All the daughters of Thespius brought male children into the world, and some of them twins, particularly Procris the eldest, and the youngest. Some suppose that one of the Thespiades refused to admit Hercules to her arms, for which the hero condemned her to pass all her life in continual celibacy, and to become the priestess of a temple he had at Thespia. The children of the Thespiades, called Thespiadæ, went to Sardinia, where they made a settlement with Iolaus, the friend of their father. Thespius is often confounded by ancient authors with Thestius, though the latter lived in a different place, and, as king of Pleuron, sent his sons to the hunting of the Calydonian boar. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Pausanias, bk. 9, chs. 26 & 27.—Plutarch.

Thesprōtia, a country of Epirus, at the west of Ambracia, bounded on the south by the sea. It is watered by the rivers Acheron and Cocytus, which the poets, after Homer, have called the streams of hell. The oracle of Dodona was in Thesprotia. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 14, li. 315.—Strabo, bk. 7, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 17.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 179.

Thesprōtus, a son of Lycaon king of Arcadia. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 8.

Thessălia, a country of Greece, whose boundaries have been different at different periods. Properly speaking, Thessaly was bounded on the south by the northern parts of Greece, or Græcia propria; east, by the Ægean; north, by Macedonia and Mygdonia; and west, by Illyricum and Epirus. It was generally divided into four separate provinces, Thessaliotis, Pelasgiotis, Istiæotis, and Phthiotis, to which some add Magnesia. It has been severally called Æmonia, Pelasgicum, Argos, Hellas, Argeia, Dryopis, Pelasgia, Pyrrhæa, Æmathia, &c. The name of Thessaly is derived from Thessalus, one of its monarchs. Thessaly is famous for a deluge which happened there in the age of Deucalion. Its mountains and cities are also celebrated, such as Olympus, Pelion, Ossa, Larissa, &c. The Argonauts were partly natives of Thessaly. The inhabitants of the country passed for a treacherous nation, so that false money was called Thessalian coin, and a perfidious action, Thessalian deceit. Thessaly was governed by kings, till it became subject to the Macedonian monarchs. The cavalry was universally esteemed, and the people were superstitious, and addicted to the study of magic and incantations. Thessaly is now called Janna. Lucan, bk. 6, li. 438, &c.—Dionysius Periegetes,li. 219.—Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 2.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 3, ch. 1.—Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 36; bk. 10, ch. 1.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Justin, bk. 7, ch. 6.—Diodorus, bk. 4.

Thessălion, a servant of Mentor of Sidon, in the age of Artaxerxes Ochus, &c. Diodorus, bk. 16.

Thessaliotis, a part of Thessaly at the south of the river Peneus.

Thessalonīca, an ancient town of Macedonia, first called Therma, and Thessalonica, after Thessalonica the wife of Cassander. According to ancient writers it was once very powerful, and it still continues to be a place of note. Strabo, bk. 7.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus.—Cicero, Against Piso, ch. 17.—Livy, bk. 29, ch. 17; bk. 40, ch. 4; bk. 44, chs. 10 & 45.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.——A daughter of Philip king of Macedonia, sister to Alexander the Great. She married Cassander, by whom she had a son called Antipater, who put her to death. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 7.

Thessălus, a son of Æmon.——A son of Hercules and Calliope daughter of Euryphilus. Thessaly received its name from one of these. Apollodorus, bk. 2.—Dictys Cretensis, bk. 2.——A physician who invited Alexander to a feast at Babylon to give him poison.——A physician of Lydia in the age of Nero. He gained the favours of the great and opulent at Rome, by the meanness and servility of his behaviour. He treated all physicians with contempt, and thought himself superior to all his predecessors.——A son of Cimon, who accused Alcibiades because he imitated the mysteries of Ceres.——A son of Pisicratus.——A player in the age of Alexander.

Thestălus, a son of Hercules and Epicaste. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Theste, a sister of Dionysius the elder, tyrant of Syracuse. She married Philoxenus, and was greatly esteemed by the Sicilians.

Thestia, a town of Ætolia, between the Evenus and Achelous. Polybius, bk. 5.

Thestiădæ and Thestiădes. See: Thespiadæ and Thespiades.

Thestiădæ, the sons of Thestius, Toxeus, and Plexippus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 286.

Thestias, a patronymic of Althæa, daughter of Thestius. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8.

Thestis, a fountain in the country of Cyrene.

Thestius, a king of Pleuron, and son of Parthaon, was father to Toxeus, Plexippus, and Althæa.——A king of Thespia. See: Thespius. The sons of Thestius, called Thestiadæ, were killed by Meleager at the chase of the Calydonian boar. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7.

Thestor, a son of Idmon and Laothoe, father to Calchas. From him Calchas is often called Thestorides. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 19.—Statius, bk. 1, Achilleis, li. 497.—Apollonius, bk. 1, li. 239.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, li. 69.

Thesty̆lis, a country-woman mentioned in Theocritus and Virgil.

Thetis, one of the sea deities, daughter of Nereus and Doris, often confounded with Tethys her grandmother. She was courted by Neptune and Jupiter; but when the gods were informed that the son she would bring forth must become greater than his father, their addresses were stopped, and Peleus the son of Œacus was permitted to solicit her hand. Thetis refused him, but the lover had the artifice to catch her when asleep, and, by binding her strongly, he prevented her from escaping from his grasp, in assuming different forms. When Thetis found that she could not elude the vigilance of her lover she consented to marry him, though much against her inclination. Their nuptials were celebrated on mount Pelion with great pomp; all the deities attended except the goddess of discord, who punished the negligence of Peleus, by throwing into the midst of the assembly a golden apple, to be given to the fairest of all the goddesses. See: Discordia. Thetis became mother of several children by Peleus, but all these she destroyed by fire in attempting to see whether they were immortal. Achilles must have shared the same fate, if Peleus had not snatched him from her hand as she was going to repeat the cruel operation. She afterwards rendered him invulnerable by plunging him in the waters of the Styx, except that part of the heel by which she held him. As Thetis well knew the fate of her son, she attempted to remove him from the Trojan war by concealing him in the court of Lycomedes. This was useless. He went with the rest of the Greeks. The mother, still anxious for his preservation, prevailed upon Vulcan to make him a suit of armour; but when it was done, she refused the god the favours which she had promised him. When Achilles was killed by Paris, Thetis issued out of the sea with the Nereides to mourn his death, and after she had collected his ashes in a golden urn, she raised a monument to his memory, and instituted festivals in his honour. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 244, &c.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, chs. 2 & 9; bk. 3, ch. 13.—Hyginus, fable 54.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, &c.; Odyssey, bk. 24, li. 55.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 18, &c.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, fable 7; bk. 12, fable 1, &c.

