INDEX

• • Abbot’s Ripton, 140, 308
  • Acton, Lord, 65
  • Acts of Parliament:
    • 15 Ed. III, st. 1, c. 5 (1341), 52
      
    • 37 Hen. VIII, c. 9 (1545), 159
      
    • 5 and 6 Ed. VI, c. 20 (1552), 159, 180
      
    • 13 Eliz., c. 8 (1571), 159, 180, 181, 187
      
    • 39 Eliz., c. 2 (1597), 178
  • Aegidius Lessinus, 295, 296
  • Aeneas Silvius, 110
  • Agriculture, 136-50, 231.
    • See also Enclosures, Land, Pasture farming, Peasants
  • Alcock, Thomas, 270
  • Alien immigrants, 205, 314
  • Almsgiving, condemnation of, 111, 114, 265, 305;
    • a duty, 260-1
  • America, silver of, 68, 74, 135;
    • Calvinism in, 127-32, 227, 238, 320
  • Ames, 216-7, 318
  • Amsterdam, 104
  • Anglicans. See Clergy and Church of England
  • Annuities, 42, 217
  • Antwerp, 72, 73-5, 79, 80, 86, 87, 104, 168, 178, 303;
    • fall of, 77, 176
  • Apparel, excess in, 115, 127
  • Aquinas. See St. Thomas
  • Archdeacons, visitations of, 48, 52, 162, 296-7, 310
  • Aristotle, 44
  • Asceticism, 17, 18, 19
  • Ashton, T. S., 252, 325
  • Aske, 141
  • Augsburg, 79, 85
• • Bacon, 148, 151, 185
  • Baillie, 214
  • Bancroft, Archbishop, 186, 213, 214
  • Bank, at Geneva, 120
  • — of England, 252
  • Banking, deposit, beginnings of, 176
  • Barbon, Dr. Nicholas, 247
  • Barebones, Praise-God, 247
  • Bargaining, equity in, 152, 159, 181, 183, 188, 221-3, 224, 244, 272.
    • See also Prices and Profits
  • Baro, 215, 318
  • Basle, 120;
    • Council of, 103
  • Baxter, Richard, 9, 19, 200, 203, 207, 219-24, 226, 242 (quoted), 243 (quoted), 253, 260, 268, 291
  • Becon, 82, 141, 144
  • Beggars. See Almsgiving and Vagrancy
  • Bellarmin, 80, 303
  • Bellers, 19, 272
  • Belloc, H., 92
  • Bennet, Dr., 153
  • Benvenuto da Imola, quoted, 11
  • Berkeley, Bishop, 270, 284
  • Berne, 120
  • Berthold, Brother, 225
  • Beza, 119, 121, 122, 123, 215
  • Birmingham, 204
  • Bishops, articles of visitation of, 161;
    • were normally justices, 165;
      
    • Bill re powers of, 174-5, 312;
      
    • abolition of, 188, 214.
      
    • See also Commissary, Court of High Commission and Courts, ecclesiastical
  • Blaxton, John, cited, 156
  • Bodin, 81
  • Böheim, Hans, 81
  • Bolingbroke, 207
  • Bologna, University of, 81
  • Boniface VIII, 19; bull of, 21
  • Bossuet, 83
  • Boston, 128-31
  • Bourges, 50
  • Braddon, Lawrence, 315
  • Bradford, 204
  • —, Governor, 127 (quoted), 128
  • Brentano, 316
  • Bristol, 202
  • Brittany, Count of, 299
  • Bruges, 73
  • Bucer, 19, 63, 81, 83, 105, 116, 142, 215
  • Bullinger, 19, 81, 114, 181
  • Bunyan, 9, 19, 199, 225, 268, 307
  • Burford, 181
  • Buridanus, Johannes, 295
  • Bury, 218
• • Cahorsines, 29, 294, 297
  • “Calling,” 240-6, 316, 321
  • Calvin, 10, 19, 94, 102-32;
    • teaching of, on usury, 81, 83, 126, 181, 215, 216, 233, 239;
      
    • letter of, to Somerset, 116;
      
    • Institutes of, 116, 117;
      
    • scheme of municipal government drafted by, 117;
      
    • death of, 119.
      
    • See also Calvinism
  • Calvinism, 102-32, 233-5;
    • sanctification of economic enterprise by, 34, 104-5, 108, 109, 110, 111, 116, 233, 239;
      
    • connection of individualism with, 112-3, 227, 316-7;
      
    • discipline of, 112, 113, 115-32, 215, 219, 227, 234, 238, 316-7;
      
    • in France, 125-6;
      
    • in Scotland, 126-7;
      
    • development of, in England, 198;
      
    • in Holland, 211.
      
