♦ ‘U.C.’ replaced with ‘A.U.C.’

Tricala, a fortified place at the south of Sicily, between Selinus and Agrigentum. Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 271.

Tricasses, a people of Champagne in Gaul.

Tricastīni, a people of Gallia Narbonensis. Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 466.—Livy, bk. 21, ch. 31.

Triccæ, a town of Thessaly, where Æsculapius had a temple. The inhabitants went to the Trojan war. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 13.—Homer, Iliad.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 8.

Trichonium, a town of Ætolia.

Tricipitinus. See: Lucretius.

Triclaria, a yearly festival celebrated by the inhabitants of three cities in Ionia, to appease the anger of Diana Triclaria, whose temple had been defiled by the adulterous commerce of Menalippus and Cometho. It was usual to sacrifice a boy and a girl, but this barbarous custom was abolished by Eurypilus. The three cities were Aroe, Messatis, and Anthea, whose united labours had erected the temple of the goddess. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 19.

Tricorii, a people of Gaul, now Dauphiné. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 31.

Tricorythus, a town of Attica.

Tricrēna, a place of Arcadia, where, according to some, Mercury was born. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 16.

Tridentum, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, now called Trent, and famous in history for the ecclesiastical council which sat there 18 years to regulate the affairs of the church, A.D. 1545.

Trieterīca, festivals in honour of Bacchus celebrated every three years. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 302.

Tripānum, a place of Latium near Sinuessa. Livy, bk. 8, ch. 11.

Tripolīnus, a mountain of Campania famous for wine. Martial, bk. 13, ltr. 104.—Pliny, bk. 14, ch. 7.

Trigemĭna, one of the Roman gates, so called because the three Horatii went through it against the Curiatii. Livy, bk. 4, ch. 16; bk. 35, ch. 41; bk. 40, ch. 51.

Trinăcria, or Trinăcris, one of the ancient names of Sicily from its triangular form. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 384, &c.

Trinium, a river of Italy falling into the Adriatic.

Trinobantes, a people of Britain in modern Essex and Middlesex. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 14, ch. 31.—Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5, ch. 20.

Triocăla, or Triocla, a town in the southern parts of Sicily. Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 271.

Triŏpas, or Triops, a son of Neptune by Canace the daughter of Æolus. He was father of Iphimedia and of Erisichthon, who is called on that account Triopeius, and his daughter Triopeia. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 754.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7.——A son of Phorbas, father to Agenor, Jasus, and Messene. Homer, Hymn 3 to Apollo, li. 211.——A son of Piranthus.

Triphȳlia, one of the ancient names of Elis. Livy, bk. 28, ch. 8.——A mountain where Jupiter had a temple in the island Panchaia, whence he is called Triphylius.

Triopium, a town of Caria.

Tripŏlis, an ancient town of Phœnicia, built by the liberal contribution of Tyre, Sidon, and Aradus, whence the name.——A town of Pontus.——A district of Arcadia,——of Laconia. Livy, bk. 35, ch. 27.——Of Thessaly, Livy, bk. 42, ch. 53.——A town of Lydia or Caria.——A district of Africa between the Syrtes.

♦Trīptŏlĕmus, a son of Oceanus and Terra, or, according to some, of Trochilus, a priest of Argos. According to the more received opinion he was son of Celeus king of Attica by Neræa, whom some have called Metanira, Cothonea, Hyona, Melani, or Polymnia. He was born at Eleusis in Attica, and was cured in his youth of a severe illness by the care of Ceres, who had been invited into the house of Celeus, by the monarch’s children, as she travelled over the country in quest of her daughter. To repay the kindness of Celeus, the goddess took particular notice of his son. She fed him with her own milk, and placed him on burning coals during the night, to destroy whatever particles of mortality he had received from his parents. The mother was astonished at the uncommon growth of her son, and she had the curiosity to watch Ceres. She disturbed the goddess by a sudden cry, when Triptolemus was laid on the burning ashes, and as Ceres was therefore unable to make him immortal, she taught him agriculture, and rendered him serviceable to mankind, by instructing him how to sow corn, and make bread. She also gave him her chariot, which was drawn by two dragons, and in this celestial vehicle he travelled all over the earth, and distributed corn to all the inhabitants of the world. In Scythia the favourite of Ceres nearly lost his life; but Lyncus the king of the country, who had conspired to murder him, was changed into a lynx. At his return to Eleusis, Triptolemus restored Ceres her chariot, and established the Eleusinian festivals and mysteries in honour of the deity. He reigned for some time, and after death received divine honours. Some suppose that he accompanied Bacchus in his Indian expedition. Diodorus.—Hyginus, fable 147.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 14; bk. 8, ch. 4.—Justin, bk. 2, ch. 6.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 5.—Callimachus, Hymn to Demeter, li. 22.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 646; Fasti, bk. 4, li. 501; Tristia, bk. 3, poem 8, li. 1.

