This sheet perfects the same as a twelves. It cuts into three equal parts across the sheet, each portion of which contains all the pages in the signature.
124. Sheet of Thirty-sixes, with six Signatures
This sheet cuts up into portions of eight pages and four pages each, the four pages forming an inset; so as to make each signature equal to a half sheet of twelves.
125. Sheet of Thirty-sixes, with two Signatures. 60 pages and 12
126. Two Half Sheets of Thirty-sixes, worked together
127. Half a Sheet of Thirty-sixes. L.—St.—J.—H.
128. Half a sheet of Thirty-sixes, to fold without cutting. L.—St.—J.—H.
129. Half a Sheet of Thirty-sixes, with three Signatures
This form perfects as an octavo. It folds as three half sheets of twelves.
130. Half a Sheet of Thirty-sixes, with two Signatures. 24 pages and 12. Sm.—St.—J.—H.
This form perfects as an octavo. The three last writers, in their works on printing, have made the middle twelve pages perfect foot to foot, so that they will be cut out at the head, and fold at the foot; I have reversed them, to cause them to be cut out at the foot, and fold at the head.
131. Two Quarter Sheets of Thirty-sixes, worked together
When the white paper is worked off, transpose the four pages, 11, 8, and 7, 12, in signature B, and 29, 26, and 25, 30, in signature C, in the manner directed in No. 67. (half sheet of eighteens), for each of these quarter sheets is similar in arrangement to that form.
132. Half a Sheet of Forties. No. 1. L.—St.—J.—H.
The sheet cuts up into five slips of one page in depth, four of which are insets; it appears to me an inconvenient method, which I have endeavoured to improve in the next article. It perfects as an octavo.
133. Half a Sheet of Forties. No. 2
In this arrangement the paper folds in the regular way, first into folio, then into quarto, octavo, sixteens, and thirty-twos, with one inset of eight pages. In my opinion it is preferable to the preceding method. It perfects as an octavo.
134. Half a Sheet of Forties, with two Signatures. 32 pages and 8
The arrangement of the 32 pages is the same as for half a sheet of thirty-twos, in No. 118. The 8 pages of signature C form the offcut.
135. Half a Sheet of Forties, with two Signatures. 24 pages and 16
136. Half a sheet of Forties, with three Signatures. 16 pages, 16 pages, and 8
137. Two Quarter Sheets of Forties, worked together
138. Half a Sheet of Forty-eights, with three Signatures. Sm.—St.—J.—H.
These writers have placed the first signatures on the different half sheets; I have placed them on the same half sheet. It is similar in the arrangement of the pages to three sheets of octavo, and perfects the same as a form of twelves.
139. Quarter of a Sheet of Forty-eights. L.—St.—J.—H.
The same arrangement of the pages as a sheet of twelves, and perfects as such.
140. Quarter of a Sheet of Forty-eights, to fold without cutting. L.—St.—J.—H.
It is the same as a sheet of twelves without cutting.
141. Two Quarter Sheets of Forty-eights, worked together. No. 1
These are equal to two sheets of twelves, and are arranged on each side of the short cross, and perfect as a twelves.
142. Two Quarter Sheets of Forty-eights, worked together. No. 2. L.—St.—J.—H.
These two quarter sheets are arranged on each side of the long cross, and perfect as an octavo.
143. Quarter of a Sheet of Forty-eights, with two Signatures. 16 pages and 8. L.—St.—J.—H.
Stower imposes this form in three slips, and makes one of them an inset; and the slip with the first signature, has the heads of the pages to the raw edge of the paper: I have arranged the 16 pages as a sheet of octavo, and the 8 pages of signature C form the offcut.
144. Half a Sheet of Sixty-fours
However much I disapprove of the arrangement of the pages in many of the Tables of Imposition in Luckombe’s and Stower’s works, on account of the uncustomary and inconvenient manner of the paper folding, yet I have given all that are in their books thus far, for the reason I stated in page 328; but when we come to sixty-fours, a size that is seldom printed, I think it is unnecessary to give more than one mode, and I omit the one that has been usually given, and insert in its place what I conceive to be an improvement. The old plan folded into folio, long quarto, octavo, long sixteens, &c.; the plan here inserted folds into folio, quarto, octavo, sixteens, &c. in the customary way. If any printer choose to adopt the other plan, he will find it in Luckombe, Stower, Johnson, and Hansard.
145. Two Quarter Sheets of Sixty-fours, worked together
146. Quarter of a Sheet of Sixty-fours. L.—St.—J.—H.
The pages of this form are laid down in the same order as half a sheet of thirty-twos, No. 118.
147. Quarter of a Sheet of Sixty-fours, with two Signatures. 16 pages in each. L.—St.—J.—H.
The pages of this form are laid down in the same order as two quarter sheets of thirty-twos, worked together, No. 122.
148. Quarter of a Sheet of Sixty-fours, with two Signatures. 24 pages and 8
The pages of this form are laid down in the same order as half a sheet of thirty-twos, with two signatures. 24 pages and 8, No. 119.
