves, and skirt reaching to the ankles, the skirt and body of one piece, very much like the ‘Mother Hubbard’ negligée worn by ladies; a beaded belt loosely confining this at the waist; stockings from government annuity goods, and buckskin moccasins extending above the ankles. The hair, twenty-four or twenty-six inches long, was parted in the centre and allowed to hang loose in two masses behind the shoulders. Since among the Sioux and some other tribes it is usual for men to wear their hair in this way, it is well to observe that in this tribe (Absaroke) the men usually wear the hair in long braids, and always part it on the side and ‘roach’ the front. His skin was smooth and free from hair, there being absolutely none on the legs, arms, or breast, or in the arm-pits. This is of no special significance, as male and female Indians are both free from hair on these parts of the body. The mammæ were as rudimentary as those of the male. When he removed his dress he threw his thighs together so as to completely conceal the organs, whether male or female; such a movement is made by timid women under examination,—a movement usually successful in the female, owing to the non-projecting character of the genitals and to the rotundity of the thighs; but not usually easy, for the reverse reasons, in the male. In this the ‘bote’—either from the conformation of the thighs, which had the feminine rotundity, or from skill acquired by habit—succeeded completely. When he separated his thighs, male organs came into view, in size perhaps not quite so large as the physique of the man would indicate, but in position and shape altogether normal. The penis was flaccid. The ‘bote’ in habits very closely resembles a class described by Hippocrates among the Scythians of Caucasus, called by the Greeks anandreis, a word strikingly similar in meaning to ‘bote.’”—Trans.

105. Bibliography (besides works mentioned hereafter): Tardieu, Des attentats aux moeurs, 7 édit., 1878, p. 210.—Hofmann, Lehrb. d. ger. Med., 3 Aufl., pp. 172, 850.—Gley, Revue philosophique, 1884, Nr. 1.—Magnan, Annal. med.-psychol., 1885, p. 458.—Shaw and Ferris, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1883, April.—Bernhardi, Der Uranismus, Berlin (Volksbuchhandlung), 1882.—Chevalier, De l’inversion de l’instinct sexual, Paris, 1885.—Ritti, Gaz. hebdom. de médecine et de chirurg., 1878, 4. Januar.—Tamassia, Rivista sperim, 1878, pp. 97–117.—Lombroso, Archiv. di Psichiatr., 1881.—Charcot et Magnan, Archiv. de neurologie, 1882, Nr. 7, 12.—Moll, Die conträre Sexualempfindung, Berlin, 1891 (numerous bibliographic references).—Chevalier, Archives de l’anthropologie criminelle, vol. v, No 27; vol. vi, No. 31.—Reuss, “Aberrations du sens générique,” Annales d’hygiène publique, 1886.—Saury, Étude clinique sur la folie héréditaire, 1886.—Brouardel, Gaz. des hôpiteaux, 1886 and 1887.—Tilier, L’instinct sexuel chez l’homme et chez les animaux, 1889.—Carlier, Les deux prostitutions, 1887.—Lacassagne, art. “Pédérastie,” in the Diction. encyclopédique.—Vibert, art. “Pédérastie,” in the Diction. méd. et de chirurgie.

106. Dr. Moll, of Berlin, called my attention to the fact that in Moritz’s Magazin f. Erfahrungsseelenkunde, vol. viii, Berlin, 1791, there are references to contrary sexual instinct in man. In fact, there two biographies of men are reported who manifested an enthusiastic love for persons of their own sex. In the second case, which is particularly noteworthy, the patient himself explains his aberration by the fact that, as a child, he was caressed only by grown persons, and, as a boy of ten or twelve years, only by his school-fellows. “This, and the want of association with persons of the opposite sex, in me, caused the natural inclination toward the female sex to be entirely diverted to the male sex. I am still quite indifferent to women.”

It cannot be determined whether such a case is one of congenital (psycho-sexual hermaphroditism?) or acquired contrary sexual instinct. The oldest case of contrary sexual instinct, that has thus far been proved in Germany, is that of a woman who was married to another, and gratified herself sexually with a leathern priapus. A case of viraginity, historically and legally interesting, derived from the legal proceedings, which took place early in the eighteenth century, is reported by Dr. Müller (Alexandersbad), in Friedrich’s Blätter f. ger. Medicin, 1891, part iv.

107. “Vindex, Inclusa, Vindicta, Formatrix, Ara spei, Gladius furens, kritische Pfeile,” Leipzig (Otto u. Kadler), 1864–1880.

