[1] Panegyric 29, 2.
[2] Georgics II, 109 [Dryden’s translation, II, 154].
[3] Aeneid VI, 847-853 [Dryden’s translation, VI, 1168-1169].
[4] Natural Questions III, IV.
[5] Institutes II, 1; Digest I, 8, 4; cf. Gentilis, De jure belli I, 19; cf. Code IV, 63, 4 [Grotius refers particularly to his famous predecessor Albericus Gentilis (1552-1608), an Italian who came to England and was appointed to the chair of Regius Professor of Civil Law at Oxford. He published his De Jure Belli in 1588].
[6] Aeneid I, 539-540 [Dryden’s translation, I, 760-763].
[7] Aeneid VII, 229-230 [Dryden’s translation, VII, 313-314].
[8] Diodorus Siculus XI; Plutarch, Pericles XXIX, 4. [The Athenian decree prohibiting the Megarians from trading with Athens or any part of the Athenian Empire was one of the leading causes of the Peloponnesian War.]
[9] Carlo Sigonio [(1523-1584), an Italian humanist, in his work] On the Kingdom of Italy.
[10] Victoria, De Indis II, n. 1-7; Covarruvias, in c. Peccatum, § 9, n. 4, ibi Quinta [Franciscus de Victoria (1480-1546), the famous Spanish Scholastic, a Dominican, and Professor of Theology at Salamanca from 1521 until his death. His thirteen Relectiones (De Indis is no. V) were published (‘vitiosa et corrupta’) in 1557 after his death; the 1686 Cologne edition is held to be the best.
Diego Covarruvias (1512-1577), styled the Bartolo of Spain. He should probably be credited with formulating the reform decrees of the Council of Trent. The 5 vol. Antwerp 1762 edition of his works is the best.]
[11] Numbers XXI, 21-26.
[12] Locutionum IV (on Numbers), 44; Estius, c. ult. 23, 4, 2 [Estius (?-1613) was a Dutch commentator on the Epistles of St. Paul and on the works of St. Augustine].
[13] [Grotius refers to the Trachiniae of Sophocles, but probably from memory, for there is no such reference in that play.]
[14] Baldus de Ubaldis, Consilia III, 293 [Baldus (1327-1406) was a pupil of the great Bartolus].
[15] Histories IV, 64 [In connection with the revolt of Civilis].
[16] Andrea Alciati, Commentaria VII, 130; Covarruvias in c. Peccatum, p. 2 § 9; Bartolus on Code I, 11 [Alciati (1492-1550) was made Comes Palatinus by the Emperor Charles V, and offered a Cardinal’s hat by Pope Paul III, which he refused, but he did become a Protonotarius Apostolicus].
[17] Code VIII, 40, 13 [Probably Fabius Claudius Gordianus Fulgentius (468-533), a Benedictine monk, one of the Latin Fathers].
[18] Nonius Marcellus, On the various significations of speech, under the word ‘occupare’; cf. Connan, Commentaries on the civil law III, 3; Donellus [Doneau], Commentaries on the civil law IV, 10. [François de Connan (1508-1551), a French jurisconsult, a pupil of Alciati; Hugues Doneau (1527-1591) a famous jurisconsult, who wrote many volumes of commentaries on the Digest and the Code.]
[19] Institutes II, 1, 13.
[20] Digest XLI, 2, 3.
[21] Letters I, 1, 44-45 [Francis’s translation, English Poets XIX, 726].
[22] Pliny, Natural History, VI, 22.
[23] Digest XLI, 1, 3.
[24] Covarruvias in c. Peccatum § 10, n. 2, 4, 5.
[25] De potestate civili I, 9.
[26] Summa II. II, q. 10, a. 12 [Thomas Aquinas (1227-1274), one of the most famous of the Schoolmen and Theologians, spoken of often as Aquila Theologorum, and Doctor Angelicus].
[27] De Indis I, n. 4-7, 19.
[28] Vasquius, Preface (n. 5) to Controversiae illustres.
[29] [Grotius cites Osorius, but gives no reference.]
[30] Institutes II, 1, 40.
[31] Luke XII, 14; John XVIII, 36; Victoria, De Indis I, n, 25.
[32] Victoria XVI, n. 27.
[33] Vasquius, Controversiae illustres, c. 21; Torquemada II, c. 113; Hugo on Dist. XCVI, C. VI; St. Bernard, Admonitory epistle to Pope Eugene III, book 2; Victoria, De Indis I, n. 27; Covarruvias in c. Peccatum § 9, n. 7.