♦ ‘Trīppŏlĕmus’ replaced with ‘Trīptŏlĕmus’

Triquĕtra, a name given to Sicily by the Latins, for its triangular form. Lucretius, bk. 1, li. 78.

Trismegistus, a famous Egyptian. See: Mercurius.

Tritia, a daughter of the river Triton, mother of Menalippus by Mars.——A town in Achaia, built by her son, bore her name. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 22.

Tritogenia, a surname of Pallas. Hesiod.—Festus, Lexicon of Festus.

Triton, a sea deity, son of Neptune by Amphitrite, or, according to some, by Celeno, or Salacia. He was very powerful among the sea deities, and could calm the ocean and abate storms at pleasure. He is generally represented as blowing a shell. His body above the waist is like that of a man, and below a dolphin. Some represent him with the fore feet of a horse. Many of the sea deities are called Tritons, but the name is generally applied to those only who are half men and half fishes. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 4.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 930.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 333.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 1, ch. 28.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 148; bk. 6, li. 173.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 20.——A river of Africa falling into the lake Tritonis.——One of the names of the Nile.——A small river of Bœotia, or Thessaly.

Tritōnis, a lake and river of Africa, near which Minerva had a temple, whence she is surnamed Tritonis, or Tritonia. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 178.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 33.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 171.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 7.——Athens is also called Tritonis, because dedicated to Minerva.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5.

Tritonon, a town of Doris. Livy, bk. 28, ch. 7.

Triventum, a town of the Samnites.

Trivia, a surname given to Diana, because she presided over all places where three roads met. At the new moon the Athenians offered her sacrifices, and a sumptuous entertainment, which was generally distributed among the poor. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 13; bk. 7, li. 774.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 416; Fasti, bk. 1, li. 389.

Triviæ antrum, a place in the valley of Aricia, where the nymph Egeria resided. Martial, bk. 6, ltr. 47.

Triviæ lucus, a place of Campania, in the bay of Cumæ. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 13.

Trivīcum, a town in the country of the Hirpini in Italy. Horace, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 79.

Triumvĭri, reipublicæ constituendæ, were three magistrates appointed equally to govern the Roman state with absolute power. These officers gave a fatal blow to the expiring independence of the Roman people, and became celebrated for their different pursuits, their ambition, and their various fortunes. The first triumvirate, B.C. 60, was in the hands of Julius Cæsar, Pompey, and Crassus, who at the expiration of their office kindled a civil war. The second and last triumvirate, B.C. 43, was under Augustus, Marcus Antony, and Lepidus, and through them the Romans totally lost their liberty. Augustus disagreed with his colleagues, and after he had defeated them, he made himself absolute in Rome. The triumvirate was in full force at Rome for the space of about 12 years.——There were also officers who were called triumviri capitales, created A.U.C. 464. They took cognizance of murders and robberies, and everything in which slaves were concerned. Criminals under sentence of death were entrusted to their care, and they had them executed according to the commands of the pretors.——The triumviri nocturni watched over the safety of Rome in the night-time, and in case of fire were ever ready to give orders, and to take the most effectual measures to extinguish it.——The triumviri agrarii had the care of colonies that were sent to settle in different parts of the empire. They made a fair division of the lands among the citizens, and exercised over the new colony all the power which was placed in the hands of the consuls at Rome.——The triumviri monetales were masters of the mint, and had the care of the coin, hence their office was generally intimated by the following letters often seen on ancient coins and medals: ♦IIIVIR. A. A. A. F. F. i.e., Triumviri auro, argento, ære flando, feriendo. Some suppose that they were created only in the age of Cicero, as those who were employed before them were called Denariorum flandorum curatores.——The triumviri valetudinis were chosen when Rome was visited by a plague or some pestiferous distemper, and they took particular care of the temples of health and virtue.——The triumviri senatus legendi were appointed to name those that were most worthy to be made senators from among the plebeians. They were first chosen in the age of Augustus, as before this privilege belonged to the kings, and afterwards devolved upon the consuls and the censors, A.U.C. 310.——The triumviri mensarii were chosen in the second Punic war, to take care of the coin and prices of exchange.

♦ ‘HIVIR’ replaced with ‘IIIVIR’

Triumvirorum insula, a place on the Rhine which falls into the Po, where the triumvirs Antony, Lepidus, and Augustus met to divide the Roman empire after the battle of Mutina. Dio Cassius, bk. 46, ch. 55.—Appian, Civil Wars, ch. 4.

Troădes, the inhabitants of Troas.

Troas, a country of Phrygia, in Asia Minor, of which Troy was the capital. When Troas is taken for the whole kingdom of Priam, it may be said to contain Mysia and Phrygia Minor; but if only applied to that part of the country where Troy was situate, its extent is confined within very narrow limits. Troas was anciently called Dardania. See: Troja.

Trochois, a lake in the island of Delos, near which Apollo and Diana were born.

