An Advanced English Grammar with Exercises

INDEX

[References are to pages; f. signifies “and following page”; ff. signifies “and following pages.”]

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

• A for on (a-fishing), 147, 149.
• A or an, 77 ff.;
  • distributive, 79.
• About, with infinitive, 105, 135.
• Absolute construction, 144. See Nominative.
• Absolute use of transitive verbs, 92.
• Abstract nouns, 29 f.
• Accusative, 52.
• Action, nouns in -ing, 145 ff.
• Active voice, 107 ff. See Passive.
• Adjective, 5, 75 ff.;
  • descriptive and definitive, 5, 75 f.;
  • proper, 75;
  • compound, 75;
  • pronominal, 76 (cf. 62 ff.);
  • attributive, appositive, predicate, 76 f.;
  • articles, 77 ff;
  • comparison, 79 ff., 88 f.;
  • numerals, 89 f.;
  • noun as adjective, adjective as noun, 9, 78;
  • participle as, 143;
  • adjective in exclamations, 155 f.;
  • as modifier of subject, 192 f.
  • See Adjective pronoun, Predicate adjective.
• Adjective clauses, 20, 66, 86, 157 f.;
  • place or time, 163 f.;
  • as modifiers of subject, 192 f.;
  • of complement, 206.
• Adjective phrases, 16, 157;
  • comparison of, 89;
  • as modifiers of subject, 192 f.;
  • as complements, 204;
  • as modifiers of modifiers, 207.
• Adjective pronouns, 62 ff.;
  • demonstrative, 62 ff.;
  • indefinite, 64 f.
• Adverb, defined, 7;
  • classification, forms, and use, 83 ff.;
  • relative or conjunctive, 86;
  • interrogative, 86;
  • comparison, 87 ff.;
  • numeral, 89 f.;
  • in exclamations, 155 f.;
  • as modifier, 196 f., 206, 208.
• Adverbial clauses, 20 f., 86, 158 f.;
  • place or time, 163 f.;
  • causal, 164;
  • concessive, 164 f.;
  • purpose or result, 166 f.;
  • conditional, 167 ff.;
  • comparison, degree, manner, 173;
  • indirect question, 180;
  • as modifiers of predicate, 196 f.;
  • of complement, 206;
  • of modifiers, 207 f.
• Adverbial objective, 53;
  • clause as, 158 f.;
  • as modifier, 198.
• Adverbial phrases, 16, 53, 142, 158;
  • numeral, 90;
  • as modifiers of predicate, 196 f., 198 ff.;
  • of complement, 206;
  • of modifiers, 207 f.
• Advising, verbs of, with infinitive clause, 138.
• Affirmative, 85.
• A-fishing, etc., 147, 149.
• After, preposition, 148;
  • relative adverb, 86, 157, 164.
• Agreement, of predicate nominative with subject, 41, 57 f.;
  • of appositive, 42, 47, 53, 57;
  • of pronoun with antecedent, 55, 65;
  • of relative with antecedent, 68, 102;
  • of verb with subject, 97, 100 ff.
• All, 65.
• Alternative conditions, 168;
  • questions, 179.
• Although. See Though.
• Analysis, 183 ff.;
  • structure of sentences, 183 ff.;
  • analysis, with models, 188 ff.;
  • simple sentences, 188;
  • compound, 188 f.;
  • complex, 189 f.;
  • compound complex, 190;
  • modifiers, 191 ff.;
  • complements, 200 ff.;
  • modifiers of complements and of modifiers, 205 ff.;
  • independent elements, 209;
  • combinations of clauses, 210 ff.;
  • elliptical sentences, 224 ff.
  • See further under these several heads.
• Anglo-Saxon, xv, 316 f.
• Animals, names of, gender, 32;
  • pronouns, 69.
• Another, 64 f.
• Antecedent of pronoun, 4;
  • agreement, 55, 65, 68, 102;
  • unexpressed, 71 ff.;
  • what, 71;
  • compound relatives, 72 f.
• Any, anything, 64 f.
• Apodosis, 168.
• Apostrophe, 43 ff., 56, 311.
• Appear, with predicate nominative or adjective, 6 f., 76, 93.
• Apposition, 42. See Appositive.
• Appositive, case of, 42, 47, 53, 57;
  • with possessive, 47;
  • infinitive as, 134 f.;
  • clause as, 159 ff., 167, 174, 180, 196;
  • appositive as modifier, 195 f., 207.
• Appositive adjective, 76.
• Appositive phrase, 195.
• Archaisms, xvii. See Old.
• Articles, 77 ff.;
  • generic, 77;
  • repeated, 78;
  • with verbal noun, 147.
• As, relative pronoun, 67;
  • relative adverb, 86, 153;
  • conjunction, 153;
  • in concession, 165;
  • in clauses of degree, 173.
• As if, as though, 122, 153, 173;
  • as to, with infinitive, 167.
• Asking, verb of, two objects, 50;
  • retained object, 112;
  • with indirect question, 179 ff. (cf. 160).
• Assertion, 2, 5, 13.
• Attribute. See Predicate adjective, Predicate objective.
• Attributive adjective, 76.
• Aught, naught, 65.
• Authorship, 43.
• Auxiliary verbs, 6, 91;
  • in future, 102 ff.;
  • in compound tenses, 106;
  • in passive, 108 ff.;
  • in progressive form, 113 f.;
  • in emphatic form, 114;
  • replacing subjunctive, 123;
  • in potential verb-phrases, 124 ff.

• Be, 6 f., 93;
  • conjugation, 99, 118 f., 300 f.;
  • auxiliary of passive, 108 ff.;
  • of progressive form, 113;
  • ellipsis of, 114, 144, 164 f., 169, 224 f.;
  • predicate pronoun after, 139.
  • See Predicate nominative.
• Become, with predicate nominative or adjective, 6 f., 76, 93.
• Before, preposition, 148;
  • relative adverb, 86, 157, 163 f.;
  • with subjunctive, 122;
  • with should, 130.
• Believing, verbs of, with infinitive clause, 138.
• Biblical style. See Solemn.
• Bid, with infinitive, 138.
• Both, pronoun, 64.
• Both ... and, 15, 153.
• But, adverb, 135.
• But, coördinate conjunction, 152;
  • subordinate, 153 f.;
  • elliptical constructions, 154.
• But, preposition, 148;
  • with infinitive, 135.