149. Half a Sheet of Seventy-twos, with three Signatures. Sm.—L.—St.—J.—H.
I have varied from the old plan of imposing half a sheet of seventy-twos, nor did I think it of consequence to crowd the book unnecessarily with giving what I consider inferior modes of imposing in sizes that rarely occur. This form has been usually given to cut up into three slips the longest way of the paper; I have given it in the manner, that when perfected, it will cut up into six portions, with the pages of each the same as a sheet of twelves. It perfects as a twelves.
150. Half a Sheet of Seventy-twos, with six Signatures
This sheet when perfected cuts up into twelve portions, each of which is similar in the arrangement of the pages to half a sheet of twelves.
The fragments of No. 149. will be imposed in the same order as those of a sheet of twelves; and those of 150, in the same order as those of half a sheet of twelves.
151. Half a Sheet of Ninety-sixes, with four Signatures
When perfected it cuts up into eight portions, each of which is similar to a sheet of twelves. It perfects as a twelves.
152. Half a Sheet of Ninety-sixes, with six Signatures. Sm.—L.—St.—J.—H.
I have placed the first signatures on the same half sheet; the preceding writers scattered them on both. It is laid down as six sheets of octavo, and perfects as an octavo.
153. Half a Sheet of One Hundred and Twenty-eights. Sm.—L.—St.—J.—H.
It is laid down as eight sheets of octavo, and perfects as an octavo.
IMPOSING STONE.
The stone on which the compositor imposes and corrects his forms. It was formerly called the Correcting Stone.
Imposing stones are of different sizes to suit the business and the situation in which they are placed, as they require a good light. Some are made to hold two demy forms, others to hold three royals. The stone should be of a firm texture, and its upper surface smooth, so as not to wear the bottom of the types. Imposing stones are sometimes saturated with oil, to lessen the friction. Their height is about three feet, and the length of one calculated to contain two demy forms is five feet, and its width two feet two inches.
The frame on which the stone rests, is fitted up with drawers for furniture—one of these is for quoins, always the uppermost, one for side sticks and foot sticks, one for broad and narrow, and one for wider pieces;—these drawers are sometimes made of the whole width of the frame, so as to draw out on either side, and sometimes there are two within this width, one on each side.
Of late years, in some offices, cast iron has been substituted for stone, the upper surface of which has been turned flat and smooth in a lathe; and when a large size is wanted, two are attached together.
Impression holds out. See Holds out.—M.
IMPRESSION SHEET.
A sheet of stout even paper, that fits exactly, without any play, the inside of the outer tympan: this sheet is used in fine work to place the overlays upon next to the parchment, and when a sheet of any work is thus made ready at a press, the succeeding sheets of the same work, at the same press, are made ready much more expeditiously, than if all the overlays have to be placed for each sheet on the tympan sheet.—See Making ready.
IMPRINT.
The name and place of residence of the printer, put to all printed articles, under the Act of Parliament of 39 George 3. c. 79., with certain exemptions.
By the Act of the 39th George 3. c. 79., intituled An Act for the more effectual Suppression of Societies established for seditious and treasonable Purposes, and for the better preventing treasonable and seditious Practices, s. 27. it is enacted, “That, from and after the Expiration of forty Days after the passing of this Act, every Person who shall print any Paper or Book whatsoever, which shall be meant or intended to be published or dispersed, whether the same shall be sold or given away, shall print upon the Front of every such Paper, if the same shall be printed on one Side only, and upon the first and last Leaves of every Paper or Book which shall consist of more than one Leaf, in legible Characters, his, or her Name, and the Name of the City, Town, Parish, or Place, and also the Name (if any) of the Square, Street, Lane, Court, or Place, in which his or her Dwelling House or usual Place of Abode shall be; and every Person who shall omit so to print his Name and Place of Abode on every such Paper or Book printed by him, and also every Person who shall publish or disperse, or assist in publishing or dispersing, either gratis or for Money, any printed Paper or Book, which shall have been printed after the Expiration of forty Days from the passing of this Act, and on which the Name and Place of Abode of the Person printing the same shall not be printed as aforesaid, shall, for every Copy of such Paper so published or dispersed by him, forfeit and pay the Sum of twenty Pounds.
s. 28. “And be it further enacted, That nothing in this Act contained shall extend, or be construed to extend, to any Papers printed by the Authority and for the Use of either House of Parliament.”
s. 31. “Provided always, That nothing herein contained shall extend to the Impression of any Engraving, or to the printing by Letter Press, of the Name, or the Name and Address, or Business or Profession, of any Person, and the Articles in which he deals, or to any Papers for the Sale of Estates or Goods by Auction, or otherwise.”
s. 34. “Provided always, That no Person shall be prosecuted or sued for any Penalty imposed by this Act, unless such Prosecution shall be commenced, or such Action shall be brought, within three Calendar Months next after such Penalty shall have been incurred.”
39 & 40 George 3. c. 95. “An Act to indemnify all Persons who have printed, published, or dispersed, or who shall publish or disperse, any Papers printed under the Authority of the Commissioners or Head Officers of any Publick Boards, from all Penalties incurred by reason of the Name and Place of Abode of the Printer of such Papers not being printed thereon.”