Trocmi, a people of Galatia. Livy, bk. 38, ch. 16.

Trœzēne a town of Argolis, in Peloponnesus, near the Saronicus Sinus, which received its name from Trœzen the son of Pelops, who reigned there for some time. It is often called Theseis, because Theseus was born there; and Posidonia, because Neptune was worshipped there. Statius, Thebaid, bk. 4, li. 81.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 50.—Plutarch, Theseus.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 556; bk. 15, li. 296.——Another town at the south of the Peloponnesus.

Trogiliæ, three small islands near Samos.

Trogilium, a part of mount Mycale, projecting into the sea. Strabo, bk. 14.

Trogilus, a harbour of Sicily. Silius Italicus, bk. 14, lis. 2, 59.

Troglody̆tæ, a people of Æthiopia, who dwelt in caves (τρωγλη specus, δυμι subeo). They were all shepherds, and had their wives in common. Strabo, bk. 1.—Mela, bk. 1, chs. 4 & 8.—Pliny, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 37, ch. 10.

Trogus Pompeius, a Latin historian, B.C. 41, born in Gaul. His father was one of the friends and adherents of Julius Cæsar, and his ancestors had obtained privileges and honours from the most illustrious of the Romans. Trogus wrote a universal history of all the most important events that had happened from the beginning of the world to the age of Augustus, divided into 44 books. This history, which was greatly admired for its purity and elegance, was epitomized by Justin, and is still extant. Some suppose that the epitome is the cause that the original of Trogus is lost. Justin, bk. 47, ch. 5.—Augustine, City of God, bk. 4, ch. 6.

Troja, a city, the capital of Troas, or, according to others, a country of which Ilium was the capital. It was built on a small eminence near mount Ida, and the promontory of Sigæum, at the distance of about four miles from the sea-shore. Dardanus the first king of the country built it, and called it Dardania, and from Troas, one of his successors, it was called Troja, and from Ilus, Ilion. Neptune is also said to have built, or more properly repaired, its walls, in the age of king Laomedon. This city has been celebrated by the poems of Homer and Virgil, and of all the wars which have been carried on among the ancients, that of Troy is the most famous. The Trojan war was undertaken by the Greeks, to recover Helen, whom Paris the son of Priam king of Troy had carried away from the house of Menelaus. All Greece united to avenge the cause of Menelaus, and every prince furnished a certain number of ships and soldiers. According to Euripides, Virgil, and Lycophron, the armament of the Greeks amounted to 1000 ships. Homer mentions them as being 1186, and Thucydides supposes that they were 1200 in number. The number of men which these ships carried is unknown; yet, as the largest contained about 120 men each, and the smallest 50, it may be supposed that no less than 100,000 men were engaged in this celebrated expedition. Agamemnon was chosen general of all these forces; but the princes and kings of Greece were admitted among his counsellors, and by them all the operations of the war were directed. The most celebrated of the Grecian princes that distinguished themselves in this war, were Achilles, Ajax, Menelaus, Ulysses, Diomedes, Protesilaus, Patroclus, Agamemnon, Nestor, Neoptolemus, &c. The Grecian army was opposed by a more numerous force. The king of Troy received assistance from the neighbouring princes in Asia Minor, and reckoned among his most active generals, Rhesus king of Thrace, and Memnon, who entered the field with 20,000 Assyrians and Æthiopians. Many of the adjacent cities were reduced and plundered before the Greeks approached their walls; but when the siege was begun, the enemies on both sides gave proofs of valour and intrepidity. The army of the Greeks, however, was visited by a plague, and the operations were not less retarded by the quarrel of Agamemnon and Achilles. The loss was great on both sides; the most valiant of the Trojans, and particularly of the sons of Priam, were slain in the field; and, indeed, so great was the slaughter, that the rivers of the country are represented as filled with dead bodies and suits of armour. After the siege had been carried on for 10 years, some of the Trojans, among whom were Æneas and Antenor, betrayed the city into the hands of the enemy, and Troy was reduced to ashes. The poets, however, support that the Greeks made themselves masters of the place by artifice. They secretly filled a large wooden horse with armed men, and led away their army from the plains, as if to return home. The Trojans brought the wooden horse into their city, and in the night, the Greeks that were confined within the sides of the animal rushed out and opened the gates to their companions, who had returned from the place of their concealment. The greatest part of the inhabitants were put to the sword, and the others carried away by the conquerors. This happened, according to the Arundelian marbles, about 1184 years before the christian era, in the 3530th year of the Julian period, on the night between the 11th and 12th of June, 408 years before the first olympiad. Some time after, a new city was raised, about 30 stadia from the ruins of the old Troy; but though it bore the ancient name, and received ample donations from Alexander the Great, when he visited it in his Asiatic expedition, yet it continued to be small, and in the age of Strabo it was nearly in ruins. It is said that Julius Cæsar, who wished to pass for one of the descendants of Æneas, and consequently to be related to the Trojans, intended to make it the capital of the Roman empire, and to transport there the senate and the Roman people. The same apprehensions were entertained in the reign of Augustus, and according to some, an ode of Horace, Justum et tenacem propositi virum, was written purposely to dissuade the emperor from putting into execution so wild a project. See: Paris, Æneas, Antenor, Agamemnon, Ilium, Laomedon, Menelaus, &c. Virgil, Æneid.—Homer.—Ovid.—Diodorus, &c.