108. In male individuals: (1) Casper, Klin. Novellen, p. 36 (Lehrb. d. ger. Med., 7 Aufl., p. 176); (2) Westphal, Archiv f. Psych., ii. p. 73; (3) Schminke, id., iii, p. 225; (4) Scholz, Vierteljahrsschr. f. ger. Med., xix; (5) Gock, Arch. f. Psych., v., p. 564; (6) Servaes, id., vi, p. 484; (7) Westphal, id., vi, 620; (8, 9, 10) Stark, Zeitsch. f. Psychiatrie, Bd. 31; (11) Liman (Casper’s Lehrb. der ger. Med., 6 Aufl., p. 509), p. 291; (12) Legrand du Saulle, Annal. méd.-psychol., 1876, May; (13) Sterz, Jahrb. f. Psychiatrie, iii, Heft 3; (14) Krueg, Brain, 1884, Oct.; (15) Charcot et Magnan, Arch. de neurolog., 1882, Nr. 9; (16, 17, 18) Kirn, Zeitschr. f. Psych., Bd. 39, p. 216; (19) Rabow, Erlenmeyer’s Centralb., 1883, Nr. 8; (20) Blumer, Americ. Journ. of Insanity, 1882, July; (21) Savage, Journal of Mental Science, 1884, October; (22) Scholz, Vierteljahrsschr. f. ger. Med., N. F. Bd. 43, Heft. 7; (23) Magnan, Ann. méd. psychol., 1885, p. 461; (24) Chevalier, De l’inversion de l’instinct sexuel, Paris, 1885, p. 129; (25) Morselli, La Riforma medica, iv, March; (26) Leonpacher, Friedreich’s Blätter, 1888, H. 4; (27) Holländer, Allg. Wiener Med. Zeitg., 1882; (28) Kreise, Erlenmeyer’s Centralblatt, 1888, Nr. 19; (29, 30, 31, 32) v. Krafft, Psychopathia sexualis, 3 Aufl., Beob. 32, 36, 42, 43; (33) Golenko, Russ. Archiv f. Psychiatrie, Bd. ix, H. 3 (v. Rothe, Zeitschr. f. Psychiatrie); (34) v. Krafft, Internationales Centralblatt f. d. Physiol, u. Pathologie der Harn-u. Sexualorgane, Bd. 1, H. 1; (35) Cantarano, La Psichiatria, 1887, v., p. 195; (36) Sérieux, Recherches cliniques sur les anomalies de l’instinct sexuel, Paris, 1888, obs. 13; (37–42) Kiernan, The Medical Standard, 1888, 7 cases; (43–46) Rabow, Zeitschr. f. klin. Medicin, Bd. xvii, Suppl.; (47–51) v. Krafft, Neue Forschungen, Beob. (1, 3, 4, 5, 8); (52–61) v. Krafft, Psychopath. Sexualis, 5 Aufl., Beob. 53, 61, 64, 66, 73, 75, 78, 84, 85, 87; (62–65) v. Krafft, Neue Forschungen, 2 Aufl., Beob. 3, 4, 5,6; (66, 67) Hammond, Sexual Impotence; (68–71) Garnier, Anomalies sexuelles, 1889, Obs. 227, 228, 229, 230; (72) Müller, Friedreich’s Blätter, 1891; (73–87) v. Krafft, Psychopathia Sexualis, 6 Aufl., Beob. 78, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 93, 94,96, 97, 98, 101, 102.

In female individuals: (1) Westphal, Arch. f. Psych., ii, p. 73; Gock, op. cit., Nr. 1; (3) Wise, The Alienist and Neurologist, 1883, January; (4) Cantarano, La Psichiatria, 1883, p. 201; (5) Sérieux, op. cit., obs. 14; (6) Kiernan, op. cit.

109. Tarnowsky (op. cit., p. 34) records a case which shows that contrary sexual feeling, as a concomitant manifestation with neurotic degeneration, may also affect the descendants of parents having no neurotic taint. In this instance, lues of the parents played a part, as in a similar case of Scholz (Vierteljahrsschr. f. ger. Med.), in which the perversion of the sexual desires stood in causal relation with an arrest of psychical development, caused by traumatism.

110. This supposition is overthrown by the result of the post-mortem of my case (118), where the brain-weight was 1150 grammes, and of Case 130, where it was 1175 grammes.