• Calling, verbs of, two objects, 50;
  • predicate nominative after passive, 111.
• Can, could, 124 ff., 299.
• Capital letters, 27 ff., 75;
  • rules, 305.
• Cardinal numerals, 89 f.
• Case, 40 ff.;
  • nominative, 40 ff.;
  • possessive, 43 ff.;
  • objective, 47 ff.;
  • of appositives, 42, 47, 53, 57.
  • See Pronouns.
• Cause, clauses of, 164;
  • nominative absolute, 144.
• Chaucer, xv, 43, 49, 85, 317 f.
• Choosing, verbs of, two objects, 50;
  • predicate nominative after passive, 111.
• Clauses, independent and subordinate, 16 ff.;
  • as parts of speech, 19 ff., 157 ff.;
  • infinitive, 137 ff.;
  • simple, compound, complex, 210 ff.;
  • combination of, 210 ff.
  • See Adjective, Adverbial, Noun, Infinitive clause.
• Clauses, subordinate, classified according to meaning, 163 ff.;
  • place and time, 163 f.;
  • cause, 164;
  • concession, 164 f.;
  • purpose and result, 166 f.;
  • conditional, 167 ff.;
  • comparison and manner, 173;
  • indirect discourse, 173 ff.;
  • indirect questions, 179 ff.
• Cognate object, 52;
  • it as, 58;
  • as modifier, 199.
• Collective nouns, 29 f.;
  • verbs with, 101 f.
• Colloquial forms and constructions, xvi, 38, 57 ff., 61, 69, 100, 112, 120, 149, 155.
• Colon, 309 f.
• Color, adjectives of, 84.
• Combinations of clauses, 210 ff.
• Come, have (or am) come, 107.
• Comma, 70, 306 ff.
• Command, with shall or will, 105, 118;
  • as condition, 169;
  • verbs of, with infinitive clause, 138;
  • with noun clause, 160, 167.
  • See Imperative.
• Common gender, 31.
• Common nouns, 27 ff.;
  • personification, 28 f.
• Comparative and superlative, of adjectives, 79 ff., 88 f.;
  • of adverbs, 87 ff.;
  • use, 88 f.;
  • comparative with the, 86.
• Comparison, clauses of, 173.
• Comparison of adjectives, 79 ff., 88 f.;
  • of adverbs, 87 ff.;
  • use of, 88 f.
• Complementary infinitive, 137.
• Complementary object, 50. See Predicate objective.
• Complements. See Object, Predicate objective, Predicate nominative, Predicate adjective.
• Complements, classified, 200 ff.;
  • direct object, 201;
  • predicate objective, 202;
  • predicate nominative, 202 f.;
  • predicate adjective, 203 f.
• Complements, modifiers of, 205 f.
• Complete predicate. See Predicate.
• Complete predication, 200.
• Complete subject. See Subject.
• Complete tenses, 106 f.
• Complete verbs, 200.
• Complex clauses, 18, 187, 211 f., 215 f., 219 ff.
• Complex compound. See Compound complex.
• Complex sentences, 17 ff., 186;
  • analyzed, 189 f.;
  • varieties of, 216 ff.
• Compound adjectives, 75.
• Compound clauses, 151, 186, 210 ff.
• Compound complex sentences, 18, 187, 215 f.;
  • analyzed, 190, 222 f.
• Compound conjunctions, 153.
• Compound nouns, 30, 146 f.;
  • plural, 36;
  • possessive, 46 f.
• Compound personal pronouns, 60 ff.;
  • intensive and reflexive, 61 f.;
  • relatives, 72 f.
• Compound predicate, 15, 184 f., 212 f.
• Compound sentences, 17 ff., 185;
  • analyzed, 188 f.;
  • elaboration of, 213 f.
• Compound subject, 15, 184 f., 212 f.;
  • agreement, 100 f.
• Compound tenses, 106 f.
• Concerning, 142, 149.
• Concession, moods in, 120 ff.;
  • should and would in, 123, 131;
  • clauses of, 164 ff.
• Conclusion, 168.
• Conditional clauses and sentences, moods in, 120 ff., 170 ff.;
  • forms and meaning, 167 ff.;
  • classification, 169 ff.;
  • past and present, 170 f.;
  • non-committal and contrary to fact, 170 f.;
  • future, 171 f.;
  • shall, will, should, would, 130 f.
• Conjugation, 25, 94 ff.;
  • indicative present and past, 98 f.;
  • future, 102;
  • active and passive, 108 ff.;
  • progressive, 113 f.;
  • potential verb-phrases, 124 f.;
  • tables of, 300 ff.
• Conjunction, defined, 8;
  • classification and use, 151 ff.;
  • coördinate or coördinating, 151 f.;
  • subordinate or subordinating, 151, 153 f.;
  • correlative, 153 f.;
  • adverb, preposition, and, 152 f.;
  • and adverb, 150.
• Conjunctive adverbs and pronouns. See Relative.
• Considering, 142, 149.
• Construction, xiv, 25 ff.
• Contractions: it’s, 56;
  • I’ll, we’ll, 104;
  • let’s, 120;
  • may n’t, ought n’t, 126;
  • I’d, we’d, 130.
• Contrary to fact, conditions, 170 f.
• Coördinate (coördinating) conjunctions, 151 f.
• Coördinate clauses, 17 ff., 185 ff., 210 ff.
• Coördination in sentences, 210 ff. See Coördinate.
• Copula. See Be.
• Copulative verbs, 6 f., 76, 93. See Be.
• Correlative conjunctions, 153 f.
• Could. See Can.