Trojāni and Trojugĕnæ, the inhabitants of Troy.

Trojāni ludi, games instituted by Æneas, or his son Ascanius, to commemorate the death of Anchises, and celebrated in the circus at Rome. Boys of the best families, dressed in a neat manner, and accoutred with suitable arms and weapons, were permitted to enter the list. Sylla exhibited them in his dictatorship, and under Augustus they were observed with unusual pomp and solemnity. A mock fight on horseback, or sometimes on foot, was exhibited. The leader of the party was called princeps juventutis, and was generally the son of a senator, or the heir apparent to the empire. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 602.—Suetonius, Cæsar & Augustus.—Plutarch, Sulla.

Troĭlus, a son of Priam and Hecuba, killed by Achilles during the Trojan war. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.—Horace, bk. 2, ode 9, li. 16.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 474.

Tromentīna, one of the Roman tribes. Livy, bk. 6, ch. 5.

Tropæa, a town of the Brutii.——A stone monument on the Pyrenees, erected by Pompey.——Drusi, a town of Germany where Drusus died, and Tiberius was saluted emperor by the army.

Trophonius, a celebrated architect, son of Erginus king of Orchomenos in Bœotia. He built Apollo’s temple at Delphi, with the assistance of his brother Agamedes, and when he demanded of the god a reward for his trouble, he was told by the priestess to wait eight days, and to live during that time with all cheerfulness and pleasure. When the days were passed, Trophonius and his brother were found dead in their bed. According to Pausanias, however, he was swallowed up alive in the earth; and when afterwards the country was visited by a great drought, the Bœotians were directed to apply to Trophonius for relief, and to seek him at Lebadea, where he gave oracles in a cave. They discovered this cave by means of a swarm of bees, and Trophonius told them how to ease their misfortunes. From that time Trophonius was honoured as a god; he passed for the son of Apollo, a chapel and a statue were erected to him, and sacrifices were offered to his divinity when consulted to give oracles. The cave of Trophonius became one of the most celebrated oracles of Greece. Many ceremonies were required, and the suppliant was obliged to make particular sacrifices, to anoint his body with oil, and to bathe in the waters of certain rivers. He was to be clothed in a linen robe, and, with a cake of honey in his hand, he was directed to descend into the cave by a narrow entrance, from whence he returned backwards after he had received an answer. He was always pale and dejected at his return, and thence it became proverbial to say of a melancholy man, that he had consulted the oracle of Trophonius. There were annually exhibited games in honour of Trophonius at Lebadea. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 37, &c.—Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 1, ch. 47.—Plutarch.—Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 7.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 3, ch. 45.

Tros, a son of Ericthonius king of Troy, who married Callirhoe the daughter of the Scamander, by whom he had Ilus, Assaracus, and Ganymedes. He made war against Tantalus king of Phrygia, whom he accused of having stolen away the youngest of his sons. The capital of Phrygia was called Troja from him, and the country itself Troas. Virgil, bk. 3, Georgics, li. 36.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 20, li. 219.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.

Trossŭlum, a town of Etruria, which gave the name of Trossuli to the Roman knights who had taken it without the assistance of foot soldiers. Pliny, bk. 32, ch. 2.—Seneca, ltrs. 86 & 87.—Persius, bk. 1, li. 82.

Trotilum, a town of Sicily. Thucydides, bk. 6.

Truentum, or Truentinum, a river of Picenum, falling into the Adriatic. There is also a town of the same name in the neighbourhood. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 434.—Mela, bk. 2.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 13.

Trypherus, a celebrated cook, &c. Juvenal, bk. 11.

Tryphiodorus, a Greek poet and grammarian of Egypt in the sixth century, who wrote a poem in 24 books on the destruction of Troy, from which he excluded the α in the first book, the β in the second, and the γ in the third, &c.

Tryphon, a tyrant of Apamea in Syria, put to death by Antiochus. Justin, bk. 36, ch. 1.——A surname of one of the Ptolemies. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 14, li. 31.——A grammarian of Alexander in the age of Augustus.

Tubantes, a people of Germany. Tacitus, bk. 1, ch. 51.