111. That inversion of the sexual instinct is not infrequent is proved, among other things, by the circumstance that it is frequently a subject in novels. Chevalier (op. cit.) points out in French literature, besides the novels of Balzac, like “La Passion au Desert” (treating of bestiality) and “Sarrazine” (treating of the love of a woman for a eunuch), Diderot’s “La Religieuse” (a story of one given to amor lesbicus); Balzac’s “La Fille aux Yeux d’Or” (amor lesbicus); Th. Gautier’s “Mademoiselle de Maupin”; Feydeau’s “La Comtesse de Chalis”; Flaubert’s “Salammbo,” etc. Belot’s “Mademoiselle Giraud, Ma Femme” may also be mentioned (now translated into English). It is interesting that the heroines of these (Lesbian) novels appear in the character and rôle of the husband of a lover of the same sex, and that their love is extremely passionate. Moreover, the neuropathic foundation of this sexual perversion does not escape the writers. This theme is treated, in German literature, in “Fridolin’s heimliche Ehe,” by Wilbrand; in “Brick and Brack Oder Licht in Schatten,” by Emerich Graf Stadion. The oldest urning’s romance is probably that published by Petronius at Rome, under the Empire, under the title Satyricon.

112. Comp. author’s work, “Ueber psychosexuales Zwitterthum,” in the internationalen Centralblatt f. d. Physiologie u. Pathologie der Harn und Sexualorgane, Bd. i, Heft 2.

113. This idea is supported by the statements of an unmarried urning which Dr. Moll, of Berlin, kindly communicated to me. He could report a number of cases of his acquaintance, in which married men at the same time had “relations” with men.

114. Later it became known that a near relative died insane, and, further, that eight of his parent’s children had died of acute or chronic hydrocephalus at ages ranging from one to fifteen.

115. .sp 1

116. .sp 1

117. Comp. the expert medical opinion of this case, by Dr. Birnbacher, in Friedreich’s Blätter f. ger. Med., 1891, H. 1.

118. With reference to prophylaxis, the following words, which were written to me by the subject of Case 88 of the sixth edition, are noteworthy: “If it were only possible that—not as among the Spartans, where the weaklings were allowed to perish for the sake of perfect selection, in accordance with the Darwinian idea—our contrary sexual instincts might be recognized early in youth; and if it were only possible that, at this time of life, the worst of all diseases could be cured by suggestion! Probably cure could be more easily effected in youth than later.”

119. For numerous cases, v. Henke’s Zeitschr., xxiii.—Ergänzungsheft, p. 147.—Combes, Annal. méd. psychol., 1866.—Liman, Zweifelh. Geisteszustände, p. 389.—Casper-Liman, Lehrb., 7. Auflage, Fall 295.—Bartels, Friedreich’s Blätter f. gerichtl. Med., 1890, Heft 1.

120. Other cases of pederasty, v. Casper, Klin. Novellen, Fall 5; Combes, Annal. méd. psychol.

121. V. Sander, Vierteljahrsschr. f. ger. M., xviii, p. 31.—Casper, Klin. Novellen, Fall 27.

122. Arndt (Lehrb. d. Psych., p. 410) especially emphasizes the passionate element in epileptics: “I have known epilepsy that expressed itself in a most sensual way toward the mother, and that that rested under a suspicion on the part of fathers, concerning sexual intercourse with the mothers.” But when Arndt declares that, wherever there is a peculiarity of the sexual life, thought of an epileptic element should come into consideration, he is in error.

123. Comp. also Liman, Zweifelhafte Geisteszustände, Fall 6.—Lasègue, Exhibitionists, Union méd., 1877.—Ball and Chambert, Art. Somnambulisme (Dict. des scienc. méd., 1881).

124. Comp. the interesting cases of Marc-Ideler, ii, p. 137.—Ideler, “Grundriss der Seelenheilkunde,” ii, pp. 488–492.

125. Vide Fall Merlac, in the author’s Lehrb. d. ger. Psychopathol., 2 Aufl., p. 322.—Morel, Traité des malad. mentales, p. 687.—Legrand, La folie, p. 337.—Process La Roncière, in Annal. d’hyg., 1. Serie, iv; 3. Serie, xxii.

126. The incubus in the witch-trials of the Middle Ages depended on them.

127. Comp. Casper, Klin. Novellen.—Lombroso, Goltdammer’s Archiv, Bd. xxx.—Oettingen, Moralstatistik, p. 494.

128. Lasègue, Union Médicale, 1877, May.—Laugier, Annal d’hygiène publ., 1878, No. 106.—Pelanda, “Pornopaths,” Archivio di Psichiatria, viii.—Schuchardt, Zeitschr. f. Medicinalbeamte, 1890, Heft 6.

129. Comp. v. Krafft, “Ueber transitorisches Irresein bei Neurasthenischen,” Irrenfreund, 1883, No. 8.

130. Dr. Moll calls this perversion (?) mixoscopia (from μιξις, cohabitation; and σκεπτειν, to look). His assumption that it is related to masochism, in that there is a stimulus for the voyeur in suffering at seeing a woman in the possession of another, does not seem to me to be justified. For further details, vide Moll, “Die conträre Sexualempfindung,” p. 137.