Persons who have printed any Papers under the Authority of Commissioners of Publick Boards, or who have published them, or shall hereafter publish any Paper so printed before the passing of this Act, shall be indemnified from any Penalties incurred by reason of any Offence against the Act of the 39th of George 3. c. 79., intituled, An Act for the more effectual Suppression of Societies established for seditious and treasonable Purposes, and for the better preventing treasonable and seditious Practices.
The Act of the 41st George 3. c. 80., is, “An Act to indemnify all Persons who have printed, published, or dispersed, or who shall publish or disperse, any Papers printed under the Authority of any Head Officer of State, or of Publick Boards, or other Publick Authorities, from all Penalties incurred by reason of the Name and Place of Abode of the Printer of such Papers not being printed thereon.”
Persons who have printed any Papers under the Authority of the Head Officers of any of the principal Offices of State, or of any Board of Revenue, &c., or who have published them, or shall hereafter disperse any Paper so printed before the passing of this Act, shall be indemnified from any Penalties incurred by reason of any Offence against the recited Act; viz. the 39th of George 3. c. 79.
42 George 3. c. 23.—Annual Indemnity Act, s. 9. “And whereas, in an Act passed in the Thirty-ninth Year of the Reign of His present Majesty, intituled An Act for the more effectual Suppression of Societies established for seditious and treasonable Purposes; and for better preventing treasonable and seditious Practices, certain Provisions are contained to restrain the printing or publishing of any Papers or Books whatsoever, which should be meant or intended to be published or dispersed, without the Name and Place of Abode of the Printer thereof being printed thereon, with a certain Penalty on the Person printing, publishing, or dispersing, or assisting in publishing or dispersing the same contrary to the said Act: And whereas divers Papers being, or purporting to be Pleadings, Rules, Orders, Process, or other Proceedings in Courts of Law or Equity, or to be Parts of such Pleadings, Rules, Orders, Process, or other Proceedings, or to be Copies of the same, or of Parts thereof respectively, have, through Inadvertency and Mistake, and on the Supposition that such Papers were not within the Provisions of the said Act, been printed without the Name and Place of Abode of the Person printing the same being printed thereon as required by the said Act; be it further enacted, That every Person who shall, before the passing of this Act, have printed any Paper being, or purporting to be, any Pleading, Rule, Order, or any Process, or other Proceeding of or in any Court of Law or Equity, or to be any Part of such Pleading, Rule, Order, Process, or other Proceeding, or to be a Copy of the same, or of any Part thereof respectively, or shall have published or dispersed, or shall have assisted in publishing or dispersing, or shall hereafter publish or disperse, or assist in publishing or dispersing any such Paper as aforesaid, which shall have been printed before the passing of this Act, shall be, and is hereby declared to be freed and discharged of and from all Suits, Informations, Prosecutions, Judgements, Fines, Imprisonments, Pains, and Penalties whatsoever, commenced, prosecuted, adjudged, or incurred, or which may be commenced, prosecuted, adjudged, or incurred, for or by reason of any Offence alledged to have been committed against the said recited Act, by occasion of such printing, publishing, or dispersing, or assisting in publishing or dispersing any such Paper as aforesaid, as fully, freely, and effectually, as if the same had been printed according to the Provisions of the said Act.”
49 George 3. c. 69., intituled “An Act to indemnify Persons who have inadvertently printed, published, or dispersed Papers or Books without a full Description of the Place of Abode of the Printers thereof, from Penalties incurred under an Act of the Thirty-ninth Year of His Majesty’s Reign.”
s. 1. All Persons having printed Papers or Books with the Name of the Street of their Abode (omitting the Name of the Town or City) indemnified against Penalties under recited Act.
s. 2. Not to affect Convictions or Judgments had before the passing of this Act.
51 George 3. c. 65., intituled “An Act to explain and amend an Act, passed in the Thirty-ninth Year of His Majesty’s Reign, intituled An Act for the more effectual Suppression of Societies established for seditious and treasonable Purposes, and for better preventing treasonable and seditious Practices; so far as respects certain Penalties on Printers and Publishers.”
s. 1. “Whereas an Act was passed in the Thirty-ninth Year of His present Majesty’s Reign, intituled An Act for the more effectual Suppression of Societies established for seditious and treasonable Purposes, and for better preventing treasonable and seditious Practices: And whereas, in and by the Twenty-seventh and Thirty-fifth Sections of the said Act, certain Provisions were made, that every Person who should print any Paper or Book, or publish or disperse, or assist in publishing or dispersing, any printed Paper or Book, without the Name and Place of Abode of the Printer being printed on such Paper or Book, in such Manner as by the said Act is specified, should forfeit and pay the Sum of Twenty Pounds for every Copy of such Paper so published or dispersed by him; to be recovered before any Justice or Justices of the Peace for the County, Stewartry, Riding, City, Town, or Place in which such Penalty should be incurred: Add whereas there is not in the said Act any Provision authorising such Justice or Justices to mitigate the Penalties thereby incurred, or enabling the Party to appeal from any Conviction by or Judgement of such Justice or Justices: And whereas divers Books and Papers have since been printed by several Persons, who, through Inadvertency or Mistake, have neglected to comply with the Provisions of the said Act, and such Persons have thereby become liable to be sued and prosecuted for Penalties to a vast Amount, although such Books and Papers were not of an evil or seditious Tendency: And whereas it is expedient to limit the Amount of Penalties imposed by the said Act; and to enable Magistrates to mitigate the Penalties in such Cases as shall appear to them expedient; and also to give the Party, who may be aggrieved by a Conviction under such Act, a Power of appealing from the same; be it therefore enacted by the King’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the Authority of the same, That nothing in the Twenty-seventh Section of the said Act contained shall extend to make any Person or Persons offending against the same, liable to more than Twenty-five Forfeitures or Penalties for printing or publishing or dispersing, or assisting in publishing or dispersing, any Number of Copies of one and the same Paper or Book, contrary to the said Section of the said Act.