Tubĕro Quintus Ælius, a Roman consul, son-in-law of Paulus the conqueror of Perseus. He is celebrated for his poverty, in which he seemed to glory as well as the rest of his family. Sixteen of the Tuberos, with their wives and children, lived in a small house, and maintained themselves with the produce of a little field, which they cultivated with their own hand. The first piece of silver plate that entered the house of Tubero was a small cup which his father-in-law presented to him after he had conquered the king of Macedonia.——A learned man.——A governor of Africa.——A Roman general who marched against the Germans under the emperors. He was accused of treason, and acquitted.

Tuburbo, two towns of Africa, called Major and Minor.

Tucca Plautius, a friend of Horace and Virgil. He was, with Varus and Plotius, ordered by Augustus, as some report, to revise the Æneid of Virgil, which remained uncorrected on account of the premature death of the poet. Horace, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 40; satire 10, li. 84.——A town of Mauritania.

Tuccia, an immodest woman in Juvenal’s age. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 64.

Tucia, a river near Rome. Silius Italicus, bk. 13, li. 5.

Tuder, or Tudertia, an ancient town of Umbria. The inhabitants were called Tudertes. Silius Italicus, bk. 4, li. 222.

Tudri, a people of Germany. Tacitus, Germania, ch. 42.

Tugia, now Toia, a town of Spain. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 1.

Tugīni, or Tugēni, a people of Germany.

Tuisto, a deity of the Germans, son of Terra, and the founder of the nation. Tacitus, Germania, bk. 2.

Tulcis, a river of Spain, falling into the Mediterranean, now Francoli.

Tulingi, a people of Germany between the Rhine and the Danube. Cæsar, bk. 1, ch. 5, Gallic War.

Tulla, one of Camilla’s attendants in the Rutulian war. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 656.

Tullia, a daughter of Servius Tullius king of Rome. She married Tarquin the Proud, after she had murdered her first husband Arunx, and consented to see Tullius assassinated, that Tarquin might be raised to the throne. It is said that she ordered her chariot to be driven over the body of her aged father, which had been thrown all mangled and bloody into one of the streets of Rome. She was afterwards banished from Rome with her husband. Ovid, Ibis, li. 363.——Another daughter of Servius Tullius, who married Tarquin the Proud. She was murdered by her own husband, that ♦he might marry her ambitious sister of the same name.——A daughter of Cicero. See: Tulliola.——A debauched woman. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 306.

♦ ‘she’ replaced with ‘he’

Tullia lex, de senatu, by Marcus Tullius Cicero, A.U.C. 689, enacted that those who had a libera legatio granted them by the senate, should hold it no more than one year. Such senators as had a libera legatio travelled through the provinces of the empire without any expense, as if they were employed in the affairs of the state.——Another, de ambitu, by the same, the same year. It forbade any person, two years before he canvassed for an office, to exhibit a show of gladiators, unless that case had devolved upon him by will. Senators guilty of the crime of ambitu were punished with the aquæ et ignis interdictio for 10 years, and the penalty inflicted on the commons was more severe than that of the Calpurnian law.

Tulliānum, a subterraneous prison in Rome, built by Servius Tullius, and added to the other called Robur, where criminals were confined. Sallust, Conspiracy of Catiline.

Tulliŏla, or Tullia, a daughter of Cicero by Terentia. She married Caius Piso, and afterwards Furius Crassipes, and lastly Publius Cornelius Dolabella. With this last husband she had every reason to be dissatisfied. Dolabella was turbulent, and consequently the cause of much grief to Tullia and her father. Tullia died in child-bed, about 44 years before Christ. Cicero was so inconsolable on this occasion, that some have accused him of an unnatural partiality for his daughter. According to a ridiculous story which some of the moderns report, in the age of Pope Paul III., a monument was discovered on the Appian road with the superscription of Tulliolæ filiæ meæ. The body of a woman was found in it, which was reduced to ashes as soon as touched; there was also a lamp burning, which was extinguished as soon as the air gained admission there, and which was supposed to have been lighted above 1500 years. Cicero.—Plutarch, Cicero.

Tullius Cimber, the son of a freedman, rose to great honours, and followed the interest of Pompey. He was reconciled to Julius Cæsar, whom he murdered with Brutus. Plutarch.——Cicero, a celebrated orator. See: Cicero.——The son of the orator Cicero. See: Cicero.——Servius, a king of Rome. See: Servius.——Senecio, a man accused of conspiracy against Nero with Piso.——A friend of Otho.——One of the kings of Rome. See: Servius.

Tullus Hostilius, the third king of Rome after the death of Numa. He was of a warlike and active disposition, and signalized himself by his expedition against the people of Alba, whom he conquered, and whose city he destroyed after the famous battle of the Horatii and Curiatii. He afterwards carried his arms against the Latins and the neighbouring states with success, and enforced reverence for majesty among his subjects. He died with all his family, about 640 years before the christian era, after a reign of 32 years. The manner of his death is not precisely known. Some suppose that he was killed by lightning, while he was performing some magical ceremonies in his own house; or, according to the more probable accounts of others, he was murdered by Ancus Martius, who set fire to the palace, to make it be believed that the impiety of Tullus had been punished by heaven. Florus, bk. 1, ch. 3.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 3, ch. 1.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 814.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 22.—Pausanias.——A consul, A.U.C. 686. Horace, bk. 3, ode 8, li. 12.