Theutis, or Teuthis, a prince of a town of the same name in Arcadia, who went to the Trojan war. He quarrelled with Agamemnon at Aulis, and when Minerva, under the form of Melas son of Ops, attempted to pacify him, he struck the goddess and returned home. Some say that the goddess afterwards appeared to him and showed him the wound which he had given her in the thigh, and that he died soon after. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 28.

Thia, the mother of the sun, moon, and Aurora by Hyperion. See: Thea. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 371.——One of the Sporades, that rose out of the sea in the age of Pliny. Pliny, bk. 27, ch. 12.

Thias, a king of Assyria.

Thimbron, a Lacedæmonian, chosen general to conduct a war against Persia. He was recalled, and afterwards reappointed. He died B.C. 391. Diodorus, bk. 17.——A friend of Harpalus.

Thiodamas, the father of Hylas. See: ♦Theodamas.

♦ ‘Theodamus’ replaced with ‘Theodamas’

Thirmidia, a town of Numidia, where Hiempsal was slain. Sallust, Jugurthine War, ch. 2.

Thisbe, a beautiful woman of Babylon. See: Pyramus.——A town of Bœotia, between two mountains. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 32.

Thisias, a Sicilian writer.

Thiosa, one of the three nymphs who fed Jupiter in Arcadia. She built a town which bore her name in Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 38.

Thistie, a town of Bœotia. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.

Thoantium, a place on the sea coast at Rhodes.

Thoas, a king of Taurica Chersonesus, in the age of Orestes and Pylades. He would have immolated these two celebrated strangers on Diana’s altars, according to the barbarous customs of the country, had they not been delivered by Iphigenia. See: Iphigenia. According to some, Thoas was the son of Borysthenes. Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 3, poem 2.——A king of Lemnos, son of Bacchus and Ariadne the daughter of Minos, and husband to Myrine. He had been made king of Lemnos by Rhadamanthus. He was still alive when the Lemnian women conspired to kill all the males in the island, but his life was spared by his only daughter ♦Hypsipyle, in whose favour he had resigned the crown. ♦Hypsipyle obliged her father to depart secretly from Lemnos, to escape from the fury of the women, and he arrived safe in a neighbouring island, which some call Chios, though many suppose that Thoas was assassinated by the enraged females before he had left Lemnos. Some mythologists confound the king of Lemnos with that of Chersonesus, and suppose that they were one and the same man. According to their opinion, Thoas was very young when he retired from Lemnos, and after that he went to Taurica Chersonesus, where he settled. Flaccus, bk. 8, li. 208.—Hyginus, fables 74, 120.—Ovid, Ibis, li. 384; Heroides, poem 6, li. 114.—Statius, Thebaid, bk. 6, lis. 262 & 486.—Apollonius of Rhodes, bk. 1, lis. 209 & 615.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 6.—Euripides, Iphigeneia.——A son of Andremon and Gorge the daughter of Œneus. He went to the Trojan war with 15, or rather 40 ships. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, &c.—Dictys Cretensis, bk. 1.—Hyginus, fable 97.——A famous huntsman. Diodorus, bk. 4.——A son of Icarius. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.——A son of Jason and ♦Hypsipyle queen of Lemnos. Statius, Thebaid, bk. 6, li. 342.——A son of Ornytion, grandson of Sisyphus.——A king of Assyria, father of Adonis and Myrrha, according to Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 14.——A man who made himself master of Miletus.——An officer of Ætolia, who strongly opposed the views of the Romans, and favoured the interest of Antiochus, B.C. 193.——One of the friends of Æneas in Italy, killed by Halesus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 415.

♦ ‘Hipsipyle’ replaced with ‘Hypsipyle’ for consistency

Thoe, one of the Nereides. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 245.——One of the horses of Admetus.——One of the Amazons, &c. Valerius Flaccus, bk. 6, li. 376.

Tholus, a town of Africa.

Thomȳris, called also Tamyris, Tameris, Thamyris, and Tomeris, was queen of the Massagetæ. After her husband’s death, she marched against Cyrus, who wished to invade her territories, cut his army to pieces, and killed him on the spot. The barbarous queen ordered the head of the fallen monarch to be cut off and thrown into a vessel full of human blood, with the insulting words of satia te sanguine quem sitisti. Her son had been conquered by Cyrus before she marched herself at the head of her armies. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 205.—Justin, bk. 1, ch. 8.—Tibullus, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 143.

Thon, an Egyptian physician, &c.

Thonis, a courtesan of Egypt.

Thoon, a Trojan chief killed by Ulysses. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 259.——One of the giants who made war against Jupiter. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 6.

Thoosa, a sea nymph, daughter of Phorcys, and mother of Polyphemus by Neptune. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 236.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 1, li. 71.

Thoōtes, one of the Grecian heralds.

Thoranius, a general of Metellus, killed by Sertorius. Plutarch.

Thorax, a mountain near Magnesia in Ionia, where the grammarian Daphitas was suspended on a cross for his abusive language against kings and absolute princes, whence the proverb cave a Thorace. Strabo, bk. 14.——A Lacedæmonian officer who served under Lysander, and was put to death by the Ephori. Plutarch, Lysander.——A man of Larissa, who paid much attention to the dead body of Antigonus, &c. Plutarch, Lysander, &c.

Thoria lex, agraria, by Spurius Thorius the tribune. It ordained that no person should pay any rent for the land which he possessed. It also made some regulations about grazing and pastures. Cicero, Brutus.