• Dare, 137, 299.
• Dash, 310.
• Dative, 52, 60.
• Declarative sentences, 2.
• Declaring, verbs of, with infinitive clause, 138.
• Declension of nouns, 40;
  • of personal pronouns, 55 f.;
  • of self-pronouns, 60;
  • of demonstratives, 63;
  • of relatives, 67;
  • of compound relatives, 72;
  • of interrogatives, 73.
• Defective verbs, 299.
• Definite article, 77 ff.
• Definitive adjectives, 5, 75 f.
• Degree, adverbs of, 84;
  • clauses of, 173.
  • See Comparison.
• Deity, words for the, 305.
• Demonstrative pronouns and adjectives, 62 ff.
• Dependent. See Subordinate.
• Descriptive adjectives, 4, 75;
  • relatives, 70 f.
• Desiring, verbs of, with infinitive, 137;
  • with noun clause, 160, 167.
• Did. See Do.
• Direct address, nominative in, 42;
  • independent element, 209.
• Direct discourse, 174 ff.
• Direct object. See Object.
• Direct quotations, 173 f.;
  • questions, 179.
• Do, did, in questions, 114;
  • in emphatic verb-phrases, 114;
  • in imperative, 117;
  • as substitute for some other verb, 114.
• Double comparison, 88;
  • conditions, 168.
• Doubting, verb of, with indirect question, 179 (cf. 160).

• Each, each other, 64 f.
• Editorial we, 57.
• Either, 64;
  • either ... or, 15, 153.
• Elder, eldest, 81.
• Elements. See Subject, Predicate, Modifiers, Complements, Independent.
• Ellipsis, understood words, etc., 3, 47, 58, 63, 69, 71, 114, 117, 19 f., 121 f., 133, 144, 149, 153 f., 155, 160, 164 f., 169, 173, 175, 224 ff.
• Elliptical sentences, 224 ff.
• ’em, 57.
• Emphasis, superlative of, 88.
• Emphatic verb-phrases, 114;
  • imperative, 117.
• -en, plural ending of nouns, 35;
  • old plural ending of verbs, 99.
• Endings, in inflection, 25;
  • gender, 33;
  • number, 34 ff.;
  • case, 40;
  • possessive, 43 f.;
  • comparison, 80 ff., 87;
  • adverbs, 83 ff.;
  • tense, 95 f.;
  • personal endings, 97 f.
• English language, xi ff.;
  • history of, 316 ff.
• Errors of speech, 37, 45, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64 f., 74, 77, 88, 102 ff., 126, 128 ff., 133 ff., 139, 147.
• Even if, 153, 164 f.
• Every, everybody, everything, 64 f.
• Except, with infinitive, 135.
• Exclamation, nominative in, 42, 57, 156;
  • objective me, 60;
  • infinitive, 136;
  • various parts of speech, 155 f.;
  • phrases, 155 f.;
  • clauses, 169;
  • as independent element, 209.
  • See Interjection.
• Exclamation point, 155, 306.
• Exclamatory sentences, 2 f., 74;
  • phrases, 155 f.;
  • expressions, 155 f., 209.
  • See Exclamation, Interjection.
• Exercises, 227–290. See Table of Contents, v.
• Exhortations, 120.
• Expectation, subjunctive, 122 f.;
  • should, 130.
• Expletive. See It, There.
• Extent, possessive of, 46.
• Eyne, 35.

• Feel, with predicate adjective, 77;
  • with infinitive, 136.
• Feminine. See Gender.
• Few, 65.
• Figures, plural of, 36.
• For, conjunction, 152.
• For, preposition, 148, 152;
  • with infinitive, 135;
  • with infinitive clause, 139.
• Foreign plurals, 37.
• Fractional parts, 90.
• Future conditions, 171 f.
• Future perfect tense, 106.
• Future tense, 94, 102 ff. See Shall, will.

• Gender, 31 ff.;
  • of nouns and pronouns, 31;
  • special rules for nouns, 32 ff.;
  • of pronouns, 56;
  • of relatives, 67 ff.
  • See Personification.
• Generally speaking, 142.
• Generic article, 77.
• Genitive. See Possessive.
• Gerund, 146.
• Giving, verbs of, direct and indirect object, 50;
  • retained object, 112.
• Go. See Motion.
• Going to, 105.
• Grammar, nature and principles of, xi ff.
• Granted that, 168.

• Habitual action, 127.
• Had rather, etc., 123;
  • had to, 126.
• Half, 102.
• Have, had, 6, 95;
  • auxiliary in compound tenses, 106 ff., 141.
• He, 56;
  • for he or she, 65.
• Hear, with infinitive, 136.
• Hem, old pronoun, 57.
• His, as neuter, 56.
• Hosen, 35.
• How, 86.
• However, 152;
  • in concessions, 165.
• Hyphen, 30, 311.