Tunēta, or Tunis, a town of Africa, near which Regulus was defeated and taken by Xanthippus. Livy, bk. 30, ch. 9.

Tungri, a name given to some of the Germans, supposed to live on the banks of the Maese, whose chief city, called Atuatuca, is now Tongeren. The river of the country is now the Spaw. Tacitus, Germania, bk. 2.

Caius Turanius, a Latin tragic poet in the age of Augustus. Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 4, poem 16, li. 29.

Turba, a town of Gaul.

Turbo, a gladiator, mentioned Horace, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 310. He was of small stature, but uncommonly courageous.——A governor of Pannonia, under the emperors.

Turdetăni, or Turduti, a people of Spain, inhabiting both sides of the Bætis. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 6; bk. 28, ch. 39; bk. 34, ch. 17.

Turesis, a Thracian who revolted from Tiberius.

Turias, a river of Spain falling into the Mediterranean near Valentia, now the ♦Guadalquiver.

♦ ‘Guadalavier’ replaced with ‘Guadalquiver’

Turicum, a town of Gaul, now Zurich, in Switzerland.

Turiosa, a town of Spain.

Turius, a corrupt judge in the Augustan age. Horace, bk. 2, satire 1, li. 49.

Turnus, a king of the Rutuli, son of Daunus and Venilia. He made war against Æneas, and attempted to drive him away from Italy, that he might not marry the daughter of Latinus, who had been previously engaged to him. His efforts were attended with no success, though supported with great courage and a numerous army. He was conquered, and at last killed in a single combat by Æneas. He is represented as a man of uncommon strength. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 56, &c.—Tibullus, bk. 2, poem 5, li. 49.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 879; Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 451.

Turŏnes, a people of Gaul, whose capital, Cæsarodunum, is the modern Tours.

Turpio. See: Ambivius.

Turrus, a river of Italy falling into the Adriatic.

Turullius, one of Cæsar’s murderers.

Turuntus, a river of Sarmatia, supposed to be the Dwina, or Duna.

Tuscania and Tuscia, a large country at the west of Rome, the same as Etruria. See: Etruria.

Tusci, the inhabitants of Etruria.——The villa of Pliny the younger near the sources of the Tiber. Pliny, ltrs. 5 & 6.

Tusculānum, a country house of Cicero, near Tusculum, where, among other books, the orator composed his Quæstiones, concerning the contempt of death, &c., in five books. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 1, ch. 4; Letters to Atticus, bk. 15, ltr. 2; Letters to his Friends, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Tuscŭlum, a town of Latium on the declivity of a hill, about 12 miles from Rome, founded by Telegonus the son of Ulysses and Circe. It is now called Frescati, and is famous for the magnificent villas in its neighbourhood. Cicero, Letters to Atticus.—Strabo, bk. 5.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 23, li. 8, &c.

Tuscus, belonging to Etruria. The Tiber is called Tuscus Amnis, from its situation. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 199.

Tuscus vicus, a small village near Rome. It received this name from the Etrurians of Porsenna’s army that settled there. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 14.

Tuscum mare, a part of the Mediterranean on the coast of Etruria. See: Tyrrhenum.

Tuta, a queen of Illyricum, &c. See: Teuta.

Tutia, a vestal virgin accused of incontinence. She proved herself to be innocent by carrying water from the Tiber to the temple of Vesta in a sieve, after a solemn invocation to the goddess. Livy, bk. 20.——A small river six miles from Rome, where Annibal pitched his camp, when he retreated from the city. Livy, bk. 26, ch. 11.

Tuticum, a town of the Hirpini.

Tyăna, a town at the foot of mount Taurus in Cappadocia, where Apollonius was born, whence he is called Tyaneus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 719.—Strabo, bk. 12.

Tyanītis, a province of Asia Minor, near Cappadocia.

Tybris. See: Tiberis.——A Trojan who fought in Italy with Æneas against Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 124.

Tybur, a town of Latium on the Anio. See: Tibur.

Tyche, one of the Oceanides. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 360.——A part of the town of Syracuse. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 4, ch. 53.

Tychius, a celebrated artist of Hyle in Bœotia, who made Hector’s shield, which was covered with the hides of seven oxen. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 823.—Strabo, bk. 9.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 7, li. 220.

Tyde, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis. Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 367.