Thornax, a mountain of Argolis. It received its name from Thornax, a nymph who became mother of Buphagus by Japetus. The mountain was afterwards called Coccygia, because Jupiter changed himself there into a cuckoo. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 27.

Thorsus, a river of Sardinia. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 17.

Thoth, an Egyptian deity, the same as Mercury.

Thous, a Trojan chief, &c.——One of Actæon’s dogs.

Thrāce, a daughter of Titan.——A name of Thrace. See: Thracia.

Thrāces, the inhabitants of Thrace. See: Thracia.

Thrācia, a large country of Europe, at the south of Scythia, bounded by mount Hæmus. It had the Ægean sea on the south, on the west Macedonia and the river Strymon, and on the east the Euxine sea, the Propontis, and the Hellespont. Its northern boundaries extended as far as the Ister, according to Pliny and others. The Thracians were looked upon as a cruel and barbarous nation; they were naturally brave and warlike, addicted to drinking and venereal pleasures, and they sacrificed without the smallest humanity their enemies on the altars of their gods. Their government was originally monarchical, and divided among a number of independent princes. Thrace is barren as to its soil. It received its name from Thrax the son of Mars, the chief deity of the country. The first inhabitants lived upon plunder, and on the milk and flesh of sheep. It forms now the province of Romania. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 99; bk. 5, ch. 3.—Strabo, bk. 1, &c.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, &c.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 29, &c.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 92; bk. 13, li. 565, &c.—Cornelius Nepos, Alcibiades, ch. 11.

Thracidæ, an illustrious family at Delphi, destroyed by Philomelus because they opposed his views. Diodorus, bk. 16.

Thracis, a town of Phocis. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 3.

Thrăseas, or Thrasius, a soothsayer. See: Thrasius.——Pætus, a stoic philosopher of Patavium, in the age of Nero, famous for his independence and generous sentiments. He died A.D. 66. Juvenal, satire 5, li. 36.—Martial, bk. 1, ltr. 19.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 16.

Thrasideus, succeeded his father Theron as tyrant of Agrigentum. He was conquered by Hiero, and soon after put to death. Diodorus, bk. 11.

Thrasimenus. See: Thrasymenus.

Thrasius, a general of a mercenary band in Sicily, who raised a sedition against Timoleon. Diodorus, bk. 16.——A spendthrift at Rome, &c. Horace, bk. 2, satire 2, li. 99.

Thraso, a painter. Strabo, bk. 14.——A favourite of Hieronymus, who espoused the interest of the Romans. He was put to death by the tyrant.——The character of a captain in Terence.

Thrasybūlus, a famous general of Athens, who began the expulsion of the 30 tyrants of his country, though he was only assisted by 30 of his friends. His efforts were attended with success, B.C. 401, and the only reward he received for this patriotic action was a crown made with two twigs of an olive branch; a proof of his own disinterestedness and of the virtues of his countrymen. The Athenians employed a man whose abilities and humanity were so ♦conspicuous, and Thrasybulus was sent with a powerful fleet to recover their lost power in the Ægean, and on the coast of Asia. After he had gained many advantages, this great man was killed in his camp by the inhabitants of Aspendus, whom his soldiers had plundered without his knowledge, B.C. 391. Diodorus, bk. 14.—Cornelius Nepos, Lives.—Cicero.—Philostratus.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 4, ch. 1.——A tyrant of Miletus, B.C. 634.——A soothsayer descended from Apollo. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 2.——A son of Gelon, banished from Syracuse, of which he was the tyrant, B.C. 466.——An Athenian in the army of the Persians, who supported the siege of Halicarnassus.

♦ ‘conspicious’ replaced with ‘conspicuous’

Thrasydæus, a king of Thessaly, &c.

Thrasyllus, a man of Attica, so disordered in his mind that he believed all the ships which entered the Piræus to be his own. He was cured by means of his brother, whom he liberally reproached for depriving him of that happy illusion of mind. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 4, ch. 25.——A general of the Athenians in the age of Alcibiades, with whom he obtained a victory over the Persians. Thucydides, bk. 8.——A Greek Pythagorean philosopher and mathematician, who enjoyed the favours and the friendship of Augustus and Tiberius. Suetonius, Tiberius.

Thrasy̆măchus, a native of Carthage, who became the pupil of Isocrates and of Plato. Though he was a public teacher at Athens, he starved for want of bread, and at last hanged himself. Juvenal, satire 7, li. 204.——A man who abolished democracy at Cumæ. Aristotle, Politics, bk. 5, ch. 5.

Thrasymēdes, a son of Nestor king of Pylos, by Anaxibia the daughter of Bias. He was one of the Grecian chiefs during the Trojan war. Hyginus, fable 27.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 26.——A son of Philomelus, who carried away a daughter of Pisistratus, whom he married. Polyænus, bk. 5.

Thrăsy̆mēnus, a lake of Italy near Perusium, celebrated for a battle fought there between Annibal and the Romans, under Flaminius, B.C. 217. No less than 15,000 Romans were left dead on the field of battle, and 10,000 taken prisoners, or, according to Livy, 6000, or Polybius, 15,000. The loss of Annibal was about 1500 men. About 10,000 Romans made their escape, all covered with wounds. This lake is now called the lake of Perugia. Strabo, bk. 5.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 6, li. 765.—Plutarch.

Threicius, of Thrace. Orpheus is called, by way of eminence, Threicius Sacerdos. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 645.

Threissa, an epithet applied to Harpalyce, a native of Thrace. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 310.

Threpsippas, a son of Hercules and Panope. Apollodorus.

Thriambus, one of the surnames of Bacchus.

Thronium, a town of Phocis, where the Boagrius falls into the sea, in the Sinus Malicus. Livy, bk. 36, ch. 20.—Strabo, bk. 9.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.——Another of Thesprotia.

Thryon, a town of Messenia, near the Alpheus. Strabo, bk. 8.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.

Thryus, a town of Peloponnesus, near Elis.