• I’d, we’d, 130.
• Idioms, nature of, xv.
• If, 153;
  • in conditions, 168 ff.;
  • in wishes, 169;
  • in indirect questions, 179.
• Ill, 81, 87.
• I’ll, we’ll, 104.
• Imperative mood, 116 ff.;
  • in exclamations, 156;
  • as a condition, 169.
• Imperative sentences, 2 f., 116 ff.;
  • subject of, 2, 117.
• Impersonal it, 58. See It.
• In case that, 153;
  • in order that, 153, 166;
  • in order to, 167.
• Incomplete predication, 200;
  • verbs, 200.
• Indefinite article, 77 ff.;
  • pronouns and adjectives, 64 f.;
  • nouns, 65;
  • relatives (whoever, etc.), 72 f.
• Independent clauses, 17 f. See Clauses.
• Independent elements, 209.
• Independent participles, 142.
• Indicative mood, 115 f.;
  • variety of use, 116;
    • in statements and questions of fact, 116;
    • in commands, 105, 118;
    • in concessions, 121;
    • in conditions, 170, 172.
• Indirect discourse, 173 ff.;
  • tenses in, 175;
  • passive, 175 f.;
    • shall, should, will, would, 177 f.
• Indirect object, 50 f.;
  • retained with passive, 112;
  • of participial nouns, 146;
  • as modifier, 199.
• Indirect questions, 179 ff.;
  • infinitive in, 181;
  • subjunctive in, 181;
  • shall, should, will, would, 182.
• Indirect quotations, 173 ff.
• Infinitive, 11 ff., 132 ff.;
  • forms, 107, 133;
  • object and modifiers, 134;
  • uses, 134 ff.;
  • as noun, 11 ff., 134;
  • as object, 135;
  • as nominative of exclamation, 136;
  • as modifier, 136 f., 194, 197 f.;
  • with see, hear, feel, 136;
  • complementary, 137;
  • of purpose, 137, 167;
  • in verb-phrases, 12;
  • in future, 102;
  • in emphatic forms, 114, 117;
  • in potential verb-phrases, 124 ff.;
  • with ought, tenses, 126;
  • in indirect questions, 181;
  • in verb-phrases, see Future, Future perfect, Emphatic, Potential.
• Infinitive clause, 137 ff.;
  • as object, 138 f.;
  • as subject, 139;
  • predicate pronoun in, 139;
  • expressing purpose, 167;
  • indirect discourse, 175.
• Infinitive phrase, 194.
• Inflection, nature and function of, xiii f., 25;
  • summary of, 26;
  • of nouns, 30 ff.;
  • of pronouns, 55 ff.;
  • of adjectives, 79 ff.;
  • of verbs, 94 ff.;
  • lists of verb-forms, 291 ff.
• -ing, verbal nouns in, 145 ff. See Participial nouns.
• Intensive pronouns, 61 f.
• Interjections, defined, 8;
  • use, 155 f.;
  • as independent elements, 209.
• Interrogation point, 306.
• Interrogative adverbs, 86;
  • with clauses, 157;
  • in indirect questions, 179;
  • with infinitive, 181.
• Interrogative pronouns, 73 f.;
  • as adjectives, 74;
  • with prepositions, 150;
  • with clauses, 157;
  • in indirect questions, 179 ff.;
  • with infinitive, 181.
• Interrogative sentences, 2 f.;
  • order in, 3;
  • do, did in, 114;
  • direct and indirect questions, 179 ff.
• Intransitive verbs, 48 f., 92 f.;
  • voice, 111;
  • in passive with preposition, 111.
• Inverted order, 3, 85, 121 f., 161.
• Irregular verbs, 95, 99;
  • participles, 141;
  • lists, 291 ff.
• Is. See Be.
• It, 56;
  • impersonal, 58;
  • expletive, 58, 135, 161, 175 f.;
  • cognate object, 58.

• Kind, sort, 64.
• Kine, 35.
• Knowing, verbs of, indirect discourse, 174;
  • indirect question, 179.

• Language, nature of, xi ff.;
  • English, 316 ff.
• Less, least, 81, 87.
• Lest, with subjunctive, 122;
  • purpose, 122, 166.
• Let, with infinitive, 138;
  • let us, 120.
• Letters, plural of, 36.
• Like, should like, 129.
• Like, with objective, 52.
• Limiting adjectives, 5. See Definitive.
• Look, with predicate adjective, 77.

• Main clause, 17 f.;
  • analysis, 184 ff., 213 ff.;
  • compound, 216 f.
• Majesty, plural of, 57.
• Make, with infinitive, 138.
• Making, verbs of, two objects, 50;
  • predicate nominative after passive, 111.
• -man, words ending in, plural of, 35.
• Manner, adverbs of, 83;
  • clauses of, 173.
• Many, 65.
• Masculine. See Gender.
• May, might, auxiliary, 120 ff.;
  • replacing subjunctive, 123;
  • form, 299.
• Measure or extent, possessive of, 46.
• Meseems, methinks, 60.
• Might, auxiliary, 123 ff.;
  • replacing subjunctive, 123;
  • might better, 123.
  • See May.
• Modal auxiliaries, use and meaning, 124 ff.
• Mode. See Mood.
• Models for parsing, analysis, 54, 74, 82, 188 ff., 243, 250 f., 262, 270. See Exercises.
• Modifiers, 7;
  • classified, 191 ff.;
  • of subject, 192 ff.;
  • adjectives, adjective phrases, adjective clauses, 192 f.;
  • participles, 193 f.;
  • infinitives, 194;
  • possessives, 195;
  • appositives, 195 f.;
  • of predicate, 196 ff.;
  • adverbs, adverbial phrases, adverbial clauses, 196 f.;
  • infinitives, 197 f.;
  • adverbial objectives, 198;
  • nominative absolute, 198 f.;
  • indirect object, 199;
  • cognate object, 199.
• Modifiers of complements, 205 f.
• Modifiers of modifiers, 207 f.
• Mood, 115 ff.;
  • indicative, 115 f.;
  • imperative, 116 ff.;
  • subjunctive, 118 ff.;
  • potential, 124.
  • See Indicative, Subjunctive, etc.
• More, most, in comparison, 81, 87 ff.
• -most, superlative suffix, 82.
• Motion, verbs of, with have or be, 107;
  • ellipsis, 225.
• Must, auxiliary, 124 ff., 299.
• My, mine, 59.