Tydeus, a son of Œneus king of Calydon and Peribœa. He fled from his country after the accidental murder of one of his friends, and found a safe asylum in the court of Adrastus king of Argos, whose daughter Deiphyle he married. When Adrastus wished to replace his son-in-law Polynices on the throne of Thebes, Tydeus undertook to go and declare war against Eteocles, who usurped the crown. The reception he met provoked his resentment; he challenged Eteocles and his officers to single combat, and defeated them. On his return to Argos he slew 50 of the Thebans who had conspired against his life, and lay in an ambush to surprise him; and only one of the number was permitted to return to Thebes, to bear the tidings of the fate of his companions. He was one of the seven chiefs of the army of Adrastus, and during the Theban war he behaved with great courage. Many of the enemies expired under his blows, till he was at last wounded by Menalippus. Though the blow was fatal, Tydeus had the strength to dart at his enemy, and to bring him to the ground, before he was carried away from the fight by his companions. At his own request, the dead body of Menalippus was brought to him, and after he had ordered the head to be cut off, he began to tear out the brains with his teeth. The savage barbarity of Tydeus displeased Minerva, who was coming to bring him relief and to make him immortal, and the goddess left him to his fate, and suffered him to die. He was buried at Argos, where his monument was still to be seen in the age of Pausanias. He was father to Diomedes. Some suppose that the cause of his flight to Argos was the murder of the son of Melus, or, according to others, of Alcathous his father’s brother, or perhaps his own brother Olenius. Homer, Iliad, bk. 4, lis. 365, 387.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 3, ch. 6.—Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 18.—Diodorus, bk. 2.—Euripides, Suppliants.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 479.—Ovid, Ibis, li. 350, &c.

Tydīdes, a patronymic of Diomedes, as son of Tydeus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 101.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 15, li. 28.

Tylos, a town of Peloponnesus near Tænarus, now Bahrain.

Tymber, a son of Daunus, who assisted Turnus. His head was cut off in an engagement by Pallas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 391, &c.

Tymōlus, a mountain. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 15. See: Tmolus.

Tympania, an inland town of Elis.

Tynphæi, a people between Epirus and Thessaly.

Tyndărĭdæ, a patronymic of the children of Tyndarus, as Castor, Pollux, and Helen, &c. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8.——A people of Colchis.

Tyndăris, a patronymic of Helen daughter of Tyndarus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 569.——A town of Sicily near Pelorus, founded by a Messenian colony. Strabo, bk. 6.—Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 91.—Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 209.——Horace gave this name to one of his mistresses, as best expressive of all female accomplishments, bk. 1, ode 17, li. 10.——A name given to Cassandra. Ovid, Ars Amatoria, bk. 2, li. 408.——A town of Colchis on the Phasis. Pliny.

Tyndărus, son of Œbalus and Gorgophone, or, according to some, of Perieres. He was king of Lacedæmon, and married the celebrated Leda, who bore him Timandra, Philonoe, &c., and also became mother of Pollux and Helen by Jupiter. See: Leda, Castor, Pollux, Clytemnestra, &c.

Tynnĭchus, a general of Heraclea. Polyænus.

Typhœus, or Typhon, a famous giant, son of Tartarus and Terra, who had 100 heads like those of a serpent or a dragon. Flames of devouring fire were darted from his mouth and from his eyes, and he uttered horrid yells, like the dissonant shrieks of different animals. He was no sooner born, than, to avenge the death of his brothers the giants, he made war against heaven, and so frightened the gods that they fled away and assumed different shapes. Jupiter became a ram, Mercury an ibis, ♦Apollo a crow, Juno a cow, Bacchus a goat, Diana a cat, Venus a fish, &c. The father of the gods at last resumed courage, and put Typhœus to flight with his thunderbolts, and crushed him under mount Ætna, in the island of Sicily, or, according to some, under the island Inarime. Typhœus became father of Geryon, Cerberus, and Orthos by his union with Echidna. Hyginus, fables 152 & 196.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 325.—Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 820.—Homer, Hymns.—Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 156.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 716.

♦ ‘Appollo’ replaced with ‘Apollo’

Typhon, a giant whom Juno produced by striking the earth. Some of the poets make him the same as the famous Typhœus. See: Typhœus.——A brother of Osiris, who married Nepthys. He laid snares for his brother during his expedition, and murdered him at his return. The death of Osiris was avenged by his son Orus, and Typhon was put to death. See: Osiris. He was reckoned among the Egyptians to be the cause of every evil, and on that account generally represented as a wolf and a crocodile. Plutarch, de Iside et Osiride.—Diodorus, bk. 1.

Tyrannion, a grammarian of Pontus, intimate with Cicero. His original name was Theophrastus, and he received that of Tyrannion, from his austerity to his pupils. He was taken by Lucullus, and restored to his liberty by Muræna. He opened a school in the house of his friend Cicero, and enjoyed his friendship. He was extremely fond of books, and collected a library of about 30,000 volumes. To his care and industry the world is indebted for the preservation of Aristotle’s works.——There was also one of his disciples called Diocles, who bore his name. He was a native of Phœnicia, and was made prisoner in the war of Augustus and Antony. He was bought by Dymes, one of the emperors favourites, and afterwards by Terentia, who gave him his liberty. He wrote 68 different volumes, in one of which he proved that the Latin tongue was derived from the Greek; and another in which Homer’s poems were corrected, &c.