Thūcy̆dĭdes, a celebrated Greek historian, born at Athens. His father’s name was Olorus, and among his ancestors he reckoned the great Miltiades. His youth was distinguished by an eager desire to excel in the vigorous exercises and gymnastic amusements which called the attention of his contemporaries, and when he had reached the years of manhood, he appeared in the Athenian armies. During the Peloponnesian war he was commissioned by his countrymen to relieve Amphipolis; but the quick march of Brasidas the Lacedæmonian general defeated his operations, and Thucydides, unsuccessful in his expedition, was banished from Athens. This happened in the eighth year of this celebrated war, and in the place of his banishment the general began to write an impartial history of the important events which had happened during his administration, and which still continued to agitate the several states of Greece. This famous history is continued only to the 21st year of the war, and the remaining part of the time, till the demolition of the walls of Athens, was described by the pen of Theopompus and Xenophon. Thucydides wrote in the Attic dialect, as possessed of more vigour, purity, elegance, and energy. He spared neither time nor money to procure authentic materials; and the Athenians, as well as their enemies, furnished him with many valuable communications, which contributed to throw great light on the different transactions of the war. His history has been divided into eight books, the last of which is imperfect, and supposed to have been written by his daughter. The character of this interesting history is well known, and the noble emulation of the writer will ever be admired, who shed tears when he heard Hercules repeat his history of the Persian wars at the public festivals of Greece. The historian of Halicarnassus has been compared with the son of Olorus, but each has his peculiar excellence. Sweetness of style, grace, and elegance of expression, may be called the characteristics of the former, while Thucydides stands unequalled for the fire of his descriptions, the conciseness, and, at the same time, the strong and energetic matter of his narratives. His relations are authentic, as he himself was interested in the events he mentions; his impartiality is indubitable, as he nowhere betrays the least resentment against his countrymen, and the factious partisans of Cleon, who had banished him from Athens. Many have blamed the historian for the injudicious distribution of his subjects; and while, for the sake of accuracy, the whole is divided into summers and winters, the thread of history is interrupted, the scene continually shifted; and the reader, unable to pursue events to the end, is transported from Persia to Peloponnesus, or from the walls of Syracuse to the coast of Corcyra. The animated harangues of Thucydides have been universally admired; he found a model in Herodotus, but he greatly surpassed the original; and succeeding historians have adopted, with success, a peculiar mode of writing which introduces a general addressing himself to the passions and the feelings of his armies. The history of Thucydides was so admired, that Demosthenes, to perfect himself as an orator, transcribed it eight different times, and read it with such attention, that he could almost repeat it by heart. Thucydides died at Athens, where he had been recalled from his exile, in his 80th year, 391 years before Christ. The best editions of Thucydides are those of Duker, folio, Amsterdam, 1731; of Glasgow, 12mo, 8 vols., 1759; of Hudson, folio, Oxford, 1796, and the 8vo of Zweibrücken, 1788. Cicero, On Oratory, &c.—Diodorus, bk. 12.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Thucydides.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 12, ch. 50.—Quintilian.——A son of Milesias, in the age of Pericles. He was banished for his opposition to the measures of Pericles, &c.

Thuisto, one of the deities of the Germans. Tacitus.

Thūle, an island in the most northern parts of the German ocean, to which, on account of its great distance from the continent, the ancients gave the epithet of ultima. Its situation was never accurately ascertained, hence its present name is unknown by modern historians. Some suppose that it is the island now called Iceland or part of Greenland, whilst others imagine it to be the Shetland isles. Statius, bk. 3, Sylvæ, poem 5, li. 20.—Strabo, bk. 1.—Mela, bk. 3, ch. 6.—Tacitus, Agricola, ch. 10.—Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 75; bk. 4, ch. 16.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 30.—Juvenal, satire 15, li. 112.

Thuriæ, Thurii, or Thurium, a town of Lucania in Italy, built by a colony of Athenians, near the ruins of Sybaris, B.C. 444. In the number of this Athenian colony were Lysias and Herodotus. Strabo, bk. 6.—Pliny, bk. 12, ch. 4.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.——A town of Messenia. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 31.—Strabo, bk. 8.

Thurīnus, a name given to Augustus when he was young, either because some of his progenitors were natives of Thurium, or because they had distinguished themselves there. Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 7.

Thuscia, a country of Italy, the same as Etruria. See: Etruria.

Thya, a daughter of the Cephisus.——A place near Delphi.

Thyădes (singular, Thyas), a name of the Bacchanals. They received it from Thyas daughter of Castalius, and mother of Delphus by Apollo. She was the first woman who was priestess of the god Bacchus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 302.—Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 4.

Thyămis, a river of Epirus falling into the Ionian sea. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 11.—Cicero, bk. 7, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 2.

Thyana, a town of Cappadocia. Strabo.

Thyatira, a town of Lydia, now Akisar. Livy, bk. 37, chs. 8 & 44.

Thybarni, a people near Sardes. Diodorus, bk. 17.

Thyesta, a sister of Dionysius the tyrant of Syracuse.