• Naming, verbs of, two objects, 50;
  • predicate nominative after passive, 111.
• Naught, not, 65.
• Near, with objective, 52.
• Negative, neither, 64, 152;
  • none, 64;
  • not, 65;
  • no, 85;
  • statements and questions, 114;
  • commands, 117;
  • purpose or result, 166 f.;
  • condition, 168.
• Neither, pronoun, 64;
  • conjunction, with nor, 15, 152 ff.;
  • number with, 100.
• Neuter. See Gender.
• Next, 52, 82, 87.
• Nigh, next, 82.
• No, yes, 85.
• Nominative case, 41 f.;
  • subject, 41;
  • predicate, 41;
  • direct address (vocative), 42;
  • in exclamation, 42;
  • absolute, 144, 198 f.
• Non-committal conditions, 170 f.
• None, 64.
• Nor, neither ... nor, number with, 100.
• Not, 65.
• Notwithstanding, preposition or conjunction, 152, 154.
• Noun, defined, 4;
  • classification, 27 ff.;
  • common and proper, 27 ff.;
  • abstract and collective, 29 f.;
  • compound, 30, 36, 47, 146 f.;
  • inflection, 30 ff.;
  • gender, 31 ff.;
  • number, 34 ff.;
  • person, 39;
  • case, 40 ff.;
  • numeral, 89 f.;
  • verbal (participial), 145 ff.
  • See Infinitive.
• Noun clauses, 20, 159 ff.;
  • construction, as subject, object, etc., 159 ff.;
  • purpose and result, 166 f.;
  • indirect discourse, 174 ff.;
  • indirect questions, 180 ff.;
  • analysis, 190;
  • as complement, 201 ff.;
  • direct object, 201;
  • predicate objective, 202;
  • predicate nominative, 203.
• Noun-phrases, 16, 28;
  • possessive of, 47;
  • verbal noun-phrases, 146.
• Number, a (or the), 101.
• Number of nouns, 34 ff.;
  • of pronouns, 56 f., 60, 63 ff., 67 f., 72;
  • of verbs, 97 ff., 100 ff.;
  • agreement in, 55, 65, 68, 97, 100 ff.
• Numerals, 89 f.

• O or oh, 8, 155;
  • in wishes, 155.
• Object, of preposition, 8, 47, 148;
  • of verb, direct, 48 ff.;
  • predicate objective, 50;
  • indirect, 50 f.;
  • for whom, 51;
  • cognate, 52;
  • retained, 112;
  • of infinitive, 134;
  • of verbal (participial) noun, 146 f.;
  • infinitive as, 135;
  • infinitive clause as, 138 f.;
  • noun-clause as, 159 ff., 167, 174 ff., 180 f.
  • See Complements, Modifiers.
• Object clauses. See Noun clauses.
• Objective attribute, 50.
• Objective case, 47 ff.;
  • of service, 51 f.;
  • adverbial, 53;
  • in apposition, 53;
  • of pronouns, 55 f., 60, 63, 67, 69, 72, 73 f.;
  • in exclamation, 60;
  • subject of infinitive, 138 f.
  • See Object.
• Objective complement, 50. See Predicate objective.
• Obsolete words, etc., xvi f. See Old.
• Of mine, 47, 59.
• Of-phrase, 45.
• Old or poetical forms and constructions, 28 f., 32, 35, 39, 43, 45, 52, 56 ff., 59 ff., 62 f., 67, 69, 73, 78, 82, 84 f., 88, 90, 95 ff., 99, 100, 105, 114, 116 f., 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 135, 149, 154, 225, 293, 297 ff.
• On condition that, 168.
• One, one’s, one’s self, 60, 65;
  • one another, 64 f.
• Or, either ... or, 15, 153 f.;
  • number with or, nor, 100.
• Order. See Inverted.
• Orders, will in, 105. See Command.
• Ordinal numerals, 89 f.
• Other, another, 64 f.
• Ought, 126 f.
• Ourself, 60.
• Owe, ought, 126, 299.
• Own, 61.