s. 2. “And be it further enacted, That if any Justice or other Magistrate before whom any Person shall be convicted of any Offence or Offences against the Provisions of the before-mentioned Act shall see Cause to mitigate such Penalty or Penalties, it shall be lawful for such Justice or other Magistrate to mitigate or lessen the same to any Sum not less than Five Pounds, over and above all reasonable Costs and Charges expended or incurred in the Prosecution.
s. 3. “And whereas Doubts have arisen whether the Provisions contained in the said Act may not be considered as extending to Notes and Post Bills of the Governor and Company of the Bank of England, and to Bills of Exchange, Promissory Notes, Bonds, and other Securities for Payment of Money, Bills of Lading, Policies of Insurance, Letters of Attorney, Transfers or Assignments of Public Stocks, Funds, and other Securities, and to Dividend Warrants, Receipts for Money or Goods, Deeds or other Instruments, Proceedings in the Courts of Law and Equity, and other Inferior Courts, Warrants, Orders, and other Papers, printed by the Authority of any Public Board or Public Officer in the Execution of the Duties of their respective Offices, many of which Securities, Instruments, Proceedings and other Matters aforesaid, are usually wholly or in Part printed; be it therefore hereby declared and enacted, That nothing in the said recited Act or in this Act contained shall extend or be construed to extend to require the Name and Residence of the Printer to be printed upon any such Bank Note, Bank Post Bill, Bill of Exchange, or Promissory Note, or upon any Bond or other Security for Payment of Money, or upon any Bill of Lading, Policy of Insurance, Letter of Attorney, Deed or Agreement, or upon any Transfer or Assignment of any Public Stocks, Funds, or other Securities, or upon any Transfer or Assignment of the Stocks of any Public Corporation or Company, authorized or sanctioned by Act of Parliament, or upon any Dividend Warrant of or for any such Public or other Stocks, Funds, or Securities, or upon any Receipt for Money or Goods, or upon any Proceeding in any Court of Law or Equity, or in any Inferior Court, Warrant, Order, or other Papers printed by the Authority of any Public Board or Public Officer in the Execution of the Duties of their respective Offices, notwithstanding the Whole or any Part of the said several Securities, Instruments, Proceedings, Matters, and Things aforesaid, shall have been or shall be printed, any Thing herein or in the said recited Act contained to the contrary thereof in anywise notwithstanding.
s. 4. “And be it further enacted, That if any Person or Persons shall think himself, herself, or themselves aggrieved by any Conviction, Judgement, or Determination, of any Justice or Justices, relating to any Matter or Thing in the before-mentioned Act contained; then and in that Case he, she, or they may appeal to the Justices of the Peace at the General Quarter Sessions to be holden in and for the County, City, or Place, where such Conviction, Judgement, or Determination shall have been made, next after the Expiration of Twenty Days from the making thereof, first giving Six Days Notice of such Appeal to the Person or Persons prosecuting for such Penalty or Penalties; and the said Justices shall hear and determine the said Appeal at such General Quarter Sessions, or, if they think proper, adjourn the Hearing thereof until the next General Quarter Sessions to be holden for such County, Town, or Place; and the said Justices may, in like Manner, if they see cause, mitigate any Penalty or Penalties, and may order any Money to be returned which shall have been paid or levied under any Conviction as aforesaid, and may also order and award such Costs to be paid by either Party to the other, as they shall think and judge reasonable.
s. 5. “And be it further enacted, that this Act shall take Effect from the First Day of March One thousand eight hundred and eleven.”
2 Vict. c. 12. “An Act to amend an Act of the Thirty-ninth Year of King George the Third, for the more effectual Suppression of Societies established for seditious and treasonable Purposes, and for preventing treasonable and seditious Practices, and to put an End to certain Proceedings now pending under the said Act.