    • See also Calvin and Puritanism
  • Cambridge, 318
  • Canon law. See Law, canon
  • Canonists, chicanery and casuistry of, 37, 51, 54, 60, 100.
    • See also Law, canon
  • Canterbury, 205;
    • archbishop of, 47, 156;
      
    • Canons of, 161
  • Capitalism, early appearance of, 16, 26, 84, 226;
    • connection of, with Puritanism, 212, 315-8
  • Carpenters, parliament of, 292
  • Cartwright, Thomas, 213, 215
  • Catholicism, and capitalism, 84, 316
  • Cattle, loaning of, 54, 154, 181-2
  • Cecil, William, 145, 165
  • Chalmers, Dr., 271, 324
  • Charles I, social policy of, 169-74, 211, 235-8, 319-20
  • Charles V, 71, 79
  • Chaucer, 23 (quoted), 302
  • Chauvet, 123
  • Chesterton, G. K., 92
  • Chevage, 147
  • Chevisance, 51
  • Choisy, 306
  • Church, medieval, pomp and avarice of, 59, 60, 62;
    • attitude of, to established social order, 56-9;
      
    • strength and weakness of, 59-60;
      
    • ideals of, 60-2
  • — of England, 135-93; conservatism and ineffectiveness of social theory of, 85, 155-7, 184-93, 282; Puritanism represented in, 198
  • — of Ireland, 161
    See also Clergy, Councils (Church), Courts (ecclesiastical), Law (canon), Papacy, Reformation, Religion, and under State
  • Churches, Nonconformist, attitude of, to social problems in 18th century, 281.
    • See also Presbyterianism, Puritanism, Tolerance
  • Civil Law. See Law, civil
  • Clarendon Code, 205
  • —, Constitutions of, 51
  • —, Earl of, 173, 204, 249, 252, 321
  • Class hatred, 18, 123, 145
  • Classes, Puritan, 213, 217, 317, 318
  • Clayton, Sir Robert, 322
  • Clergy, taking of usury by, 30, 46, 53, 292-3, 300;
    • subservience of, 159, 281;
      
    • return of, to City churches, 204;
      
    • popular sympathies of, in France, 281.
      
    • See also Church of England
  • Cloth industry, 105, 136, 142, 147;
    • capitalism in, 70, 176, 268-9;
      
    • distress in, 168, 205, 314;
      
    • wages in, 174, 293, 320;
      
    • regulation of, 174, 236, 237, 319;
      
    • Puritanism in centers of, 202, 203, 204, 322;
      
    • proposed nationalization of, 236.
      
    • See also Textile workers
  • Coke, 186
  • Colbert, 77, 236
  • Cologne, 37
  • Colonization, 71, 238, 320
  • Colquhoun, Patrick, 313
  • Columbus, 67, 69, 89
  • Combinations, 55, 87-8, 95-6, 293.
    • See also Gilds
  • Commissary, Court of, 53, 162, 300, 310
  • Commissions, Depopulation, 138, 145, 173, 237, 320
  • Commons, enclosure of, 140, 167, 174, 256, 259, 260.
    • See also Enclosures
  • “Commonwealth men,” 145
  • Communal movement, 56
  • Communism, 32, 256
  • Companies, infringement of charters of, 237.
    • See also East India Co. and Royal African Co.
  • Confessors, instructions to, 48-9
  • Congregationalism, 198
  • Consistory, at Geneva, 116, 117, 119-24
  • Constance, Council of, 103
  • Consumption, 34, 231, 248, 251
  • Copper, 73, 75, 79
  • Copyholders, 139, 147, 167, 308
  • Corn, engrossing of, 123, 168, 174, 311.
    • See also Granaries
  • Coulton, G. G., 11, 30
  • Councils, Church, 46-7, 51, 54, 296
  • Court, De la, 206
  • Court of Arches, 186
  • — Chancery, 51, 53, 295, 300
  • — Delegates, 186
  • — High Commission, 162, 186-7, 237, 313;
    abolition of, 188, 213, 214
  • — Requests, 139, 308
  • — Star Chamber, 139, 174, 308, 311, 312, 319;
    abolition of, 213
  • Courts, jurisdiction of, with regard to usury, 37-9, 50-4, 160-2;
    • ecclesiastical, 50-4, 160-2, 186-8, 213, 214, 300, 301;
      
    • royal, encroachments of, on feudal system, 57-8, 87.
      
    • See also the several Courts above-mentioned
  • Coventry, 37, 309
  • Craftsmen, deceits practiced by, 24, 126, 298;
    • relations between merchants and, 26, 136, 137, 173-4, 236, 320;
      
    • labor of, honorable, 92, 240.
      
    • See also Gilds and Wage-earners
  • Cranmer, 83, 160
  • Cromwell, Oliver, 199, 219, 227 (quoted), 249, 258, 317
  • Crowley, Robert, 82, 141, 144, 146 (quoted), 148 (quoted)
  • Cunningham, William, 212, 213 (quoted)
  • Curia, papal, 47-8
  • Currency, depreciation of, 77, 78, 137, 177
• • Dantzig, 100
  • Debtor, defaulting, punishment of, 127
  • Dedham, classis of, 217-8
  • Defoe, 205, 252, 315, 324, 325
  • Depopulation. See Commissions and Enclosures
  • D’Ewes, 217
  • Dicey, Prof., 254
  • Diet, Imperial, 88
  • Diggers, 256, 317
  • Discipline, versus the Religion of Trade, 211-27.
    • See also Calvinism, Presbyterianism, Puritanism
  • Discoveries, 67, 69, 73, 86, 87, 135, 316
  • Dives et Pauper, 9, 216, 261, 323
  • Downing, Sir George, 252
  • Duns Scotus, 33
  • Dutch, virtues of, 211, 252, 269;
    • capital supplied to England by, 249, 252, 322;
      
    • imitation of methods of, 252.
      