• Pains, 101.
• Parsing, models for, 54, 74, 82, 243, 250 f., 262, 270.
• Part, portion, 102.
• Participial nouns, 145 ff.;
  • object of, 146 f.;
  • modifiers of, 146;
  • as adjective, 146 f.;
  • with article, 147.
• Participial phrase, 194.
• Participles, 11 f., 140 ff.;
  • present, past, perfect, 12, 106 f., 140 f.;
  • constructions, 142 ff.;
  • object and modifiers of, 142 f.;
  • as prepositions, 142, 149;
  • as adjectives, 143;
  • with nominative absolute, 145;
  • as modifiers, 193 f., 205.
• Parts of speech, defined, 3 ff.;
  • same word as different, 9 ff.;
  • substitutes for, 15 ff. (see Phrases, Clauses);
  • inflection and syntax, 25 ff.
  • See Noun, Pronoun, etc.
• Passive voice, 107 ff.;
  • form of, 108 ff.;
  • use of, 110 ff.;
  • predicate nominative with, 111;
  • retained object with, 112;
  • in progressive form, 114;
  • in imperative, 117;
  • in subjunctive, 119;
  • intransitive verbs with preposition, 111;
  • passive distinguished from be with participle used as adjective, 143;
  • clause as retained object, 160;
  • indirect discourse, 175 f.
• Past conditions, 169 ff.;
  • non-committal, 170 f.;
  • contrary to fact, 171.
• Past participle, 106, 140 f.;
  • as predicate adjective, 143.
• Past perfect tense, 106, 109;
  • subjunctive, 121 f., 171;
  • progressive, 125;
  • in conditions, 121, 170 f.;
  • in indirect discourse, 175.
• Past tense, 94 ff.;
  • personal endings, 97 ff.;
  • passive, 108;
  • progressive, 113 f.;
  • emphatic, 114;
  • subjunctive, 118, 121 ff., 171 f.;
  • indicative and subjunctive in conditions, 170 ff.;
  • in indirect discourse, 175.
• Pending, 142, 149.
• Per, per cent, etc., 79, 149.
• Perceiving, verbs of, with infinitive clause, 138;
  • indirect discourse, 174;
  • indirect question, 179.
• Perfect infinitive, 107, 133;
  • with ought, 126;
  • participle, 107, 140 f.
• Perfect (or present perfect) tense, 106.
• Period, 306.
• Permission, 125 f., 129.
• Person of substantives, 39;
  • of pronouns, 55 ff.;
  • of relatives, 68;
  • of verbs, 97 ff., 100 ff.
• Personal construction, 176.
• Personal endings, 97 f.
• Personal pronouns, 55 ff.;
  • inflection, 55 ff.;
  • gender and number, 56 f.;
  • case, 57 ff.;
  • self-pronouns, 60 ff.;
  • as predicate nominative, 41.
• Personification, 28 f., 32.
• Phrases, 16;
  • kinds of, 16 (see Noun-phrases, Adjective phrases, Adverbial phrases, Verb-phrases);
  • as prepositions, 149;
  • as conjunctions, 153;
  • exclamatory, 155;
  • in analysis, 191 ff.;
  • as modifiers of subject, 192 f.;
    • of predicate, 196 f.;
  • as complements, 204;
  • as modifiers of complements, 205 f.;
    • of other modifiers, 207 f.
  • See Progressive, Emphatic, Potential, Appositive, Infinitive, Participial, Prepositional, Verbal noun-phrases.
• Place and time, adverbs of, 83 ff.;
  • clauses of, 163 f.
• Pluperfect tense, 106, 109;
  • subjunctive, 121 f., 171;
  • progressive, 125;
  • in conditions, 121, 170 f.;
  • in indirect discourse, 175.
• Plural of nouns, 34 ff.;
  • irregular, 35 ff.;
  • of compounds, 36;
  • of foreign nouns, 37;
  • of proper names and titles, 35, 38;
  • of possessive, 43 f.;
  • of pronouns, 56 f., 60, 62 ff.;
  • of relatives, 67 f.;
  • of verbs, 97 ff.;
  • plural of majesty, 57.
• Poetical forms and constructions, xvii. See Old.
• Portion, part, 102.
• Positive degree, 79, 87.
• Possessive case of nouns, 43 ff.;
  • use, 45 ff.;
  • of measure, 46;
  • of compound nouns and of phrases, 46 f.;
  • apposition with, 47;
  • of personal pronouns, 55 f., 59;
  • of definite pronouns, 65;
  • of relatives, 67, 69, 72;
  • of interrogatives, 73;
  • possessive nouns modified, 207.
• Possessive modifiers, 195, 205, 207.
• Possessive pronouns, 55 f., 59;
  • my, mine, etc., use of, 59;
  • one’s, 65;
  • whose, 67, 69, 72, 73.
• Potential verb-phrases, 124 ff.;
  • mood, 124 ff.
• Pray, 58.
• Prayers, subjunctive, 119 f.
• Predicate, 2;
  • inverted order, 3, 85, 121 f., 161;
  • simple and complete, 14 f., 183 f.;
  • compound, 15, 184 f., 212 f.;
  • possessive in, 59;
  • analysis, 183 ff.;
  • modifiers of, 196 ff.;
  • complements, 200 ff.
  • See Complements, Modifiers.
• Predicate adjective, 76 f., 93;
  • participle as, 143;
  • analysis, 203 f.;
  • as complement, 203 f.;
  • phrase as, 204;
  • modifiers of, 206.
• Predicate nominative, 41, 49, 93;
  • of pronouns, 58;
  • after passive, 111;
  • infinitive as, 134 f.;
  • infinitive clause as, 139;
  • noun clause as, 159 f., 174, 180;
  • in analysis, 202 f.;
  • as complement, 202 f.;
  • modifiers of, 205 f.
• Predicate objective, 50, 111;
  • adjective as, 50;
  • in analysis, 202;
  • as complement, 202;
  • modified, 205.
• Predicate pronoun after to be, 139.
• Predication, complete and incomplete, 200.
• Preposition, defined, 8;
  • list and uses, 148 ff.;
  • object of, 8, 47, 150 ff.;
  • with intransitive verb, 111;
  • with passive, 111;
  • phrase used as, 149;
  • at end of clause, 149;
  • following the object, 149;
  • omitted, 149;
  • participle as, 149;
  • infinitive as object of, 135;
  • clause as object of, 161, 180.
• Prepositional phrases, 16, 148.
• Present conditions, 170 ff.;
  • non-committal, 170 f.;
  • contrary to fact, 171.
• Present infinitive, 133;
  • with ought, 126.
• Present participle, 12, 140 f.;
  • in verb-phrases, 13, 113 f., 130 f.;
  • with nominative absolute, 144.
• Present perfect tense, 106.
• Present tense form, 94;
  • personal endings, 97 f.;
  • conjugation, 98 f.;
  • in future sense, 105;
  • in future conditions, 172;
  • passive, 108;
  • progressive, 113 f.;
  • emphatic, 114;
  • imperative, 116 f.;
  • subjunctive, 118 f., 120 ff.;
  • indicative and subjunctive in conditions, 170 f.;
  • participle, 12, 144 ff.;
  • infinitive, 133.
• Preterite, 94. See Past.
• Preterite-present verbs, 299.
• Principal clause. See Main clause.
• Principal parts, 107;
  • list, 291 ff.
• Prithee, 58.
• Progressive verb-phrases, 113 f.;
  • in subjunctive, 119.
• Prohibition, 117.
• Pronominal adjectives. See Adjective pronouns; Demonstrative, Indefinite, Relative, Interrogative.
• Pronoun defined, 4;
  • antecedent of, 4;
  • classification, forms, and uses, 55 ff.;
  • predicate nominative, 41, 58.
  • See Personal, Adjective, Demonstrative, Indefinite, Relative, Interrogative, Intensive, Reflexive, Reciprocal, Gender.
• Pronoun, predicate, after to be, 139.
• Proper nouns, 27 ff.;
  • plural, 35, 38;
  • possessive, 44;
  • adjectives, 75.
• Prophecy, shall, 105.
• Protasis, 168.
• Provided (that), 153, 168.
• Punctuation, rules of, 306 ff.
• Purpose, subjunctive and indicative, 122 f.;
  • infinitive of, 137, 167;
  • clauses of, 166 f.;
  • infinitive clause, 167.

• Questions, 3 f.;
  • shall and will in, 102 ff.;
  • should and would in, 127 ff.;
  • do, did, 114;
  • may, 126;
  • as condition, 169;
  • direct and indirect, 179 ff.
  • See Interrogative.
• Quotation marks, 310.
• Quotations, direct and indirect, 173 ff.