s. 1. “Whereas in an Act passed in the Thirty-ninth Year of the Reign of King George the Third, intituled An Act for the more effectual Suppression of Societies established for seditious and treasonable Purposes, and for the better preventing treasonable and seditious Practices, certain Provisions are contained to restrain the printing or publishing of any Papers or Books whatsoever which should be meant or intended to be published or dispersed without the Name and Place of Abode of the Printer thereof being printed thereon in the Manner in the said Act specified: And whereas the said Provisions have given Occasion to many vexatious Proceedings at the Instance of common Informers, and it is expedient to discourage the same: Be it therefore enacted by the Queen’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the Authority of the same, That so much of the said Act as enacts that every Person who, after the Expiration of Forty Days after the passing of the said Act, shall print any Paper or Book whatsoever which shall be meant or intended to be published or dispersed, whether the same shall be sold or given away, shall print upon the Front of every such Paper, if the same shall be printed on one Side only, and upon the first and last leaves of every Paper or Book which shall consist of more than One Leaf, in legible Characters, his or her Name, and the Name of the City, Town, Parish, or Place, and also the Name (if any) of the Square, Street, Lane, Court, or Place, in which his or her Dwelling House, or usual Place of Abode shall be, and that every Person who shall omit so to print his Name and Place of Abode on every such Paper or Book printed by him, and also every Person who shall publish or disperse, or assist in publishing or dispersing, either gratis or for Money, any printed Paper or Book which shall have been printed after the Expiration of Forty Days from the passing of the said Act, and on which the Name and Place of Abode of the Person printing the same shall not be printed as aforesaid, shall for every Copy of such Paper so published or dispersed by him, forfeit and pay the Sum of Twenty Pounds, shall be and the same is hereby repealed.
s. 2. “And be it enacted, That every Person who after the passing of this Act shall print any Paper or Book whatsoever, which shall be meant to be published or dispersed, and who shall not print upon the Front of every such Paper, if the same shall be printed on One Side only, or upon the first or last Leaf of every Paper or Book which shall consist of more than One Leaf, in legible Characters, his or her Name and usual Place of Abode or Business, and every Person who shall publish or disperse, or assist in publishing or dispersing, any printed Paper or Book on which the Name and Place of Abode of the Person printing the same shall not be printed as aforesaid, shall for every Copy of such Paper so printed by him or her forfeit a Sum not more than Five Pounds: Provided always, that nothing herein contained shall be construed to impose any Penalty upon any Person for printing any Paper excepted out of the Operation of the said Act, either in the said Act or by any Act made for the Amendment thereof.
s. 3. “And be it enacted, That in the Case of Books or Papers printed at the University Press of Oxford, or the Pitt Press of Cambridge, the Printer, instead of printing his Name thereon, shall print the following Words: ‘Printed at the University Press, Oxford,’ or ‘The Pitt Press, Cambridge,’ as the Case may be.
s. 4. “Provided always, and be it enacted, That it shall not be lawful for any Person or Persons whatsoever to commence, prosecute, enter, or file, or cause or procure to be commenced, prosecuted, entered, or filed, any Action, Bill, Plaint, or Information in any of Her Majesty’s Courts, or before any Justice or Justices of the Peace, against any Person or Persons, for the Recovery of any Fine, Penalty, or Forfeiture made or incurred, or which may hereafter be incurred under the Provisions of this Act, unless the same be commenced, prosecuted, entered, or filed in the Name of Her Majesty’s Attorney General or Solicitor General in that Part of Great Britain called England, or Her Majesty’s Advocate for Scotland (as the Case may be respectively); and if any Action, Bill, Plaint, or Information shall be commenced, prosecuted, entered, or filed in the Name or Names of any other Person or Persons than is or are in that Behalf before mentioned, the same, and every Proceeding thereupon had, are hereby declared and the same shall be null and void to all Intents and Purposes.
s. 5. “And be it enacted, That immediately after the passing of this Act it shall be lawful for any Person against whom any original Writ, Suit, Action, Bill, Plaint, or Information shall have been sued out, commenced, or prosecuted, on or before the Day of the passing of this Act, for the Recovery of any pecuniary Penalty or Penalties incurred under the said recited Act, to apply to the Court in which such original Writ, Suit, Action, Bill, Plaint, or Information shall have been sued out, commenced, or prosecuted, if such Court shall be sitting, or, if such Court shall not be sitting, to any Judge of either of the superior Courts at Westminster, or to any Justice of the Peace before whom any such Plaint or Information shall be pending, or any Conviction shall have been had or obtained, or to any other Justice of the Peace acting for the same County, Riding, Division, City, Borough, or Place, as the Justice of the Peace before whom such Plaint or Information shall be pending or such Conviction shall have been had or obtained, for an Order that such Writ, Suit, Action, Bill, Plaint, or Information shall be discontinued, or such Conviction be quashed, upon Payment of the Costs thereof out of Pocket incurred to the Time of such Application being made, such Costs to be taxed according to the Practice of such Court, or in case of any Proceeding before a Justice, to be taxed and ascertained by such Justice; and every such Court or Judge, or Justice of the Peace, as the Case may be, is hereby authorized and required, upon such Application, and Proof that sufficient Notice has been given to the Plaintiff or Informer, or to his Attorney, of the Application, to make such Order as aforesaid; and upon the making such Order, and Payment or Tender of such Costs as aforesaid, such Writ, Suit, Action, Bill, Plaint, or Information shall be forthwith discontinued, or such Conviction shall be quashed, as the Case may be: Provided always, that in all Cases in which any such Writ, Suit, Action, Bill, Plaint, or Information shall have been sued out or commenced subsequently to the Sixteenth Day of April One thousand eight hundred and thirty-nine, it shall be lawful for such Court, Judge, or Justice as aforesaid to make such Order for discontinuing the same, or quashing any Conviction had thereon, without Payment of any Costs, and in every such Case, on the making of such Order, such Writ, Suit, Action, Bill, Plaint, or Information shall be forthwith discontinued, or such Conviction shall be forthwith quashed, as the Case may be: Provided always, that nothing herein contained shall be deemed or taken to enable any Person to recover back any Money paid before the passing of this Act, in pursuance of any Judgment or Conviction duly obtained under the Provisions of the said recited Act.