    • See also Holland
• • East Anglia, 174;
    • Puritanism in, 202, 203
  • — India Co., 320
  • Eck, 81
  • Economic science, development of, 7-10, 80, 158, 180, 185, 189, 204, 249-50.
    • See also Economists
  • Economists, 249;
    • attitude of, towards religious tolerance, 10, 204-5, 206-7;
      
    • attitude of, towards poor relief, 267-72, 323-4.
      
    • See also Economic Science
  • Edict of Nantes, revocation of, 205
  • Education, diffusion of, 141, 142, 143;
    • parochial, 154.
      
    • See also Schools
  • Enclosures, 137-50;
    • popular agitations against, 137-8, 140, 143-5, 256-7, 323;
      
    • first account of, 138;
      
    • steps taken by Government to check, 138, 145, 147, 172-3, 178, 236, 255, 309, 311, 312;
      
    • attitude of Puritans to, 217, 224, 236, 255-60.
      
    • See also under Gentry
  • England, comparison of, with the Continent, 8, 16, 54, 70, 135, 231
  • Engrossers, 36, 38, 40, 55, 119, 122, 123, 164, 168, 174, 191, 236, 239, 244, 311, 312
  • Erasmus, 72, 76
  • Erastians, 214
  • Essex, 162, 203
  • Evangelicals, 193, 254
  • Exchanger, Royal, 237
  • Exchanges, foreign, discussions on, 43, 158, 177, 316;
    • control of, 74, 168, 236, 237, 311, 319;
      
    • lawfulness of transactions on, 80-1
  • Exchequer, stop of, 224
  • Exclusion Bill, 203
  • Excommunication, 29, 45, 46, 47, 52, 117, 121, 142, 161, 214, 299;
    • disregarding of, 159, 187
  • Exeter, 204;
    • bishop of, 169
• • Fairs, 45
  • Fenton, Roger, quoted, 106, 157, 305
  • Ferrar, Nicholas, 263
  • Feudalism, 22, 57-9, 231;
    • decline of, 57-8, 147, 149, 174.
      
    • See also Peasants
  • Figgis, Dr., 6
  • Financiers, medieval attitude to, 23, 33, 104-5;
    • international, rise of, 72, 75-6, 78-9;
      
    • Catholicism of, 84;
      
    • attitude of Swiss reformers to, 104, 108.
      
    • See also Usury
  • Firmin, 272
  • Flanders. See Low Countries
  • Flavell, John, 321
  • Fletcher of Saltoun, 265
  • Florence, 16, 37, 50, 292, 295, 316
  • Foley, Thomas, 253
  • Fondaco Tedesco, 68
  • Food supplies, control of, 173-4, 235, 236, 262.
    • See also Corn
  • Fox, 199, 200
  • Foxe, 160
  • France, 54, 77, 236, 250, 268, 281, 293, 302, 315;
    • peasantry in, 58, 59, 136, 151;
      
    • Calvinism in, 125-6, 203, 238.
      
    • See also Lyons and Paris
  • Franciscans, 18, 54;
    • Spiritual, 57
  • Franeker, University of, 216
  • Frankfurt, 26, 75, 85, 110
  • Franklin, Benjamin, 238, 320
  • Free Cities, 56
  • Freeholders, 202, 203, 258
  • Freiburg, 86
  • Friars, 18
  • Friends. See Quakers
  • Friesland, West, 238
  • Froissart, 18
  • Froude, 5
  • Fruiterers, of London, 55
  • Fuggers, the, 79, 81, 82, 87, 88, 90, 191, 303
• • Gay, Prof., 146
  • Geiler von Kaiserberg, 88, 304
  • Geneva, 103, 104, 113, 115-25, 215, 226, 227, 234, 235, 306
  • Genoa, 48
  • Gentry, opposition of, to prevention of enclosures, 145, 147, 178, 235, 237, 255-7, 258, 309;
    • attitude of, to commercial classes, 207-10
  • George, Lloyd, quoted, 4, 291
  • Germany, 54, 68, 77, 250;
    schemes of social reconstruction in, 27, 88, 302;
    • peasantry in, 58, 59, 81, 82, 86-7, 88, 91, 93, 136, 139, 151, 302;
      
    • trade and banking business of, 69, 70, 74, 75, 78-9, 86-8, 89-90, 316;
      
    • Reformation in, 79, 81, 82, 83, 85-102, 110, 141;
      
    • wage-earning class in, in Middle Ages, 86, 292
  • Gilds, membership of, 26;
    • policy and ideals of, 26-8;
      
    • enforcement of rules of, 52, 300;
      
    • loans by, 54, 301;
      
    • capture of, by capitalist members, 69, 86, 136;
      
    • control of, at Antwerp, 75;
      
    • malpractices of, 137, 293;
      
    • confiscation of lands of, 139, 309
  • Glasgow, 238
  • Gloucester, 204
  • Godfrey, Michael, 252
  • Goldsmiths, 249
  • Granaries, public, 236, 319
  • Gratian, 32, 35
  • Gregory VII, 19
  • Gresham, Sir Richard, 140
  • —, Sir Thomas, 9, 143, 178, 179
  • Grindal, Archbishop, 160
  • Grosstête, Bishop, 29, 293
• • Hague, The, 252
  • Hale, Sir Matthew, 263
  • Hales, John, 145
  • Halifax, 204
  • Hamilton, John. See St. Andrews, Archbishop of
  • Hammond, Mr. and Mrs., 18
  • Hanse League, 68, 73
  • Harrington, 176
  • Harris, Walter, 270
  • Harrison, 270
  • Hartlib, Samuel, 264
  • Hatfield Chase, 174
  • Haugs, the, 79
  • Heming, Nicholas, 156, 158 (quoted)
  • Henry of Ghent, quoted, 34
  • — of Langenstein, quoted, 36, 42
  • Herberts, the, 140, 146
  • Hinde, 312
  • Hipler, 88, 304
  • Hobbes, 18
  • Hochstetters, the, 79, 88, 303
  • Holland, 8;
    • wars and commercial rivalry of England with, 7, 249, 252, 268, 321;
      