Thyestes, a son of Pelops and Hippodamia, and grandson of Tantalus, debauched Ærope the wife of his brother Atreus, because he refused to take him as his colleague on the throne of Argos. This was no sooner known, than Atreus divorced Ærope, and banished Thyestes from his kingdom; but soon after, the more effectually to punish his infidelity, he expressed a wish to be reconciled to him, and recalled him to Argos. Thyestes was received by his brother at an elegant entertainment, but he was soon informed that he had been feeding upon the flesh of one of his own children. This Atreus took care to communicate to him by showing him the remains of his son’s body. This action appeared so barbarous, that, according to the ancient mythologists, the sun changed his usual course, not to be a spectator of so bloody a scene. Thyestes escaped from his brother, and fled to Epirus. Some time after he met his daughter Pelopea in a grove sacred to Minerva, and he offered her violence without knowing who she was. This incest, however, according to some, was intentionally committed by the father, as he had been told by an oracle, that the injuries he had received from Atreus would be avenged by a son born from himself and Pelopea. The daughter, pregnant by her father, was seen by her uncle Atreus and married, and some time after she brought into the world a son, whom she exposed in the woods. The life of the child was preserved by goats; he was called Ægysthus, and presented to his mother, and educated in the family of Atreus. When grown to years of maturity, the mother gave her son Ægysthus a sword, which she had taken from her unknown ravisher in the grove of Minerva, with hopes of discovering who he was. Meantime Atreus, intent to punish his brother, sent Agamemnon and Menelaus to pursue him, and when at last they found him, he was dragged to Argos, and thrown into a close prison. Ægysthus was sent to murder Thyestes, but the father recollected the sword, which was raised to stab him, and a few questions convinced him that his assassin was his own son. Pelopea was present at this discovery, and when she found that she had committed incest with her father, she asked Ægysthus to examine the sword, and immediately plunged it into her own breast. Ægysthus rushed from the prison to Atreus, with the bloody weapon, and murdered him near an altar, as he wished to offer thanks to the gods on the supposed death of Thyestes. At the death of Atreus, Thyestes was placed on his brother’s throne by Ægysthus, from which he was soon after driven by Agamemnon and Menelaus. He retired from Argos, and was banished into the island of Cythera by Agamemnon, where he died. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Sophocles, Ajax.—Hyginus, fable 86, &c.—Ovid, Ibis, li. 359.—Lucan, bk. 1, li. 544; bk. 7, li. 451.—Seneca, Thyestes.

Thymbra, a small town of Lydia near Sardes, celebrated for a battle which was fought there between Cyrus and Crœsus, in which the latter was defeated. The troops of Cyrus amounted to 196,000 men, besides chariots, and those of Crœsus were twice as numerous.——A plain in Troas, through which a small river, called Thymbrius, falls in its course to the Scamander. Apollo had there a temple, and from thence he is called Thymbræus. Achilles was killed there by Paris, according to some. Strabo, bk. 13.—Statius, bk. 4, Sylvæ, poem 7, li. 22.—Dictys Cretensis, bk. 2, ch. 52; bk. 2, ch. 1.

Thymbræus, a surname of Apollo. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 323; Æneid, bk. 3, li. 85. See: Thymbra.

Thymbris, a concubine of Jupiter, said to be mother of Pan. Apollodorus.——A fountain and river of Sicily. Theocritus, poem 1, li. 100.

Thymbron. See: Thimbron.

Thymĕle, a celebrated female dancer, favoured by Domitian. Juvenal, satire 1, li. 36.—Statius, bk. 6, li. 36.

Thymiathis, a river of Epirus. Strabo, bk. 7.

Thymochăres, an Athenian defeated in a battle by the Lacedæmonians.

Thymœtes, a king of Athens, son of Oxinthas, the last of the descendants of Theseus, who reigned at Athens. He was deposed because he refused to accept a challenge sent by Xanthus king of Bœotia, and was succeeded by a Messenian, B.C. 1128, who repaired the honour of Athens by fighting the Bœotian king. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 18.——A Trojan prince, whose wife and son were put to death by order of Priam. It was to revenge the king’s cruelty that he persuaded his countrymen to bring the wooden horse within their city. He was son of Laomedon, according to some. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 32.—Dictys Cretensis, bk. 4, ch. 4.——A son of Hicetaon, who accompanied Æneas into Italy, and was killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 123; bk. 12, li. 364.

Thyni, or Bythyni, a people of Bithynia, hence the word Thyna merx applied to their commodities. Horace, bk. 3, ode 7, li. 3.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 11.

Thyodămas. See: ♦Theodamas.

♦ ‘Theodamus’ replaced with ‘Theodamas’

Thyōne, a name given to Semele after she had been presented with immortality by her son Bacchus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.

Thyōneus, a surname of Bacchus from his mother Semele, who was called Thyone. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 17, li. 23.—Ovid, bk. 4, Metamorphoses, li. 13.

Thyotes, a priest of the Cabiri, in Samothrace. Flaccus, bk. 2, li. 438.

Thyre, a town of the Messenians, famous for a battle fought there between the Argives and the Lacedæmonians. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 82.—Statius, Thebaid, bk. 4, li. 48.

Thyrea, an island on the coast of Peloponnesus, near Hermione. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 76.

Thyreum, a town of Acarnania, whose inhabitants are called Thyrienses. Livy, bk. 36, ch. 11; bk. 38, ch. 9.

Thyreus, a son of Lycaon king of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 3.——A son of Œneus king of Calydon. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 8.

Thyrĭdes, three small islands at the point of Tænarus. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Thyrsagĕtæ, a people of Sarmatia, who live upon hunting. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Thyrsus, a river of Sardinia, now Oristagni.

Thysos, a town near mount Athos.

Thyus, a satrap of Paphlagonia, who revolted from Artaxerxes, and was seized by Datames. Cornelius Nepos, Datames.

Tiasa, a daughter of the Eurotas, who gave her name to a river in Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 18.

Tibarēni, a people of Cappadocia, on the borders of the Thermodon.——A people of Pontus. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 20.

Tiberias, a town of Galilee, built by Herod, near a lake of the same name, and called after Tiberius. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 16.—Josephus, Antiquities, bk. 18, ch. 3.

Tiberīnus, son of Capetus, and king of Alba, was drowned in the river Albula, which on that account assumed the name of Tiberis, of which he became the protecting god. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 3.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 20.—Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 4, ch. 5, &c.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 389; bk. 4, li. 47.

Tibĕris, Tyberis, Tiber, or Tibris, a river of Italy on whose banks the city of Rome was built. It was originally called Albula, from the whiteness of its waters, and afterwards Tiberis, when Tiberinus king of Alba had been drowned there. It was also named Tyrrhenus, because it watered Etruria, and Lydius, because the inhabitants of the neighbourhood were supposed to be of Lydian origin. The Tiber rises in the Apennines, and falls into the Tyrrhene sea, 16 miles below Rome, after dividing Latium from Etruria. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, lis. 47, 329, &c.; bk. 5, li. 641; Ibis, li. 514.—Lucan, bk. 1, li. 381, &c.—Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 4, ch. 5.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 30.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 2, li. 13.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 3.