s. 6. “And be it enacted, That the said Act, and all Acts made for the Amendment thereof, except so far as herein repealed or altered, shall be construed as One Act together with this Act.
s. 7. “And be it enacted, That this Act may be amended or repealed by any Act to be passed in this present Session of Parliament.”
Exemptions.—Articles exempted from penalty for not having the Printer’s Name and Address.
By 39 Geo. 3. c. 79. s. 28.
Any Papers printed by the Authority and for the Use of either House of Parliament.
s. 31. The Impressions of any Engraving.
The printing by Letter Press of the Name, or the Name and Address, or Business or Profession of any Person, and the Articles in which he deals.
Any Papers for the Sale of Estates or Goods by Auction, or otherwise.
39 & 40 Geo. 3. c. 95.—Act of Indemnity.
Any Papers printed under the Authority of Commissioners of Public Boards, and printed before the passing of this Act.
41 Geo. 3. c. 80.—Act of Indemnity.
Any Papers printed under the Authority of the Head Officers of any of the principal Offices of State, or of any Board of Revenue, &c. and printed before the passing of this Act.
42 Geo. 3. c. 23.—Annual Act of Indemnity.
Any Paper being, or purporting to be, any Pleading, Rule, Order, or any Process, or other Proceeding of or in any Court of Law or Equity, or to be any Part of such Pleading, &c., or to be a Copy of the same, or of any Part thereof, which shall have been printed before the passing of this Act.
49 Geo. 3. c. 69.—Act of Indemnity.
51 Geo. 3. c. 65. s. 3.
Any Bank Note, Bank Post Bill, Bill of Exchange, or Promissory Note;
Bond or other Security for Payment of Money;
Bill of Lading;
Policy of Insurance;
Letter of Attorney;
Deed or Agreement;
Transfer or Assignment of any Public Stocks, Funds, or other Securities;
Transfer or Assignment of the Stocks of any Public Corporation or Company, authorized or sanctioned by Act of Parliament;
Dividend Warrants of or for any such Public or other Stocks, Funds, or Securities;
Receipt for Money or Goods;
Proceeding in any Court of Law or Equity, or in any Inferior Court;
Warrant, Order, or other Papers printed by the Authority of any Public Board or Public Officer in the Execution of the Duties of their respective Offices;
2 Vict. c. 12. s. 4. All Informations and Actions for Penalties, &c. to be filed, &c. in the Name of Her Majesty’s Attorney or Solicitor General.
Imprisonment for Debt. See Debt.
INDENTURES.
5 Geo. 3. c. 46. s. 19. “And be it further declared and enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That all printed Indentures, Covenants, Articles, or Contracts, for binding Clerks or Apprentices in Great Britain, after the said fifth Day of July, one thousand seven hundred and sixty-five, shall have the following Notice or Memorandum printed under the same; videlicet,
“‘The Indenture, Covenant, Article, or Contract, must bear Date the Day it is executed; and what Money or other Thing is given or contracted for with the Clerk or Apprentice, must be inserted in Words at length; and the Duty paid to the Stamp Office, if in London, or within the Weekly Bills of Mortality, within one Month after the Execution, and if in the Country, and out of the said Bills of Mortality, within two Months, to a Distributor of the Stamps, or his Substitute; otherwise the Indenture will be void, the Master or Mistress forfeit fifty Pounds, and another Penalty, and the Apprentice be disabled to follow his Trade, or be made free.’
“And if any Printer, Stationer, or other Person or Persons, shall sell, or cause to be sold, any such Indenture, Covenant, Article, or Contract, without such Notice or Memorandum being printed under the same; then, and in every such Case, such Printer, Stationer, or other Person or Persons, shall, for every such Offence, forfeit the Sum of ten Pounds.”
INDEX,
or Hand ☞ points out a remarkable passage, or something that requires particular attention.—Murray.
INDIA PAPER.
This paper, which comes to us from China, is decidedly superior to any other paper for obtaining fine impressions from engravings. That which is used as the linings of tea chests is equal in quality to any, although some of it is coarse, and many persons object to the colour; a thicker and whiter sort comes over as wrappers for silk; both these sorts are injured by having been used as packages, but out of them good pieces may be selected, sufficiently large for octavo pages, and frequently for quarto. A perfect paper of a large size is imported in chests of two thousand sheets each. A sheet measures four feet three inches and one tenth in length, and two feet one inch and one tenth in width. This paper varies very much in quality, so that circumspection should be used in making a purchase.
All India paper contains particles of hard matter, like minute portions of stone, small pieces of the hard stalks of some vegetable, and lumps of the material from which it is made. Previously to its being printed on, the whole of it ought to be carefully examined, and these extraneous matters removed with a sharp knife, otherwise they will injure the surface of the engraving.