    • religious developments in, 10, 211, 227;
      
    • economic progress of, 10, 204, 211, 216, 231, 316;
      
    • controversy in, about usury, 126, 238;
      
    • middle classes in, 208, 211;
      
    • emigration of Dissenters to, 314.
      
    • See also Dutch and Low Countries
  • Holland, Lord, 237
  • Hooker, Richard, 166, 170, 234
  • Hospitals, 144, 263;
    • loans by, 54, 301
  • Hostiensis, 158, 304
  • Houblon, James and John, 252
  • House of Commons, 143, 178, 179, 187, 264
  • — of Convocation, 160
  • Huguenots, 252
  • Humanists, 79, 110, 114, 262
  • Hungary, 75, 79
  • Hutten, 88, 304
• • Imhofs, the, 79
  • Independents, 112, 212, 214, 219, 252
  • Indians, American, 130, 185
  • Indifferentism, 17, 18, 19, 188, 280
  • Individualism, rise of, 10, 13, 22, 65, 74, 81, 141, 163, 166, 172, 175-93, 227, 235, 250, 253, 254, 262, 316-7;
    • deduction of, from teaching of reformers, 82-4, 90, 112-3, 226-7.
      
    • See also under Puritanism
  • Industrial Revolution, 18, 193
  • Innocent IV, 29, 44, 293
  • Interesse, 42, 43, 95
  • Interest, rate of, 120, 124, 128, 153, 162, 180, 322;
    • “pure,” 42;
      
    • true and unfeigned, not usury, 304.
      
    • See also Interesse and Usury
  • Ireland, 231, 270, 324;
    • Church of, 161
  • Ireton, 258
  • Iron industry, 202, 220, 252-3, 325
  • Italy, 9, 54, 72;
    • medieval capitalism in, 26, 84, 86, 316;
      
    • wage-earners in, 26, 38, 292;
      
    • financiers of, 29, 45, 73, 136;
      
    • canonists of, 54;
      
    • economic position of, 67, 69, 70, 231.
      
    • See also Florence and Venice
• • Jacquerie, 58
  • Jewel, Bishop, 82, 156
  • Jews, 37, 249
  • John XXII, bull of, 57
  • John of Salisbury, quoted, 22, 24, 292
  • Joint-stock enterprise, outburst of, 176
  • Jones, Rev. David, 246
  • Journeymen. See Wage-earners
  • Justices in Eyre, 51
  • — of Assize, 173
  • — of the Peace, usurers dealt with by, 164, 168;
    regulation of markets and of wages by, 173;
    closing of public-houses by, 218;
    administration of poor laws by, 236, 263;
    administration of orders against enclosures by, 173, 255
• • Keane, Robert, 128-31
  • Ket, 144, 302
  • Keynes, J. M., 251, 286
  • Kidderminster, 207, 220
  • King’s Lynn, 301, 309
  • Knewstub, 215, 318
  • Knox, John, 10, 19, 115, 118 (quoted), 127, 213
• • Lancashire, Puritanism in, 203, 204, 214, 322.
    • See also Bury
  • Land, 9, 137-50;
    • purchase of, by nouveaux riches, and speculation in, 87, 139-41, 143-4, 176, 208, 257;
      
    • mortgaging of, 103, 168.
      
    • See also Enclosures, Landlords, Pasture farming, Property, Rent-charge, Rents
  • Landlords, oppressions of, 50, 140, 155, 164, 167, 172, 223, 236, 238, 298;
    • ecclesiastical, management of estates by, 58-9, 139, 144.
      
    • See also Peasants and Rents
  • Lanfranc, 18
  • Langland, 18, 261
  • Lateran Councils, 46, 54
  • Latimer, 10, 19, 82, 141, 145, 255, 256, 262, 275, 287
  • Laud, 10, 19, 113, 133, 170-5, 188, 205, 210, 213, 236, 237, 255, 311
  • Laurentius de Rudolfis, 9, 291
  • Law, canon, 9, 165;
    • rules of, as to usury, 10, 36-55, 94, 95;
      
    • serfdom recognized by, 58;
      
    • discredit of, 62, 65, 143, 159, 187;
      
    • continued appeal to, 81, 85, 152-63, 305-6;
      
    • compatibility of exchange business with, 80.
      
    • See also Canonists
  • —, civil, 159-60
  • —, common, 159, 161, 186
  • —, natural, 39, 62, 179-80, 192, 259, 278
  • Law, John, 253
  • —, William, 190
  • Layton, Dr., 159
  • Leach, A. F., 143
  • Leadam, 146
  • Lease-mongers, 144
  • Lee, Joseph, quoted, 259
  • Leeds, 204
  • Leicester, 204, 256, 258
  • Leonard, Miss, 173
  • Levellers, 19, 212, 255, 317
  • Lever, 82, 141, 144, 156
  • Linen industry, 142
  • Lisbon, 79, 86, 87
  • Loans, charitable, 54, 154, 164, 263, 301;
    • public, indemnification of subscribers to, 179.
      