Tibērius Claudius Drusus Nero, a Roman emperor after the death of Augustus, was descended from the family of the Claudii. In his early years he commanded popularity by entertaining the populace with magnificent shows and fights of gladiators, and he gained some applause in the funeral oration which he pronounced over his father, though only nine years old. His first appearance in the Roman armies was under Augustus, in the war against the Cantabri; and afterwards, in the capacity of general, he obtained victories in different parts of the empire, and was rewarded with a triumph. Yet, in the midst of his glory, Tiberius fell under the displeasure of Augustus, and retired to Rhodes, where he continued for seven years as an exile, till, by the influence of his mother Livia with the emperor, he was recalled. His return to Rome was the more glorious; he had the command of the Roman armies in Illyricum, Pannonia, and Dalmatia, and seemed to divide the sovereign power with Augustus. At the death of this celebrated emperor, Tiberius, who had been adopted, assumed the reins of government; and while with dissimulation and affected modesty he wished to decline the dangerous office, he found time to try the fidelity of his friends, and to make the greatest part of the Romans believe that he was invested with the purple, not from his own choice, but by the recommendation of Augustus, and the urgent entreaties of the Roman senate. The beginning of his reign seemed to promise tranquillity to the world. Tiberius was a watchful guardian of the public peace; he was the friend of justice, and never assumed the sounding titles which must disgust a free nation, but he was satisfied to say of himself that he was the master of his slaves, the general of his soldiers, and the father of the citizens of Rome. That seeming moderation, however, which was but the fruit of the deepest policy, soon disappeared, and Tiberius was viewed in his real character. His ingratitude to his mother Livia, to whose intrigues he was indebted for the purple, his cruelty to his wife Julia, and his tyrannical oppression and murder of many noble senators, rendered him odious to the people, and suspected even by his most intimate favourites. The armies mutinied in Pannonia and Germany, but the tumults were silenced by the prudence of the generals and the fidelity of the officers, and the factious demagogues were abandoned to their condign punishment. This acted as a check upon Tiberius in Rome; he knew from thence, as his successors experienced, that his power was precarious, and his very existence in perpetual danger. He continued as he had begun, to pay the greatest deference to the senate; all libels against him he disregarded, and he observed that, in a free city, the thoughts and the tongue of every man should be free. The taxes were gradually lessened, and luxury restrained by the salutary regulations, as well as by the prevailing example and frugality of the emperor. While Rome exhibited a scene of peace and public tranquillity, the barbarians were severally defeated on the borders of the empire, and Tiberius gained new honours, by the activity and valour of Germanicus and his other faithful lieutenants. Yet the triumphs of Germanicus were beheld with jealousy. Tiberius dreaded his power, he was envious of his popularity, and the death of that celebrated general in Antioch was, as some suppose, accelerated by poison, and the secret resentment of the emperor. Not only his relations and friends, but the great and opulent, were sacrificed to his ambition, cruelty, and avarice; and there was scarce in Rome one single family that did not reproach Tiberius for the loss of a brother, a father, or a husband. He at last retired to the island of Capreæ, on the coast of Campania, where he buried himself in unlawful pleasures. The care of the empire was entrusted to favourites, among whom Sejanus for a while shone with uncommon splendour. In this solitary retreat the emperor proposed rewards to such as invented new pleasures, or could produce fresh luxuries. He forgot his age, as well as his dignity, and disgraced himself by the most unnatural vices and enormous indulgencies, which can draw a blush even upon the countenance of the most debauched and abandoned. While the emperor was lost to himself and the world, the provinces were harassed on every side by the barbarians, and Tiberius found himself insulted by those enemies whom hitherto he had seen fall prostrate at his feet with every mark of submissive adulation. At last, grown weak and helpless through infirmities, he thought of his approaching dissolution; and as he well knew that Rome could not exist without a head, he nominated, as his successor, Caius Caligula. Many might inquire, why a youth naturally so vicious and abandoned as Caius was chosen to be the master of an extensive empire; but Tiberius wished his own cruelties to be forgotten in the barbarities which might be displayed in the reign of his successor, whose natural propensities he had well defined, in saying of Caligula that he bred a serpent for the Roman people, and a Phaeton for the rest of the empire. Tiberius died at Misenum the 16th of March, A.D. 37, in the 78th year of his age, after a reign of 22 years, six months, and 26 days. Caligula was accused of having hastened his end by suffocating him. The joy was universal when his death was known; and the people of Rome, in the midst of sorrow, had a moment to rejoice, heedless of the calamities which awaited them in the succeeding reigns. The body of Tiberius was conveyed to Rome, and burnt with great solemnity. A funeral oration was pronounced by Caligula, who seemed to forget his benefactor while he expatiated on the praises of Augustus, Germanicus, and his own. The character of Tiberius has been examined with particular attention by historians, and his reign is the subject of the most perfect and elegant of all the compositions of Tacitus. When a private man, Tiberius was universally esteemed; when he had no superior, he was proud, arrogant, jealous, and revengeful. If he found his military operations conducted by a warlike general, he affected moderation and virtue; but when he got rid of the powerful influence of a favourite, he was tyrannical and dissolute. If, as some observe, he had lived in the times of the Roman republic, he might have been as conspicuous as his great ancestors; but the sovereign power lodged in his hands, rendered him vicious and oppressive. Yet, though he encouraged informers and favoured flattery, he blushed at the mean servilities of the senate, and derided the adulation of his courtiers, who approached him, he said, as if they approached a savage elephant. He was a patron of learning; he was an eloquent and ready speaker, and dedicated some part of his time to study. He wrote a lyric poem, entitled, “A Complaint on the death of Lucius Cæsar,” as also some Greek pieces in imitation of some of his favourite authors. He avoided all improper expressions, and all foreign words he totally wished to banish from the Latin tongue. As instances of his humanity, it has been recorded that he was uncommonly liberal to the people of Asia Minor, whose cities had been destroyed by a violent earthquake, A.D. 17. One of his officers wished him to increase the taxes. “No,” said Tiberius; “a good shepherd must shear, not flay, his sheep.” The senators wished to call the month of November, in which he was born, by his name, in imitation of Julius Cæsar and Augustus, in the months of July and August; but this he refused, saying, “What will you do, conscript fathers, if you have thirteen Cæsars?” Like the rest of the emperors, he received divine honours after death, and even during his life. It has been wittily observed by Seneca, that he never was intoxicated but once all his life, for he continued in a perpetual state of intoxication from the time he gave himself to drinking till the last moment of his life. Suetonius, Lives, &c.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6, &c.—Dio Cassius.——A friend of Julius Cæsar, whom he accompanied in the war of Alexandria. Tiberius forgot the favours he had received from his friend; and when he was assassinated, he wished all his murderers to be publicly rewarded.——One of the Gracchi. See: Gracchus.——Sempronius, a son of Drusus and Livia the sister of Germanicus, put to death by Caligula.——A son of Brutus, put to death by his father, because he had conspired with other young noblemen to restore Tarquin to his throne.——A Thracian made emperor of Rome in the latter ages of the empire.