131. Annal. médico-psychol., 1849, p. 515; 1863, p. 57; 1864, p. 215; 1866, p. 253.

132. Comp. the cases of Tardieu, Attentats, p. 182–192.

133. Comp. Haltzendorff, Psychologie des Mords.

134. Tardieu, Attentats, Case 51, p. 188.

135. Masochism may, under certain circumstances, attain forensic importance. Modern criminal law no longer recognizes the principle, “volenti non fit injuria”; and the present Austrian statute, in § 4, says expressly: “Crimes may also be committed on persons who demand their commission on themselves.”

As Herbst (Handb. d. österr. Strafrechts., Wien, 1878, p. 72) remarks, there are, nevertheless, crimes conditioned by the absence of assent on the part of the injured individual, which cease to be such as soon as the injured individual has given consent,—e.g., theft, rape.

But Herbst also enumerates here the limitation of personal freedom (?).

Of late a decided change of views on this point has taken place. The German criminal law regards the consent of a man to his own death of such importance that a very different and much milder punishment is inflicted under such circumstances (§ 216); and it is the same in Austrian law (Austrian Abridgment, § 222). The so-called double suicide of lovers was the act considered. In bodily injury and deprivation of freedom, the consent of the victim must also receive consideration at the hands of the judge. Certainly a knowledge of masochism is of importance in making a judgment of the probability of asserted consent.

136. According to Austrian law, this crime should fall under § 411, as slight bodily injury; according to the German criminal law, it is bodily injury (comp. Liszt, p. 325).

137. Cases, vide Friedreich’s Blätter f. ger. Anthropologie, iii, p. 77.

138. Cases, Maschka, Handb., iii, p. 175.—Casper, Vierteljahrsschr., 1852, Bd. i.—Tardieu, Attentats.

139. Comp. Kirn, Allg. Zeitschr. f. Psych., 39, p. 217.

140. I follow the usual terminology in describing bestiality and pederasty under the general term sodomy. In Genesis (chap. xix), whence this word comes, it signifies exclusively the vice of pederasty. Later, sodomy was often used synonymously with bestiality. The moral theologians, like St. Alphons of Liguori, Gury, and others, have always distinguished correctly, i.e., in the sense of Genesis, between sodomia, i.e., concubitus cum persona ejusdem sexus, and bestialitas, i.e., concubitus cum bestia (comp. Olfus, Pastoralmedicin, p. 78).

The jurists brought confusion into the terminology by establishing a “Sodomia ratione sexus” and a “S. ratione generis.” Science, however, should assert itself as ansilla theologiæ, and return to the correct usage.

141. For interesting histories, vide Krauss, Psychol. d. Verbrechens, p. 180.—Maschka, Hdb. iii, p. 188.—Hofmann, Lehrb. d. ger. Med., p. 180.—Rosenbaum, Die Lustseuche.

142. How difficult, unpleasant, and dangerous for the jurist judgment of these “coitus-like” acts for the establishment of the objective fact of the crime may be is well shown by an article on the punishableness of male intercourse, in the Zeitschr. f. d. gesammte Strafrechtswissenschaft., Bd. vii, Heft 1, as well as by a similar one in Friedreich’s Blätter f. ger. Medicin, 1891, Heft 6. Vide, further, Moll, Conträre Sexualempfindung, p. 223 et seq., and Bernhardi, Der Uranismus, Berlin, 1882.

143. For interesting histories and notes, v. Krause, Psychol. des Verbrechens, p. 174.—Tardieu, Attentats.—Maschka, Handb., iii, p. 174. This vice seems to have come through Crete from Asia to Greece, and, in the times of classic Hellas, to have been wide-spread. From there it spread to Rome, where it flourished luxuriantly. In Persia and China (where it is actually tolerated) it is wide-spread, as it also is in Europe. (Comp. Tarnowsky et al.)

144. Lombroso (Der Verbrecher, p. 20 et seq.) shows that also, in case of animals, intercourse with the same sex occurs where normal indulgence is impossible.

145. Comp. Tardieu, Attentats, p. 198.—Martineau, Deutsche Med. Zeitung, 1882, p. 9.—Virchow’s Jahrb., 1881, i, p. 533.—Coutagne, Lyon Médical, Nos. 35, 36.

146. Comp. Mayer, Friedreich’s Blätter, 1875, p. 41.—Kraussold, Melancholie und Schuld, 1884, p. 20.—Andronico, Archiv di psich. scienze penali ed anthropol. crim., vol. iii, p. 145.

147. Comp. Maschka, Hdb., iii, p. 191 (good historical notes).—Legrand, La folie, p. 521.

148. Vide Westermarck, History of Human Marriage, chap. xiv. McMillan & Co., 1891.