[34] Matthew XVII, 27; XX, 26; John VI, 15.
[35] Victoria, De Indis I, n. 28, 30; Covarruvias on I Corinthians V, at the end; Thomas Aquinas, Summa II. II, q. 12, a. 2; Ayala, De Jure I, 2, 29 [Best edition of Ayala is in The Classics of International Law, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 2 vol., 1912].
[36] Thomas Aquinas, Summa II. II, q. 66, a. 8; Silvius, De infidelibus § 7; Innocent on the Decretals of Pope Gregory IX, III, 34, 8; Victoria, De Indis I, n. 81. [Franciscus Silvius, or Sylvius, or du Bois (1581-1649), was a Belgian theologian.]
[37] De Indis I, n. 31.
[38] Vasquius, Controversiae illustres, c. 24; Victoria, De Indis II, n. 10.
[39] On the Consolation of Philosophy IV, 4, 7-10 [H. R. James’ translation, page 194].
[40] Thomas Aquinas, Summa II. II, q. 10, a. 8; Dist. XLV, C. V, C. III; Innocent, see note 1, page 17; Bartolus on Code I, 11, 1; Covarruvias in c. Peccatum, § 9, 10; Ayala, De Jure I, 2, 28.
[41] Matthew X, 23.
[42] On Thomas Aquinas, Summa II. II, q. 4, 66, a. 8 [Thomas de Cajetan (1469-1534), an Italian cardinal, wrote voluminous commentaries on Thomas Aquinas, Aristotle, and the Bible].
[43] Victoria, De Indis II, 1.
[44] Paul de Castro on Digest I, 1, 5; Dist. I, C. VII.
[45] Vasquius, Controversiae illustres, c. 1, n. 10; Lib. VI, V, 12, 3; Clem. V, 11.
[46] Satires II, 2, 129-130.
[47] Aratus 302-303.
[48] Octavia 413-414 [Translation by E. I. Harris (Act II, Scene 1)].
[49] Aratus 302.
[50] Digest VII, 5; Extravagantes of Pope John XXII, XIV, 3 and 5; Thomas Aquinas, Summa II. II, q. 78.
[51] 203-204 [E. I. Harris’ translation (Act II, Scene 1)].
[52] De beneficiis VII, 12, 3.
[53] Speech XIII, In behalf of the poor man.
[54] De officiis I.
[55] Digest I, 1, 5.
[56] Vergil, Georgics I, 139-140 [Dryden’s translation I, 211]; Ovid, Metamorphoses I, 121.
[57] Ovid, Metamorphoses I, 135-136 [Dryden’s translation I (English Poets XX, 432)].
[58] Ovid, Metamorphoses I, 134.
[59] De beneficiis VII, 4, 3.
[60] Octavia 431-432 [Grotius here takes a slight liberty with the context].
[61] De officiis I, 21 [Walter Miller’s (Loeb) translation, page 23].
[62] History I, 139, 2.
[63] Duaren [a French humanist (1509-1559)], on Digest I, 8.
[64] De officiis I, 51 [Walter Miller’s (Loeb) translation, page 55].
[65] De officiis I, 52.
[66] Metamorphoses VI, 349-351.
[67] Digest VIII, 4, 13.
[68] Digest XLI, 1, 14; Comines, Memoirs III, 2; Donellus IV, 2; Digest XLI, 3, 49. [Philippe de Comines (1445-1509), a French historian, and one of the negotiators of the treaty of Senlis (1493).]
[69] Digest I, 8, 10.
[70] Pro Sex. Roscio Amerino 26, 72.
[71] Institutes II, 1, 1 and 5; Digest I, 8, 1, 2, 10; XLI, 1, 14 and 50; XLVII, 10, 13; XLIII, 8, 3, and 4-7.
[72] Act IV, Scene 3 (975, 977, 985).
[73] Donellus IV, 2.
[74] Digest XXXIX, 2, 24; other references same as note 1, page 29.
[75] Donellus IV, 2 and 9; also references in note 1, page 29.
[76] Digest I, 8, 4; XLIII, 8, 3.
[77] Odes III, i, 33-34 [Bennett’s (Loeb) translation, page 171].
[78] Digest XLIII, 8, 3; 8, 2.
[79] Digest XLIII, 12, 1.