    • See also Interest and Usury
  • Locke, 7 (quoted), 179, 189, 250, 258
  • Lollards, 50
  • Lombard bankers, 29, 51
  • London, 26, 51, 52, 55, 140, 263;
    • growth of money-market in, 75, 136, 177;
      
    • Nonconformity in, 104, 203, 204, 214, 243, 252;
      
    • fire of, 204, 221;
      
    • bishop of, 29, 53, 162, 294
  • Lotteries, 126, 306
  • Low Countries, 70, 71, 72-3, 77, 231;
    • early capitalism in, 16, 25, 84, 292, 316;
      
    • wage-earners in, 25-6, 38, 292;
      
    • Monts de Piété in, 54, 301;
      
    • religious tolerance in, 206.
      
    • See also Antwerp and Holland
  • Luchaire, A., 30
  • Luther, 10, 19, 36, 79-102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 116, 241, 265, 298
  • Lyndwood, 54
  • Lyons, 75, 77, 120;
    • Poor Men of, 18;
      
    • Council of, 46
• • Machiavelli, 7, 80, 184, 316
  • Maidstone, 205
  • Maitland, 159
  • Major, 107
  • Malynes, G., 177
  • Mandeville, 190 (quoted), 313
  • Manning, B. L., 19
  • Marx, Karl, 36, 112, 269
  • Massachusetts, 127-31, 238
  • Melanchthon, 81, 92, 107, 158
  • Mendicant orders, 92, 240
  • Mercantilism, 31, 80, 237, 251
  • Merchant Adventurers, 68, 73
  • Merchants. See Traders
  • Merchet, 147
  • Meutings, the, 79, 303
  • Middle classes ,rise of, 8, 86, 87, 94, 111, 176, 177, 208, 234, 268, 269;
    • Calvinism and Puritanism among, 111, 113, 187, 202-10, 211-2, 231, 266, 317;
      
    • qualities of, 111, 208, 211, 230-1;
      
    • humbler, attitude of, to rising commercialism, 163-4;
      
    • economic position of, 207-8, 244, 315
  • Middlemen. See Traders
  • Mill, James, 243
  • Milton, 199, 231
  • Mines, of New World, 68;
    • of Europe, 68, 75, 79;
      
    • capitalism in working of, 70, 176
  • Monarchy, paternal, 211, 232, 235, 236-8, 253, 319.
    • See also Charles I and Tudors
  • Monasteries, loans by, 54, 301;
    • relief of beggars by, 92, 114, 266;
      
    • dissolution of, 138-41, 144, 308, 309
  • Moneylenders. See Interest, Loans (public), Usury
  • Money-market. See Exchanges, Financiers, and under London
  • Monopolies. See Patents
  • Monopolists, denunciations of, 38, 81, 88, 93, 96, 119, 221
  • Montagu, 253
  • Montesquieu, 208
  • Monts de Piété, 43, 54, 301, 320
  • Moore, John, 257, 259
  • More, Sir Thomas, 73, 138, 139
  • Mosse, Miles, 156, 158, 160 (quoted)
  • Mullins, Archdeacon, 310
• • Nationalism, 68, 77
  • Netherlands. See Low Countries
  • New England, Calvinism in, 127-32, 227, 238
  • New Model Army, 219
  • Nicholas III, 29
  • Nonconformists. See Churches (Nonconformist), Independents, Presbyterianism, Puritanism, Quakers, Tolerance
  • Norfolk, 168, 203
  • North, Sir Dudley, quoted, 250
  • Notre-Dame, Cathedral of, 30, 294
  • Nürnberg, 85, 110
• • O’Brien, G., 43 (cited)
  • Œcolampadius, 82, 106, 114
  • Oresme, Nicholas, 9, 291
  • Owen, Robert, 272
  • Oziander, 83
• • Paget, 145
  • Paley, 287
  • Pallavicino, 178
  • Papacy, avarice and corruption of, 29, 85, 89-90, 92, 110, 111;
    • financial relations of, 29, 30, 44, 296-7
  • Papillon, Thomas, 252
  • Papists, unaptness of, for business, 206;
    • charity of, 233, 265, 320
  • Paris, 26, 75, 80, 120, 125, 293;
    • bishop of, 30, 294
  • Parish, loans by, 54, 154, 301;
    • organization of, 154-5, 312
  • Parker, Bishop, 204
  • Parliament, Levellers’ demands for reform of, 255
  • Parliament, Barebones, 219, 247
  • —, Long, 175, 187, 237, 255, 257
  • “Parliaments,” of wage-earners, 26, 292
  • Partnership, profits of, lawful, 42, 295;
    • fictitious, 48, 297
  • Pasture farming, 136, 137, 139, 140, 142, 145, 173, 178.
    • See also Enclosures
  • Patents, 236, 237, 319
  • Paterson, William, 253
  • Pawnshops, public, 164
  • Peasants, associations among, 27;
    • harshness of lot of, 57-8;
      
    • revolts of, 58, 59, 70, 140, 143-5, 256, 302;
      
    • revolts of, in Germany, 58, 59, 81, 82, 88, 91, 93, 139, 145, 302;
      
    • emancipation of, from serfdom, 58, 59, 69, 87, 136, 147;
      
    • comparison of, with peasantry of France and Germany, 59, 86-7, 136, 151;
      
    • calling of, praised, 92.
      