Tibēsis, a river of Scythia, flowing from mount Hæmus into the Ister. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 49.

Tibiscus, now Teisse, a river of Dacia, with a town of the same name, now Temeswar. It falls into the Danube.

Tibris. See: Tiberis.

Tibŭla, a town of Sardinia, now Lango Sardo.

Tibullus Aulus Albius, a Roman knight celebrated for his poetical compositions. He followed Messala Corvinus into the island of Corcyra, but he was soon dissatisfied with the toils of war, and retired to Rome, where he gave himself up to literary ease, and to all the effeminate indolence of an Italian climate. His first composition was to celebrate the virtues of his friend Messala; but his more favourite study was writing love verses, in praise of his mistresses Delia and Plautia, of Nemesis and Neæra, and in these elegant effusions he showed himself the most correct of the Roman poets. As he had espoused the cause of Brutus, he lost his possessions when the soldiers of the triumvirate were rewarded with lands; but he might have recovered them if he had condescended, like Virgil, to make his court to Augustus. Four books of elegies are the only remaining pieces of his composition. They are uncommonly elegant and beautiful, and possessed with so much grace and purity of sentiment, that the writer is deservedly ranked as the prince of elegiac poets. Tibullus was intimate with the literary men of his age, and for some time he had a poetical contest with Horace, in gaining the favours of an admired courtesan. Ovid has written a beautiful elegy on the death of his friend. The poems of Tibullus are generally published with those of Propertius and Catullus, of which the best editions are that of Vulpius, Patavii, 1737, 1749, 1755; that of Barbou, 12mo, Paris, 1755; and that by Heyne, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1776. Ovid, bk. 3, Amores, poem 9; Tristia, bk. 2, li. 487.—Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 4; bk. 1, ode 33, li. 1.—Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.

Tibur, an ancient town of the Sabines, about 20 miles north of Rome, built, as some say, by Tiburtus the son of Amphiaraus. It was watered by the Anio, and Hercules was the chief deity of the place, from which circumstance it has been called Herculei muri. In the neighbourhood, the Romans, on account of the salubrity of the air, had their several villas where they retired; and there also Horace had his favourite country seat, though some place it nine miles higher. Strabo, bk. 5.—Cicero, bk. 2, Orations, ch. 65.—Suetonius, Caligula, ch. 21.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 630.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 4, &c.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 6, li. 61, &c.

Lucius Tiburtius, a centurion in Cæsar’s army, wounded by Pompey’s soldiers.

Tiburtus, the founder of Tibur, often called Tiburtia mænia. He was one of the sons of Amphiaraus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 670.

Tichis, now Tech, a river of Spain, falling into the Mediterranean.

Tichius, a name given to the top of mount Œta. Livy, bk. 36, ch. 16.

Ticĭda, a Roman poet a few years before the age of Cicero, who wrote epigrams, and praised his mistress Metella under the fictitious name of Petilla. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 2, li. 433.

Ticīnus, now Tesino, a river near Ticinum, a small town of Italy, where the Romans were defeated by Annibal. The town of Ticinum was also called Pavia. The Ticinus falls into the Po. Strabo, bk. 5.—Silius Italicus, bk. 4, li. 81.

Tidius, a man who joined Pompey, &c.

Tiessa, a river of Laconia, falling into the Eurotas. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 18.

Tifāta, a mountain of Campania, near Capua. Statius, Sylvæ, bk. 4.

Tifernum, a name common to three towns of Italy. One of them, for distinction’s sake, is called Metaurense, near the Metaurus, in Umbria; the other, Tiberinum, on the Tiber; and the third, Samniticum, in the country of the Sabines. Livy, bk. 10, ch. 14.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 14.—Pliny, Sect. 4, ltr. 1.

Tifernus, a mountain and river in the country of the Samnites. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 11.—Livy, bk. 10, ch. 30.—Mela, bk. 3, ch. 4.

Tigasis, a son of Hercules.

Tigellīnus, a Roman celebrated for his intrigues and perfidy in the court of Nero. He was appointed judge at the trial of the conspirators who had leagued against Nero, for which he was liberally rewarded with triumphal honours. He afterwards betrayed the emperor, and was ordered to destroy himself, 68 A.D. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 1, ch. 72.—Plutarch.—Juvenal, satire 1.

Tigellius, a native of Sardinia, who became the favourite of Julius Cæsar, of Cleopatra and Augustus, by his mimicry and facetiousness. He was celebrated for the melody of his voice, yet he was of a mean and ungenerous disposition, and of unpleasing manners, as Horace, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 3 et seq. insinuates.