[80] Pliny, Natural History IX, 54, 170.
[81] Epigrams X, 30, 19-20.
[82] De Nabuthe, cap. 3.
[83] Digest XLVII, 10, 14.
[84] See note 1, page 31.
[85] Digest XLIV, 3, 7.
[86] Digest XLI, 3, 45.
[87] Digest XLVII, 10, 13.
[88] Novels of Leo, 102, 103, 104; See also Cujas XIV, 1.
[89] Hexameron V, 10, 27 [St. Ambrose (c. 333-397), Bishop of Milan, is meant].
[90] Donellus IV, 6.
[91] On Institutes II, 1; Digest XIV, 2, 9 [Johannes Faber (c. 1570-c. 1640) was Bishop of Vienna, and Court preacher to Emperor Ferdinand. He was known popularly as ‘Malleus Haereticorum’].
[92] Digest XLIII, 8, 3.
[93] Digest V, 1, 9; XXXIX, 4, 15; Glossators on Digest I, 8, 2; Institutes II, 1; Baldus on L. Quaedam, in Digest I, 8, 2.
[94] Baldus, Quibus modis feudi amittuntur, chapter beginning In principio, second column; Code XI, 13, 1; Angeli on Digest XLVII, 10, 14; Digest VIII, 4, 13 and 4.
[95] C. Quae sint Regalia, in Feudis.
[96] Balbus, De praescriptionibus IV, 5; 1, q. 6, n. 4.
[97] Digest XLVII, 10, 13; XLIII, 9, 1.
[99] [Quoted in Cicero, De officiis I, 51, and here taken from Walter Miller’s (Loeb) translation, page 55.]
[100] Cicero, De officiis I, 51.
[101] Seneca, De beneficiis IV, 28.
[102] Johannes Faber on Institutes II, 1, 5.
[103] Pliny, Natural History II, 69; VI, 27; Pomponius Mela, De situ orbis III.
[104] Natural History VI, 20.
[105] Geography II and XVII.
[106] Natural History VI, 23.
[107] Glossators on Lib. VI, I, 6, 3; on Digest II, 12, 3.
[108] Digest I, 8, 4; Gentilis, De jure belli I, 19.
[109] Digest XLIII, 8, 2.
[110] Glossators on Digest XLIII, 14.
[111] Baldus on Digest I, 8, 3; Zuarius, Consilia duo de usu maris I, 3, 28, L. 10 and 12. [Rodericus Zuarius, Consilia published in 1621].
[112] Victoria, De Indis I, n. 26.
[113] Silvestris, In verbo Papa. n. 16.
[114] Vasquius, Controversiae illustres, c. 51.
[115] Donellus, V. 22 ff.; Digest XVIII, 1, 6; XLI, 3, 9, 25; Lib. VI, V, 12 (Reg. Sine possessione); Digest L, 16, 28; XXIII, 5, 16.
[116] Digest XLI, 3, 45; Code VIII, 11, 6; XI, 43, 9; Digest XLIII, 11, 2; XLI, 3, 49.
[117] Consilia 286 [Angelus Aretinus a Gambellionibus (?-1445), a voluminous commentator on the Digest and the Institutes].
[118] Digest XLIV, 3, 7.
[119] Duren, De usucapionibus, c. 3; Cujas on Digest XLI, 3, 49; Donellus V, 22 on Digest XLI, 1, 14.
[120] Code XI, 43, 4; cf. XI, 43, 9; cf. Digest XLIII, 20, 3.
[121] On the Decretals of Pope Gregory IX, II, 26, 11 [Felinus Maria Sandeus (c. 1427-1503), Bishop of Lucca].
[122] De praescriptionibus IV, 5, q. 6, n. 8 [Johannes Franciscus Balbus, a priest and jurisconsult at Muentz-hof].
[123] On Digest XLI, 3, 49.
[124] Par. 3, tit. 29, I. 7 in c. Placa.; Zuarius, Consilia, num. 4.
[125] Fachinham VIII, c. 26 and c. 33; Duaren, De praescriptionibus, parte 2, § 2, n. 8; § 8, n. 5 and 6, [Nicholas Fachinham (?-1407), a Franciscan, who taught Theology at Oxford.]
[126] Fachinham VIII, c. 28.
[127] Angelus Aretinus on Digest I, 8; Balbus, De praescriptionibus IV, 5, q. 6, n. 2; see Vasquius, Controversiae illustres c. 29, n. 38.