    • See also Jacquerie and Landlords
  • Peckham, Archbishop, 29
  • Pecock, Bishop, 50, 55, 100, 297-8, 301
  • Penn, William, 188
  • Pennsylvania, 238
  • Pepper, 75
  • Pepys, 204
  • Petty, Sir William, 206, 250, 251 (quoted)
  • Piccarda, 17
  • Pilgrimage of Grace, 141
  • Pirenne, Prof., 74, 292
  • Political Arithmetic, 10, 185, 189, 204, 250.
    • See also Economic Science
  • Pollexfen, Sir Henry, 269
  • Ponet, 82, 141
  • Poor, relief of, 82, 92, 114, 141, 144, 155, 161, 193, 239;
    • investment of money for benefit of, 126, 182, 306;
      
    • legislation re relief of, 127, 262, 264-6, 271, 323, 324;
      
    • administration of laws for relief of, 168, 173-4, 236, 263;
      
    • right of, to relief, 264-5, 271;
      
    • relief to, to be deterrent, 271, 324;
      
    • able-bodied, employment of, 168, 262, 264, 265, 271, 323-4.
      
    • See also Almsgiving, Poverty, Vagrancy
  • — Law Commissioners, 271, 324
  • — Men of Lyons, 18
  • Portugal, 67, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 84
  • Poverty, attitude of Swiss reformers to, 105, 114-5, 132;
    • attitude to, in eighteenth century, 189-90;
      
    • attitude of Puritans to, 231, 233, 253-5, 260-73;
      
    • medieval attitude to, 260-1, 323;
      
    • attitude of Quakers to, 272;
      
    • causes of, 262, 264-5, 265-7, 270, 324.
      
    • See also Poor
  • Predestination, 108, 112
  • Presbyterianism, 198, 213-5, 217-8, 234, 317, 318.
    • See also Puritanism
  • Presbyterians, 203, 207, 252;
    • struggle between Independents and, 112, 212, 214
  • Prices, rise in, 9, 70, 75, 81, 137, 147, 177, 180;
    • just, doctrine with regard to, 17, 36, 41, 81, 94-5, 153, 156, 216-7, 222, 225, 244, 268, 293, 295, 318, 325;
      • control of, 41, 117, 119, 122, 123, 128-30, 142, 143, 168, 173, 174, 262, 320;
      
      
    • opposition to control of, 179, 235, 315.
      
    • See also Bargaining
  • Privy Council ,activities of, 166-9, 173-4, 236-8, 263, 320
  • Production, 248, 249, 251
  • Profits, medieval doctrine as to, 32, 34-6, 42, 104;
    • attempted limitation of, in New England, 127-31.
      
    • See also Traders
  • Property, theories with regard to, 32, 102, 146-50, 189, 258, 261, 262
  • Prophesyings, 201
  • Public-houses, closing of, 218
  • Puritanism, 195-273;
    • quarrel between monarchy and, 6, 212, 232, 235-8, 318-9;
      
    • medieval, 18;
      
    • discipline of, 113, 127-31, 187, 213-9, 234-5, 317;
      
    • theology of, 113, 227-30;
      
    • connection of individualism with, 113, 127, 212, 213, 219, 227, 229-39, 253, 254, 266, 271, 272, 316;
      
    • divergent elements in, 198, 212-3, 316;
      
    • sanctification of business life by, 199, 201, 230, 233, 239-54, 272;
      
    • geographical distribution of, 202-4;
      
    • connection of, with capitalism, 212, 316-7.
      
    • See also Calvinism, Middle classes, New England, Poverty, Presbyterianism, Usury
• • Quakers, 19, 272, 325
  • Quarter Sessions. See Justices of the Peace
  • Quicksilver, 79
• • Rabelais, 77
  • Rationalism, medieval, 18
  • Reformation, relation of, to changes in social theory, 14-5, 19-20, 65-6, 81, 82-5, 89-93, 141, 154, 155-60
  • Regensburg, 85, 225
  • Religion, sphere of, all-embracing, 5, 8-10, 14, 18, 19-36, 60-2, 80, 82-5, 90-1, 97-8, 99, 148, 150-75, 182-3, 221, 224-6, 278, 279, 281-2, 285 (see also under Traders);
    • economic and social activities excluded from province of, 5, 6-13, 17, 91, 96-101, 175, 177-93, 221, 226, 238, 254-5, 277, 278-87;
      
    • wars of, 6-7, 119.
      
    • See also Asceticism, Calvinism, Indifferentism, Presbyterianism, Puritanism, Reformation, Tolerance
  • Rent-charge, considered lawful, 42, 43, 95, 182, 216, 217, 295
  • Rents, control of, at Geneva, 117;
    • raising of, 119, 140, 146, 153;
      
    • Baxter’s teaching as to, 224
  • Rhode Island, 238
  • Riches, medieval attitude to, 32, 34-5, 55, 285, 301-2;
    • attitude of Calvinists and Puritans to, 105, 132, 230, 239, 267;
      
    • modern attitude to, 282-7.
      