• Rather, 87;
  • had rather, 123.
• Reciprocal pronouns, 64 f.
• Reflexive pronouns, 61;
  • simple personal pronouns as, 61.
• Refusing, verbs of, direct and indirect object, 50;
  • retained object, 112.
• Regular verbs, 95 ff.;
  • participles, 141.
• Relative adjectives, 73.
• Relative adverbs, 86;
  • with subjunctive, 122;
  • introducing clauses, 157 f.;
  • place and time, 164;
  • concession, 165;
  • conditions, 169.
• Relative pronouns, 66 ff.;
  • forms, 67;
  • gender, 67 ff.;
  • agreement, 68, 102;
  • case, 68 f., 139;
  • omitted, 69;
  • descriptive and restrictive, 70 f.;
  • what, 71;
  • compound relatives, 72 f.;
  • relatives introducing clauses, 66, 157 f.;
  • place and time, 163 f.;
  • concession, 131, 165;
  • condition, 131, 169.
• Restrictive relatives, 70 f.
• Result, clause of, 166 f.;
  • infinitive, 167;
  • negative, 167.
• Retained object, 112;
  • clause as, 160.
• Royal we, 57, 60.

• Same (the) as, 67.
• Saying. See Telling.
• See, with infinitive, 136.
• Seem, with predicate nominative or adjective, 6 f., 76, 93;
  • it seems that, 176.
• Self-pronouns, 60 ff.
• Semicolon, 309 f.
• Sentences, 1 ff.;
  • kinds of, 2 f.;
  • parts of speech in, 3 ff., 13 ff.;
  • essential elements in, 2, 14;
  • simple and complete subject and predicate, 14 f.;
  • clauses in, 16 ff.;
  • simple, compound, complex, 17 ff.;
  • compound complex, 18.
• Sentences, analysis, 183 ff.;
  • structure and elements, 183;
  • of simple sentences, 184 f.;
  • of compound, 185;
  • of complex, 186;
  • of compound and complex clauses, 186 f.;
  • of compound complex sentences, 187;
  • models for analysis of simple, compound, complex, compound complex sentences, 188 ff.;
  • modifiers, 191 ff.;
  • complements, 200 ff.;
  • modifiers of complements and of modifiers, 205 ff.;
  • independent elements, 209;
  • combinations of clauses making sentences of various forms, 210 ff.;
  • special complications, 220 ff.;
  • elliptical sentences, 224 ff.
  • See Subject, Compound, Complex, Modifiers, etc.
• Sequence of tenses, 175, 179.
• Service, objective of, 51 f.
• Several, 65.
• Shakspere, forms and constructions in, 35, 39, 47, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 63, 67, 69, 88, 90, 126, 149, 154, 166, 169, 171, 225.
• Shall and will, 102 ff.;
  • in assertions and questions, 102 ff.;
  • in subordinate clauses, 130 ff.;
  • indirect discourse, 177 f.;
  • indirect questions, 182;
  • forms, 299.
  • See Should.
• Ship, gender, 32.
• Shoon, 35.
• Should and would, in simple sentences and independent clauses, 127 ff.;
  • in subordinate clauses, 130 ff.;
  • in indirect discourse, 177 f.;
  • in indirect questions, 182.
  • See Shall.
• Should and would, special senses, 126 f.;
  • replacing subjunctive, 123;
  • in clauses of purpose, 130;
  • concessions, 131;
  • in conditional sentences, 131, 171 f.
• Signs, plural of, 36.
• Simple clauses. See Clauses.
• Simple sentences, 17 ff., 184 f.;
  • analyzed, 188 f.;
  • elaboration of, 212 f.
  • See Sentences.
• Since, adverb, preposition, conjunction, 86, 153.
• Singular. See Number.
• Smell, with predicate adjective, 77.
• So as to, 167;
  • so that, 153, 166.
• Solemn (or Biblical) style, xvii, 56 f., 60, 69, 90, 95, 98 f., 105, 117, 120, 122, 172.
• Some, 64;
  • somewhat, 65.
• Sort, kind, 64.
• Sound, with predicate adjective, 77.
• Split infinitive, 134.
• Still, yet, adverbs or conjunctions, 152.
• Strong verbs, 95, 99;
  • participles, 141;
  • list, 291 ff.
• Style and grammar, xvi f.
• Subject, 2;
  • inverted order, 3;
  • omitted, 3, 58, 114, 117, 121, 164 f., 169, 224 ff.;
  • simple and complete, 14 f.;
  • compound, 15, 184 f.;
  • infinitive as, 11, 134 f.;
  • clause as, 20, 139, 159 f., 174 f., 180, 190;
  • case, 41;
  • agreement with verb, 97, 100 ff.;
  • modifiers of, 192 ff.;
  • subject of infinitive, 138.
  • See Predicate nominative.
• Subject and predicate, 2, 13 ff., 183 ff., 191 ff.
• Subject complement, 41. See Predicate nominative.
• Subjunctive mood, 115 f., 118 ff.;
  • forms, 118 f.;
  • uses, 119 ff.;
  • in wishes, etc., 119 f.;
  • concessions, 120 f.;
  • conditions, 120 ff., 170 ff.;
  • clauses of purpose or expectation, 122, 166;
  • with as if, 122, 173;
  • in indirect questions, 181;
  • auxiliaries replacing subjunctive, 123.
• Subordinate clauses, 17 ff.;
  • as parts of speech, 19 ff., 157 ff.;
  • analysis, 186 ff., 189 ff.;
  • combinations of, 210; variety of use, 216 ff.;
  • special complications, 220 ff.
  • See Noun, Adjective, Adverbial, Indicative, Subjunctive.
• Subordinate clauses, meanings of, 163 ff.;
  • place and time, 163 f.;
  • cause, 164;
  • concession, 164 f.;
  • purpose and result, 166 f.;
  • conditional, 167 ff.;
  • comparison and manner, 173;
  • indirect discourse, 173 ff.;
  • indirect questions, 179 ff.
• Subordinate (or subordinating) conjunctions, 151, 153 f., 157.
• Substantive, 4. See Noun, Pronoun.
• Substantive clauses. See Noun clauses.
• Such, 64;
  • such ... as, 67.
• Superlative of emphasis, 88. See Comparison.
• Suppose, supposing, 168.
• Syntax, xiv, 25 ff.;
  • summary of rules, 311 ff.