There is a smooth side and a rough side in white India paper, called by printers the right side and the wrong side: this India paper has the appearance of having been formed on a smooth surface of metal or stone, by being laid on with a brush, the rough side having the semblance of paint applied by an unskilful hand, exhibiting all the marks of the brush in irregular directions; the other side being flat and smooth. The smooth side is always used for the impression.
In all cases the best way of damping India paper is to put it, in separate pieces, into a heap of paper that is in a proper condition for printing, where after lying a few minutes it will be sufficiently damp for use. See Paper.
INK.
Printing Ink is a composition formed of two articles, namely, varnish and colouring matter.
The Rev. William Beloe, treating of early printed books in his Anecdotes of Literature, &c., says,—“It must have been immediately obvious that common writing ink, from its want of substance and viscosity, could by no means answer the purpose. But it must excite surprise, and indeed admiration, to perceive how soon the greatest perfection was attained in this particular. So very soon indeed, and so effectually, that very nearly at the same period books were printed at Mentz, at Rome, and at Venice, which may almost defy the competition of succeeding artists.—The Psalter of Fust and Guttenburg, at Mentz, the Lactantius of Sweynheym and Pannartz, at the Subiaco Monastery, and the Pliny of Jenson, at Venice, may be adduced as specimens of extraordinary beauty, with regard to the quality of the ink; not perhaps surpassed, or, if at all, in a very small degree, by the productions of Bodoni at Parma, or the most perfect examples of the London Presses. It is observable that this excellence of the ink is particularly apparent in all the early books printed upon vellum, and in Germany.”
This is strictly true, for the ink has, after a lapse of four hundred years, preserved its beautiful blackness, as I have myself witnessed, particularly in the large Bible printed by Faust and Schœffer, and generally known as the Mentz Bible without Date; but in the seventeenth century the quality had materially retrograded, and it was not till the latter part of the eighteenth century that it began to recover its character, when two or three of our most celebrated printers set about improving the ink of commerce for some very expensive splendid works, but the ingredients which they used they kept a profound secret.
As I believe that I am the only person who has written a practical work on the subject, I will give an extract from the preface of my work on Printing Ink, which will show the state in which this article was at that time.
“The process of making printing ink has never yet been treated of fully by any practical man, either printer or manufacturer, so that this work will come before the public on a subject as new as it is important.
“This assertion may perhaps appear to require some modification, as the following pages will present to the reader many receipts for making printing ink, by preceding authors; but when it is known that this subject is only treated of incidentally by some, and that others of them were not professionally printers, and therefore could scarcely be expected to know what was the desideratum, much less to attain it, we shall have little cause to wonder that all have failed. That they have failed, admits of no question: a long experience in the art of printing in all its branches enables and obliges me to say, that ink made from any one of these receipts could not be used in any printing office in the metropolis.
“Moxon, who wrote the first practical work on printing, gives a detailed method of preparing printing ink after the Dutch manner, which he highly praises; yet this ink would be deemed worthless at present, and although as good as the succeeding ones, he is never quoted on this subject; yet when types are treated of, his name appears in every subsequent work on printing. I believe few printers know his book, the title of which is, “Mechanick Exercises: or, the Doctrine of Handy-works. Applied to the Art of Printing. By Joseph Moxon, Member of the Royal Society, and Hydrographer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty.” 2 vols. 4to. 1677, and which has served as the foundation of subsequent works on printing.
“M. le Breton, printer to the King of France, is the next author on this subject. He wrote the article on Printing in the French Encyclopédie, of which the method of making printing ink forms a part. He is continually quoted by succeeding writers, yet his ink would not rank higher than Moxon’s in a printing office.
“J. B. Papillon, a celebrated French engraver on wood, published a treatise on that subject, in which he gave a detailed account of making printing ink, which would not be in greater estimation than Moxon’s and Breton’s.
“Lewis, in his Philosophical Commerce of Arts, relates the results of many experiments on boiling oil, which are of little practical use, and gives the process of making ink from Breton.
“Nicholson, in his Dictionary of Chemistry, gives some passages which purport nothing, and then proceeds to a loose description of the process from Lewis.
“The Messrs. Aikin, in their Dictionary of Chemistry, give a short vague article on the subject, quoting Lewis as their authority.
“Rees’s Cyclopædia contains an article on the subject from Lewis.
“The Printer’s Manual, a French work, published in 1817, gives an account of the process, founded on Breton’s formula.
“The Encyclopædia Britannica is the only work to my knowledge which has broken through the trammels of obsolete authorities, and given a receipt by which a printing ink might be made that could be used; but the editor candidly acknowledges that the article produced would be of an inferior quality.—It is, however, the only real approximation to the knowledge of making an ink that could be worked with; and yet it is deficient in specifying the qualities of the different materials, and also of their due proportions, so that it would not produce a clean working ink, nor an ink of a good colour.