    • See also Financiers and Traders
  • Ridley, Thomas, quoted, 186
  • Ripon, 53
  • Rome, corruption and avarice at, 28-30, 85, 90, 92, 110
  • Root and Branch Petition, 314
  • Rotenburg, 86
  • Rouen, 75
  • Rousseau, 293
  • Royal African Co., 249, 322
• • St. Ambrose, 260
  • St. Andrews, 127;
    • archbishop of, 50
  • St. Antonino, 9, 17, 32, 40-1, 88, 225, 291, 294, 295
  • St. Augustine, 48
  • St. Bernard, 30
  • St. Francis, 18, 57
  • St. Johns, the, 140, 308
  • St. Léon, Martin, 28 (quoted), 292, 293
  • St. Raymond, 48, 153
  • St. Thomas, 17, 20 (quoted), 31, 33, 35 (quoted), 36, 39 (quoted), 40, 58, 152, 200, 225, 260, 304
  • Salerno, archbishop of, 48
  • Salisbury, bishop of, 156;
    • mayor of, 218
  • Sanderson, Bishop, 188
  • Sandwich, 205
  • Sandys, Bishop, 82, 156
  • Say, J. B., 1
  • Saye and Sele, Lord, 174, 312
  • Schoolmen, 9, 16, 19, 30-6, 40-1, 80, 82, 148, 152, 155, 158, 183, 225.
    • See also St. Antonino and St. Thomas
  • Schools, confiscation of endowments of, 143, 309;
    
  • establishment of, by Church, 193.
  • See also Education
  • Schulze-Gaevernitz, 212
  • Scotland, 113, 126-7, 227;
    • Commissioners from, 214
  • Scriveners, 176
  • Self-interest, of individual, harmony of needs of society with, 13, 24, 179-80, 191, 192, 246, 259-60, 277.
    • See also Individualism
  • Senior, Nassau, 271, 324
  • Serfdom, 57-9;
    • attitude of Church to, 22, 58-9, 302.
      
    • See also Peasants
  • Serfs, runaway, 139, 147, 308.
    • See also Peasants
  • Seville, 75, 135
  • Shaftesbury, Earl of, 249
  • Shaw, W. A., 215
  • Sheep-grazing. See Pasture farming
  • Sheldon, Dr. Gilbert, 311
  • Sidney, Sir Philip, 140
  • Sigismund, Emperor, Reformation of, 27, 88, 293
  • Silver, of America, 68, 74, 135;
    • of Europe, 79
  • Sion, monastery of, 140
  • Slave-trade, 185
  • Smiles, Samuel, 253
  • Smith, Adam, 35, 192, 253, 293
  • —, Rev. Henry, 215, 318
  • —, Sir Thomas, 160
  • Smiths, of London, 52, 292, 300
  • Soap, monopoly of, 237, 319
  • Social Democratic movement, 219
  • Society, functional theory of, 13, 22-5, 93, 97, 149, 169-70, 171, 172, 189, 191, 254;
    • modern conception of, 12-3, 22, 189, 191
  • Somerset, Duke of, 116, 147, 309
  • South Sea Bubble, 191
  • Spain, 70, 71, 72, 77, 79, 84;
    • dealers of, on Antwerp Bourse, 80
  • Speculation. See Engrossers
  • Speenhamland, 264
  • Spices, trade in, 74, 75, 79, 86
  • Spinola, 178
  • Spurriers, of London, 52, 300
  • Starkey, 22, 138, 292
  • State, relation between Church and, 6-10, 18-9, 20, 70, 91, 101-2, 124, 159, 165-6, 170-1, 172, 175, 278-9;
    • Locke’s conception of, 7 (quoted), 179, 189;
      
    • unitary, sovereignty of, 278, 293;
      
    • Distributive, 92, 151
  • Steele, Richard, 240, 243 (quoted), 243-5, 251, 266
  • Step-lords, 146
  • Stockwood, Rev. J., quoted, 266
  • Strafford, Earl of, 210, 213, 236
  • Strassburg, 75
  • Stubbes, Philip, 216
  • Summæ, 16, 19, 30, 220.
    • See also Schoolmen
  • Swift, Dean, 207
  • Switzerland, Reformation in, 102-25, 141, 265;
    • bourgeoisie in, 111, 122, 208
  • Synods, French, 125-6
• • Taunton, 204
  • Taylor, Jeremy, 160 (quoted), 188
  • Temple, Sir William, 206
  • Tenures, military, abolition of, 257
  • Textile workers, of Flanders and Italy, 26, 292;
    • of Paris, 293.
      
    • For England see under Cloth industry
  • Tobacco, 127
  • Tolerance, religious, 113, 118, 175, 219;
    • commercially advantageous, 10, 197, 205-7
  • Tories, distrust of commercial classes by, 207
  • Torrens, R., 3
  • Townsend, Rev. J., 313
  • Trade, flourishing of, under religious tolerance, 10, 197, 205-7;
    • free exercise of, 179;
      
    • foreign, increase in, 136, 176;
      
    • balance of, 247, 250
  • Trade unionism, 26, 293
  • Traders, medieval attitude to, 17-8, 23, 32, 33-6, 37, 104;
    • relations between craftsmen and, 26, 136, 137, 173, 236, 320;
      
    • sanctification of occupation of, 34, 104-5, 108, 109, 110, 111, 115, 199, 201, 230, 234, 239-53, 254, 273;
      
    • frauds and extortion of, 50, 105, 119, 126, 142, 153, 155-6, 298-9, 307;
      
    • Luther’s attitude to, 92;
      
    • growth of power of, 136, 137;
      
    • purchase of land by, 140, 208;
      
    • breakdown of State control of, 179, 236.
      