[128] On Digest XLVII, 10, 14.
[129] Digest XLVI, 10, 13.
[130] Glossators on the reference in note 4, page 51.
[131] De officiis ministrorum I, 28; Gentilis I, 19.
[132] Auth. Ut nulli Iudicum § 1, c. cum tanto de consuetudine.
[133] Controversiae illustres c. 89, n. 12 ff. [Ferdinand Manchaea Vasquez (1509-1566) the famous Spanish jurisconsult, who held many high honors of the realm].
[134] De potestate legis poenalis II, 14, part 572 [Alphonse de Castro (?-1558). Theologian at Salamanca, confessor to the Emperor Charles V.].
[135] Digest XLI, 1, 14; XLI, 3; Institutes II, 1, 2; Digest XLIV, 3, 7; XLVII, 10, 14.
[136] Digest I, 1, 5; Institutes I, 2, § 2.
[137] Digest XLI, 3, 4, 26 (27); Institutes IV, 6, 14; Bartolus and Jason on Digest XXX, 11.
[138] Digest I, 5, 4; Institutes I, 3, 1; Digest XLIII, 29, 1-2; XLIV, 5, 1; Code III, 28, 35; Digest IV, 6, 28.
[139] Code III, 44, 7.
[140] Code VI, 43.
[141] Digest IX, 2, 32.
[142] Dist. IV, C. II; Digest I, 3, 1-2, 32; Decretals of Pope Gregory IX, II, 26, 20.
[143] Digest XLIII, 13.
[144] Digest IV, 4, 3; Vasquius, De successionum progressu I, 7.
[145] Balbus, De praescriptionibus 5, 11; 16, 3; Alphonse de Castro, De potestate legis poenalis II, 14; Balbus and Angelus on Code VII, 39, 4.
[146] Osorius, De rebus Emmanuelis regis Lusitaniae I [Hieronymus Osorius (1506-1580) was known as the Portuguese Cicero].
[147] Digest I, 1, 5.
[148] I, 9 (1257a 30).
[149] Cf. Covarruvias in c. Peccatum, § 8.
[150] Pomponius Mela, De situ orbis III, 7.
[151] Digest XVIII, 1, 1.
[152] Natural History XXXIII, 1.
[153] Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics 5, 5, 11 (1133a 20); Politics I, 9 (1257b 10) [Nummus—νόμος. The fact that this is an incorrect derivation does not of course affect the argument].
[154] Dist. I, C. VII; Aristotle, see note 4 above.
[155] Castrensis from Cinus and others on Digest I, 1, 5.
[156] Plato, Sophista 223d.
[157] II (p. 371) cited in Digest L, 11, 2.
[158] Politics I, 11 (1258b 22-23).
[159] [The text here is somewhat expanded.]
[160] Cicero, De officiis I, 150-151; Aristotle, Politics I, 9.
[161] Politics I, 9 (1257a 14-17) [Jowett’s translation, Vol. I, page 15].
[162] De beneficiis V, 8 [Not a quotation, but a summing up of the chapter].
[163] See chapters III and VI.
[164] See chapter VII.
[165] On Digest XLIII, 11, 2; Balbus 4, 5 pr. qu. 1; Panormitanus on the Decretals of Pope Gregory IX, III, 8, 10; Digest XLI, 2, 41; Covarruvias in c. possessor. 2, § 4; Vasquius, Controversiae illustres c. 4, n. 10 and 12.
[166] Vasquius, Controversiae illustres c. 4, n. 11.
[167] Guicciardini, Storia d’Italia XIX.
[168] Vasquius, Controversiae illustres c. 10, n. 10; Victoria, De Indis I, 1, n. 3; Digest VI, 1. 27; L, 17, 55, 151; XLII, 8, 13; XXXIX, 2, 24; Bartolus on Digest XLIII, 12, 1; Castrensis on Code III, 34, 10; Digest XXXIX, 3, 1.
[169] Vasquius, Controversiae illustres c. 4, n. 3 ff.; Digest XXXIX, 2, 26.
[170] Vasquius, same reference.
[171] Vasquius, same reference, n. 5.
[172] In his Works and Days [The entire passage as translated by A. W. Mair (Oxford translation, page 1) is: “For when he that hath no business looketh on him that is rich, he hasteth to plow and to array his house: and neighbour vieth with neighbour hasting to be rich: good is this Strife for men.”].