• Taste, with predicate adjective, 77.
• Telling, verbs of, direct and indirect object, 50;
  • retained object, 112;
  • object clause, 160;
  • indirect discourse, 174.
• Tense, 94 ff. See Present, Past, Future, Compound tenses.
• Tenses, use in conditions, 121, 170 ff.;
  • with ought, 126;
  • in indirect discourse, 175, 177 ff.;
  • in indirect questions, 179, 182.
• Termination. See Endings.
• Than, 87;
  • case after, 173;
  • clauses, 173.
• That, conjunction with subordinate clause, 20 f., 132, 137, 153, 157 ff., 160 ff.;
  • in clauses of purpose, 122 f., 130, 166 f.;
  • result, 166 f.;
  • indirect discourse, 174 ff.;
  • omitted, 153, 160, 175, 225.
• That, demonstrative, 62 ff.;
  • relative, 67 ff.;
  • omitted, 69.
• The, article, 77 ff.;
  • abbreviated to ye, 57;
  • the which, 67;
  • adverb with comparative, 86.
• Then, adverb or conjunction, 152.
• There, expletive, 85.
• Thereof, therewith, etc., 60.
• They, indefinite use, 57.
• Thinking, verbs of, two objects, 50;
  • predicate nominative after passive, 111;
  • object clause, 160;
  • indirect discourse, 174;
  • indirect question, 179.
• This, these, 62 ff.
• Thou, ye, you, 56 f.
• Though, although, 21;
  • mood after, 120 f.
  • See Concession.
• Till, until, relative adverb, 86;
  • with subjunctive, 122 f.;
  • with should, 123, 130;
  • preposition, 149.
• Time, adverbs of, 83;
  • clauses of, 163 f.;
  • nominative absolute, 144.
• Titles, plural, 38.
• To, with infinitive, 11, 132 ff.;
  • standing for infinitive, 133;
  • expressing purpose, 167;
  • to let, 136;
  • to the end that, 166.
• Too ... to, 167.
• Transition, 152.
• Transitive verbs, 48 ff., 92;
  • used absolutely, 92;
  • passive use of, 110 ff.
  • See Object.

• Unless, 121 ff., 168.
• Unlike, objective with, 52.
• Until. See Till.
• Usage and grammar, xv ff.

• Verb, 5 ff.;
  • inflection and syntax, 91 ff.;
  • classification, 91 ff.;
  • inflection, 94 ff., 102 ff.;
  • person and number, 97 ff.;
  • agreement with subject, 97, 100 ff.;
  • voice, 107 ff.;
  • progressive form, 113 f.;
  • emphatic form, 114;
  • mood, 115 ff.;
  • potential verb-phrases, 124 ff.;
  • infinitive, 11 f., 132 ff.;
  • participles, 11 f., 140 ff.;
  • lists of verbs, 291 ff.
  • See Predicate, Transitive, Tense, etc.
• Verbal noun in -ing, 145 ff. See Participial nouns.
• Verbal noun-phrases, 146.
• Verb-phrases, 5, 16, 91;
  • to supply inflection, see Future, Complete tenses, Passive, Progressive, Potential, Subjunctive.
• Vocal organs, xi.
• Vocabulary of English, 318 f.
• Vocative (direct address), nominative, 42;
  • as independent element, 209.
• Voice, 107 ff. See Passive.

• We, indefinite use, 57;
  • royal and editorial we, 57.
• Weak verbs, 95 ff., 98 f.;
  • participles, 141;
  • lists, 291 ff.
• We’d, 130.
• Well, 81, 87.
• We’ll, 104.
• Were to, 172.
• What, relative, 71;
  • double construction, 71, 73;
  • as adjective, 73;
  • interrogative, 73 f.;
  • as adjective, 74;
  • in exclamatory sentences, 74;
  • interjection, 74.
• Whatever, whatsoever, 72 f.;
  • in concession, 165;
  • in conditions, 169.
• Whatso, 73.
• When, whenever, 86;
  • in conditions, 169.
• Whence, 86.
• Where, wherever, 86.
• Whereof, wherefrom, etc., 69.
• Whether, whether ... or, 153, 168, 179.
• Which, relative, 67 ff.;
  • gender, 67 ff.;
  • for who, whom, 69;
  • as adjective, 73;
  • the which, 67;
  • interrogative, 73;
  • as adjective, 74.
• Whichever, 72 f.
• While, noun, adverb, conjunction, 86, 153.
• Whither, 86.
• Who, whose, whom, relative, 66 ff.;
  • gender, 67 ff.;
  • interrogative, 73 f., 150.
• Whoever, whosoever, whoso, 72 f.;
  • in concession, 165;
  • in condition, 169.
• Why, 86, 179.
• Will, in orders, 105;
  • in future, see Shall.
• Wish, subjunctive in, 119 f., 123;
  • may, 125 f.;
  • verbs of, with infinitive or infinitive clause, 137 f.;
  • with object clause, 160, 167;
  • O in a wish, 155;
  • if, 169.
• Words, nature and use of, xi ff.
• Wot, wist, 299.
• Would, in wishes, 120;
  • habitual action, 127;
  • would better (rather), 123.
  • See Should.
• Written and spoken language, xi ff.

• Ye, old uses, 57;
  • abbreviation, 57.
• Yes, no, 85.
• Yet, still, adverbs or conjunctions, 152.
• Yon, yond, yonder, 63.
• You and thou, 56 f.;
  • indefinite you, 57.