    • See also Bargaining, Prices, Profits
  • Travers, W., 213
  • Troeltsch, Prof., 91, 212, 316
  • Tucker, Dean, 11, 192, 197 (quoted), 314
  • Tudors, social policy of, 164-70, 235, 262-3, 266, 270
  • Turgot, 293
  • Turks, 68, 69
  • Tyndale, 308, 323
  • Tyrol, 68, 75, 79
• • Udall, J., 213
  • Ulm, 85
  • Unwin, Prof., 173
  • Usher, R. G., 202
  • Usury, controversy on, 9, 81, 82, 151-64, 178, 180-3;
    • teaching of medieval Church on, 17, 36-9, 42-55;
      
    • practicing of, on a large scale, in Middle Ages, 29, 44-5, 176;
      
    • restitution of profits of, 30, 46, 47, 49;
      
    • enforcement of prohibition of, 37, 45-53, 100, 119, 121, 123, 127, 160-2, 164, 169, 187, 237, 238, 297, 298, 310;
      
    • prevalence of, 39, 151-2;
      
    • popular denunciations of, 39, 81, 138, 144, 152;
      
    • annuities, compensation for loss, profits of partnership and rent-charges not regarded as, 42, 43, 95, 182, 216-7, 295;
      
    • ecclesiastical legislation as to, 46, 52, 55;
      
    • devices for concealment of, 47, 48, 53, 297;
      
    • secular legislation as to, 52, 153, 159, 180, 187;
      
    • attitude of reformers to, in Germany, 81, 83, 94, 95, 100;
      
    • in Switzerland, 81, 83, 103-4, 105-8, 117, 119-24, 181, 215, 216;
      
    • in France, 126, 306;
      
    • meaning of term, 152-3, 160-1, 183;
      
    • disappears from episcopal charges, 191;
      
    • Puritan attitude to, 209, 213, 215-7, 218, 223, 225, 232-3, 239, 246, 252, 269, 318, 319, 320.
      
    • See also Clergy, Interest, Loans
  • Utilitarianism, 243, 271
  • Utrecht, University of, 238
• • Vagrancy, measures for suppression of, 92, 168, 217, 262, 263, 265, 269-70, 271;
    • increase of, 263, 265.
      
    • See also Almsgiving and Poor
  • Value, theories of, 36, 40
  • Venezuela, 79
  • Venice, 68, 70, 73, 75, 87, 120, 316
  • Vienne, Council of, 46
  • Villeinage. See Serfdom
  • Virtues, economic, applauding of, by Calvinists and Puritans, 105, 110, 111, 114-5, 227-54, 271-2, 273
  • Vitry, Jacques de, 302
  • Vives, 114, 262
  • Voltaire, 208
• • Wadsworth, A. P., 322
  • Wage-earners, small number of, 26, 38, 137, 151, 207, 268, 292;
    • organizations of, 26;
      
    • attitude of economists to, 268-70.
      
    • See also Wages
  • Wages, withholding of, 50, 223, 298;
    • regulation of, 128, 173, 174, 235, 236, 293, 320;
      
    • payment of, in truck, 153, 174, 236;
      
    • economists’ views on the subject of, 268-70, 271.
      
    • See also Wage-earners
  • Wallas, Graham, 12
  • Wamba, 90
  • Warburton, 192
  • Ward, Sir Patience, 252
  • Warwick, Earl of, 145
  • Warwickshire, 138, 323
  • Washerne, 140
  • Wealth. See Production and Riches
  • Weber, Max, 212, 316-7, 319, 321
  • Welsers, the, 78-9, 88, 303
  • Wentworth, 174
  • Wesley, 190
  • Westminster Assembly, 10, 214, 218
  • Whalley, ecclesiastical court of, 53
  • Whalley, Major-General, 259, 323
  • Whigs, 203, 252
  • Whitby, Abbey, 140
  • Whole Duty of Man, The, 191
  • Widows and orphans, usury for benefit of, 182, 233
  • Wilcox, Thomas, 161
  • Williams, Roger, 128
  • Wilson, Thomas, 156, 157, 160, 179, 234, 319
  • Wiltshire, 218, 237
  • Winstanley, Gerrard, 113 (quoted), 256
  • Witt, John de, 206
  • Wolsey, 138, 147
  • Wood, H. G., 318
  • Woodrow, Rev. Robert, quoted, 238
  • Woollen industry. See Cloth industry
  • Worcester, Priory of, 42
  • Workhouses, 265, 270, 271, 324
  • Works, good, 98, 109, 111, 239, 242, 266, 320
  • Wyclif, 18, 25 (quoted), 27, 39 (quoted), 40, 293
• • Yarranton, A., 253
  • Yeomanry, 58, 202
  • York, Province of, 161, 169
  • Yorke, Sir John, 140
  • Yorkshire, 141, 162, 204
  • Young, Arthur, 270
  • Younge, R., quoted, 267
• • Zürich, 103, 114, 117
  • Zwingli, 82, 103, 114-5, 117