Tigrānes, a king of Armenia, who made himself master of Assyria and Cappadocia. He married Cleopatra the daughter of Mithridates, and by the advice of his father-in-law, he declared war against the Romans. He despised these distant enemies, and even ordered the head of the messenger to be cut off who first told him that the Roman general was boldly advancing towards his capital. His pride, however, was soon abated, and though he ordered the Roman consul Lucullus to be brought alive into his presence, he fled with precipitation from his capital, and was soon after defeated near mount Taurus. This totally disheartened him; he refused to receive Mithridates into his palace, and even set a price upon his head. His mean submission to Pompey, the successor of Lucullus in Asia, and a bribe of 60,000 talents, insured him on his throne, and he received a garrison in his capital, and continued at peace with the Romans. His second son of the same name revolted against him, and attempted to dethrone him with the assistance of the king of Parthia, whose daughter he had married. This did not succeed, and the son had recourse to the Romans, by whom he was put in possession of Sophene, while the father remained quiet on the throne of Armenia. The son was afterwards sent in chains to Rome, for his insolence to Pompey. Cicero, On Pompey’s Command.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 1.—Paterculus, bk. 2, chs. 33 & 37.—Justin, bk. 40, chs. 1 & 2.—Plutarch, Lucullus, Pompey, &c.——A king of Armenia in the reign of Tiberius. He was put to death. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6, ch. 40.——One of the royal family of the Cappadocians, chosen by Tiberius to ascend the throne of Armenia.——A general of the Medes.——A man appointed king of Armenia by Nero. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 14, ch. 26.——A prince of Armenia in the age of Theodosius.

Tigranocerta, now Sered, the capital of Armenia, was built by Tigranes, during the Mithridatic war, on a hill between the springs of the Tigris and mount Taurus. Lucullus, during the Mithridatic war, took it with difficulty, and found in it immense riches, and no less than 8000 talents in ready money. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 4.—Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 9.

Tigres, a river of Peloponnesus, called also Harpys, from a person of the same name drowned in it. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.

Tigris, now Basilensa, a river of Asia, rising on mount Niphates in Armenia, and falling into the Persian gulf. It is the eastern boundary of Mesopotamia. The Tigris now falls into the Euphrates, though in the age of Pliny the two separate channels of these rivers could be easily traced. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 27.—Justin, bk. 42, ch. 3.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 256.

Tigurīni, a warlike people among the Helvetii, now forming the modern cantons of Switz, Zurich, Schaffhausen, and St. Gall. Their capital was Tigurnum. Cæsar, Gallic War.

Tilatæi, a people of Thrace. Thucydides, bk. 2.

Tilavemptus, a river of Italy falling into the Adriatic at the west of Aquileia.

Tilfossius, a mountain of Bœotia.——Also a fountain at the tomb of Tiresias. Pausanias, Bœotia, ch. 33.

Tilium, a town of Sardinia, now Argentera.

Tillius Cimber. See: Tullius.

Tilox, a north-west cape of Corsica.

Tilphussus, a mountain of Bœotia.

Timachus, a river of Mœsia falling into the Danube. The neighbouring people were called Timachi. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 26.

Timæ, the wife of Agis king of Sparta, was debauched by Alcibiades, by whom she had a son. This child was rejected in the succession to the throne, though Agis, on his death-bed, declared him to be legitimate. Plutarch, Agesilaus.

Timæus, a friend of Alexander, who came to his assistance when he was alone surrounded by the Oxydracæ. He was killed in the encounter. Curtius, bk. 9, ch. 5.——An historian of Sicily, who flourished about 262 B.C., and died in the 96th year of his age. His father’s name was Andromachus. He was banished from Sicily by Agathocles. His general history of Sicily, and that of the wars of Pyrrhus, were in general esteem, and his authority was great, except when he treated of Agathocles. All his compositions are lost. Plutarch, Nicias.—Cicero, On Oratory.—Diodorus, bk. 5.—Cornelius Nepos.——A writer who published some treatises concerning ancient philosophers. Diogenes Laërtius, Empedocles.——A Pythagorean philosopher, born at Locris. He followed the doctrines of the founder of the metempsychosis, but in some parts of his system of the world he differed from him. He wrote a treatise on the nature and the soul of the world, in the Doric dialect, still extant. Plato, Timæus.—Plutarch.——An Athenian in the age of Alcibiades. Plutarch.——A sophist, who wrote a book called Lexicon vocum Platonicarum.

Timagĕnes, a Greek historian of Alexandria, 54 B.C., brought to Rome by Gabinius, and sold as a slave to the son of Sylla. His great abilities procured him his liberty, and gained the favours of the great, and of Augustus. The emperor discarded him for his impertinence; and Timagenes, to revenge himself on his patron, burnt the interesting history which he had composed of his reign. Plutarch.—Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 19, li. 15.—Quintilian.——An historian and rhetorician of Miletus.——A man who wrote an account of the life of Alexander. Curtius, bk. 9, ch. 5.——A general, killed at Cheronæa.

Timagŏras, an Athenian, capitally punished for paying homage to Darius, according to the Persian manner of kneeling on the ground, when he was sent to Persia as ambassador. Valerius Maximus, bk. 6, ch. 3.—Suidas.——Another. See: Meles.

Timandra, a daughter of Leda, sister to Helen. She married Echemus of Arcadi. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 5.——A mistress of Alcibiades.

Timandrĭdes, a Spartan celebrated for his virtues. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 14, ch. 32.

Timanthes, a painter of Sicyon, in the reign of Philip the father of Alexander the Great. In his celebrated painting of Iphigenia going to be immolated, he represented all the attendants overwhelmed with grief; but his superior genius, by covering the face of Agamemnon, left to the conception of the imagination the deep sorrows of the father. He obtained a prize, for which the celebrated Parrhasius was a competitor. This was in painting an Ajax with all the fury which his disappointments could occasion, when deprived of the arms of Achilles. Cicero, On Oratory.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 11.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 9, ch. 11.——An athlete of Cleone, who burnt himself when he perceived that his strength began to fail. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 8.

Timarchus, a philosopher of Alexandria, intimate with Lamprocles the disciple of Socrates. Diogenes Laërtius.——A rhetorician, who hung himself when accused of licentiousness by Æschines.——A Cretan, accused before Nero of oppression. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 20.——An officer in Ætolia, who burnt his ships to prevent the flight of his companions, and to ensure himself the victory. Polyænus, bk. 5.——A king of Salamis.——A tyrant of Miletus, in the age of Antiochus, &c.