Tyrannus, a son of Pterelaus.

Tyras, or Tyra, a river of European Sarmatia, falling into the Euxine sea, between the Danube and the Borysthenes, and now called the Niester. Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 50.

Tyres, one of the companions of Æneas in his wars against Turnus. He was brother to Teuthras. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 403.

Tyridates, a rich man in the age of Alexander, &c. Curtius.

Tyrii, or Tyrus, a town of Magna Græcia.

Tyriotes, a eunuch of Darius, who fled from Alexander’s camp, to inform his master of the queen’s death. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 10.

Tyro, a beautiful nymph, daughter of Salmoneus king of Elis and Alcidice. She was treated with great severity by her mother-in-law Sidero, and at last removed from her father’s house by her uncle Cretheus. She became enamoured of the Enipeus; and as she often walked on the banks of the river, Neptune assumed the shape of her favourite lover, and gained her affections. She had two sons, Pelias and Neleus, by Neptune, whom she exposed, to conceal her incontinence from the world. The children were preserved by shepherds, and when they had arrived at years of maturity, they avenged their mother’s injuries by assassinating the cruel Sidero. Some time after her amour with Neptune, Tyro married her uncle Cretheus, by whom she had Amythaon, Pheres, and Æson. Tyro is often called Salmonis from her father. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11, li. 234.—Pindar, Pythian, ch. 4.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Propertius, bk. 1, poem 13, li. 20; bk. 2, poem 30, li. 51; bk. 3, poem 19, li. 13.—Ovid, Amores, bk. 3, poem 6, li. 43.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 12, ch. 42.

Tyros, an island of Arabia.——A city of Phœnicia. See: Tyrus.

Tyrrheidæ, a patronymic given to the sons of Tyrrheus, who kept the flocks of Latinus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 484.

Tyrrhēni, the inhabitants of Etruria. See: Etruria.

Tyrrhēnum mare, that part of the Mediterranean which lies on the coast of Etruria. It is also called Inferum, as being at the bottom or south of Italy.

Tyrrhēnus, a son of Atys king of Lydia, who came to Italy, where part of the country was called after him. Strabo, bk. 5.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 55.—Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 1.——A friend of Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 612.

Tyrrheus, a shepherd of king Latinus, whose stag being killed by the companions of Ascanius, was the first cause of war between Æneas and the inhabitants of Latium. Hence the word Tyrrheides. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 485.——An Egyptian general, B.C. 91.

Tyrsis, a place in the Balearides, supposed to be the palace of Saturn.

Tyrtæus, a Greek elegiac poet, born in Attica, son of Archimbrotus. In the second Messenian war, the Lacedæmonians were directed by the oracle to apply to the Athenians for a general, if they wished to finish their expedition with success, and they were contemptuously presented with Tyrtæus. The poet, though ridiculed for his many deformities, and his ignorance of military affairs, animated the Lacedæmonians with martial songs, just as they wished to raise the siege of Ithome, and inspired them with so much courage, that they defeated the Messenians. For his services, he was made a citizen of Lacedæmon, and treated with great attention. Of the compositions of Tyrtæus nothing is extant but the fragments of four or five elegies. He flourished about 684 B.C. Justin, bk. 2, ch. 5.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Aristotle, Politics, bk. 5, ch. 7.—Horace, Art of Poetry, li. 402.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 12, ch. 50.—Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 6, &c.

Tyrus, or Tyros, a very ancient city of Phœnicia, built by the Sidonians, on a small island at the south of Sidon, about 200 stadia from the shore, and now called Sur. There were, properly speaking, two places of that name, the old Tyros, called Palætyros, on the sea-shore, and the other in the island. It was about 19 miles in circumference, including Palætyros, but, without it, about four miles. Tyre was destroyed by the princes of Assyria, and afterwards rebuilt. It maintained its independence till the age of Alexander, who took it with much difficulty, and only after he had joined the island to the continent by a mole, after a siege of seven months, on the 20th of August, B.C. 332. The Tyrians were naturally industrious; their city was the emporium of commerce, and they were deemed the inventors of scarlet and purple colours. They founded many cities in different parts of the world, such as Carthage, Gades, Leptis, Utica, &c., which on that account are often distinguished by the epithet Tyria. The buildings of Tyre were very splendid and magnificent; the walls were 150 feet high, with a proportionate breadth. Hercules was the chief deity of the place. It had two large and capacious harbours, and a powerful fleet, and was built, according to some writers, about 2760 years before the christian era. Strabo, bk. 16.—Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 44.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 12.—Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 4.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, lis. 6, 339, &c.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, &c. Metamorphoses, bks. 5 & 10.—Lucan, bk. 3, &c.——A nymph, mother of Venus, according to some.

Tysias, a man celebrated by Cicero. See: Tisias.