“The information given in the book is not theoretical, but deduced from my own practice; and there is not an article mentioned in the whole treatise but what I have repeatedly employed, nor a receipt given but what has undergone the strictest ordeal—that of being used in the regular way of business. The fine black ink has been pronounced by some of our first printers unrivalled; and the ink for general purposes has been allowed, by the most competent judges, to be fully equal to the high priced inks of the principal manufacturers.
“I have used them myself, and also superintended their use by others to the extent of thousands of impressions printed consecutively, without having found occasion to wash or clean the form or engraving, and this in producing fine work. I am, through this experience, enabled to assert, that I do not think it possible that inks could be produced that would work cleaner or more freely, produce finer impressions, and retain their freshness of colour without imparting stain to the paper, than the inks, both black and coloured, the receipts of which I have published in this work.
“The Society for the Encouragement of Arts showed their sense of my success in this pursuit, by awarding to me their large medal, and a sum of money, for my imitation of drawings printed from engravings on wood with inks of my own preparing; and by an invitation to furnish them with a paper on the preparation of printing ink.
“Knowledge of such a subject as this on which I am treating, must, to possess any value, be practical, not theoretical: without being so, there would not exist a possibility of accurately knowing the imperfections existing in the inks, of estimating the errors and deficiencies, and, least of all, of providing a remedy. Thirty-six years practice in the metropolis, with some previous ones in the country, spent in executing the most common as well as the most splendid works, may perhaps entitle me to feel competency to my undertaking, and encourage the belief of it in others.
“To printers generally, I feel that this work will be of great service, judging from the absolute want of information on the subject, a want that I have experienced in a very high degree during my practice. It will enable every printer to prepare a good ink himself, and to have it always of an uniform quality;—it will enable him to prepare the finest ink without any risk or danger;—it will enable him to prepare coloured ink of any hue at half an hour’s notice, that will work as clean as black ink, when any fancy work is required;—it will enable him to print bankers’ cheques, &c. with a changeable ink, to prevent fraudulent alterations:—it is in fact opening a door to the extension of the powers of the printing press which has hitherto been closed and sealed.”
This was written in 1832, and contains as faithful an account of the state of knowledge as could be acquired at that time on this subject; for the few manufacturers of the article then existing most scrupulously guarded the secret of its preparation, and no really fine ink could be purchased. The publication of my work on Decorative Printing, and of this work on Printing Ink, has effected a great revolution in the art; for previously it was impossible, even in the metropolis, to have any thing printed in a superior way except with black ink, whereas now, there is hardly a printer who would not feel ashamed to avow that he could not execute work in any colour whatever in the same style of workmanship as with black ink. For the method of preparing the different inks, both black and of every colour, with the ingredients and their proportions, I must refer the reader to the book itself.
For the qualities requisite in the best printing ink, see Engravings on Wood, and also Fine Presswork.
By the Act 6 G. 4. c. 111., the Customs Duty on the importation of ink for printers is 1l. 1s. the cwt.
INK BLOCK.
The block on which the ink is spread to supply the balls; in wooden presses, it is nailed to the upper near hind rail, and is supported at the bottom by a stay fastened to the lower rail.
It was generally made of a piece of elm wood, between two and three inches thick, with a ledge of fir wood at the back, at one end, and also at part of the front. A quantity of ink was kept in the farther corner, which was rubbed out on the bottom with the brayer, from which it was taken with a ball, and then distributed.
In fine printing that required strong ink, it being found very difficult, in cold weather, to distribute the ink properly, some offices adopted a small table having an iron plate for the top, with a shelf under it for a lamp, which warmed the ink and caused it to work more freely.
The introduction of rollers has superseded the use of the ink block, for which has been substituted an inking apparatus, which see.
INKING APPARATUS.
The substitution of rollers for balls required a different apparatus for the taking of ink.
Mr. Edward Cowper, of the late firm of Applegath and Cowper, claims the invention of the first apparatus, for which the firm took out a patent. Mr. Cowper kindly favoured me with drawings, and the following description, in the year 1818.
“The apparatus consists of an inking roller, a distributing table, and an ink trough.
“The inking roller is made of wood covered with the elastic composition, [treacle and glue,] it is about three inches diameter and eighteen or twenty inches long, according to the length of the form; it is furnished with two handles which are fixed to the spindle on which the roller turns; the spindle passes through the roller so that when one handle is moved the other is moved also; the handles stand over the roller at right angles to it, this position being from practice found most convenient; a small leg projects from one of the handles, which prevents them from falling on the table and becoming soiled.
“The distributing table is of wood covered with a sheet of lead as level as possible; and the frame on which it stands is of cast iron.
“The ink trough is fixed at one edge of the table, and is composed of a metal roller, turned true, and a thin plate of steel, the edge of the plate presses against the metal roller by means of levers and weights, the ink is placed between the steel plate and the metal roller.
“When the metal roller is turned round it becomes covered with a film of ink, the inking roller is then dabbed against it, and rolled backwards and forwards on the distributing table in different directions; it is then passed two or three times over the form.
“The advantages of this mode of inking are considerable; it is much easier to use than the balls, produces better work, and saves in balls and ink not less than five shillings per week. Its peculiar recommendation is the great regularity of colour which may be obtained, and the delicate manner in which the letter is touched, advantages which render it applicable to the finest specimens of typography.”