INDEX
References are to Book and Section; all dates, given in parentheses (...), are b.c.
Academicians. 1. adherents of the New Academy (q.v.); their right to teach ethics, i, 6; attitude toward knowledge, ii, 7; Cicero's philosophy, ii, 1-8. 2. adherents of the Old Academy, iii, 20.
Academy, 1. the Older, a school of philosophy founded by Plato and so called from its home; their doctrine of ideas, iii, 76, 81; the pre-existence and immortality of the soul; monotheism; the goodness of God; striving after His perfection. 2. the New, a modification of the Old, sceptical, anti-dogmatic, eclectic, iii, 20.
Accius, Lucius, a tragic poet (born 170). His tragedies were mostly imitations from the Greek. Cicero knew him personally; quotes from him, iii, 84, 102, 106.
Acilius; Gaius Acilius Glabrio (tribune, 197); interpreter, when Carneades, Diogenes, and Critolaus came to Rome; author of History of Rome, iii, 115.
Admiration, how won with dignity, ii, 31 fg.
Aeacidae, descendants of Aeacus (q.v.), the father of Peleus and Telamon and grandfather of Achilles and Ajax, i, 38.
Aeacus, son of Zeus (Jupiter) and king of Aegina (q.v.); renowned for his justice and piety, i, 97; after his death he became with Minos and Rhadamanthus judge in Hades.
Aedileship, cost of, ii, 57-60.
Aegina, an island in the Saronic Gulf, a dangerous rival to Athens, directly in front of Piraeus and only twelve miles away, iii, 46; unjustly appropriated by Athens (429), iii, 46.
Aeginetans, the people of Aegina (q.v.).
Aelius; see Tubero.
Aemilius; see Paulus and Scaurus.
Aequians, a warlike mountain tribe on the upper Anio, warring against Rome (till 304), i, 35.
Aesopus, Claudius, an intimate friend of Cicero, Rome's greatest tragic actor, i, 114.
Africa, the province in which Carthage was, i, 112 (Thapsus); iii, 99 (Carthage).
Africanus; see Scipio.
Agamemnon, leader of the war against Troy; when detained at Aulis he sacrificed his daughter Iphigenia to save the expedition, iii, 95. For this he was slain on his return from Troy by his wife Clytaemnestra.
Agesilaus, king of Sparta (398-360); waged war in Asia (396-394), victor at Coronea, saviour of Sparta after Mantinea (362); ii, 16.
Agis IV, king of Sparta (244-240); attempted to re-establish the institutions of Lycurgus and reform property abuses; put to death through organized wealth, ii, 80.
Agrarian Laws, a menace to the stability of the government, ii, 78-83.
Agriculture, impossible without man, ii, 12; man's noblest calling, i, 151.
Agrigentum, a city on the south coast of Sicily, once "the most beautiful city of mortals," ruled by Phalaris (560), ii, 26.
Ajax, son of Telamon; could brook no wrong, went mad, and committed suicide when the arms of Achilles were awarded to Odysseus, i, 113; rebuked Odysseus, iii, 98. Subject of a tragedy by Ennius, i, 114.
Albucius, Titus, an Epicurean; praetor in Sardinia (105); prosecuted for extortion, ii, 50.
Alexander, the Great (356-323), son of Philip of Macedon, ii, 16, 48; greater than his father in achievement, inferior in courtliness, i, 90; governor of Macedonia (340), ii, 53; conquered Greece (338-335), subdued Asia (334-331), Egypt (331), invaded India (329-327), founded Alexandria and other cities, and died of a drunken debauch (i, 90).
Alexander, tyrant of Pherae (369); brother, son-in-law, and successor of Jason (q.v.), defeated and slew Pelopidas of Thebes at Cynocephalae (364); murdered by his wife and her three brothers, ii, 25, 26.
Alexandria, the metropolis of Egypt at the mouth of the Nile; founded by Alexander (332); centre of wealth (ii, 82); grain market, iii, 50.
Alps, the mountains between Italy and further Gaul, ii, 28.
Ambition, a cause of injustice, i, 25-26, 46, 65; of moral wrong, iii, 82; of treason, iii, 82-83; the foe of freedom, i, 68; ii, 28.
Amusements, wholesome, i, 103-104.
Anger, never excusable, i, 89.
Anio, the Sabine river, tributary to the Tiber; the battle on (340), which gave Rome supremacy over all Latium, iii, 112.
Anniceris, of Cyrene (4th century), a successor of Aristippus; his school a cross between the Epicurean and the Cyrenaic: he denied that pleasure was merely absence of pain; he held that every act had its own distinct purpose and that the virtues are good in themselves; his teachings were not permanent, iii, 116.
Antigonus, one of Alexander's generals, governor of Asia (323-301), king of Asia (306-301); father of Demetrius Poliorcetes and Philip, ii, 48.
Antiope, mother of Amphion and Zethus, by whom she was saved from the persecutions of her former husband Lycus and his wife Dirce; her vengeance on Dirce drove her mad; subject of a tragedy of Pacuvius, i, 114.
Antipater, vice-regent of Macedon (334); father of Cassander, ii, 48.
Antipater, of Tarsus (2nd century), pupil and successor of Diogenes of Babylonia; teacher of Panaetius; his ethical teachings, iii, 51-55, 91.
Antipater, of Tyre (1st century), friend of Cato the younger; a Stoic, ii, 86.
Antonius, Marcus, the famous orator (143-87), ii, 49; advocate, iii, 67; father of Cicero's colleague and grandfather of the triumvir.
Apelles, of Cos (4th century), the greatest painter of his age; court painter to Alexander the Great; his masterpiece was a Venus rising from the sea; another Venus left unfinished, iii, 10.
Apollo, god of the light of day; giver of oracles at Pytho, ii, 77.
Appetite, subject to Reason, i, 101-103, 132, 141.
Appius Claudius Pulcher, father of Gaius, ii, 57.
Aquilius; Gaius Aquilius Gallus, famous jurist; Cicero's colleague in the praetorship; author of formulae on criminal fraud, iii, 60-61.
Aquilius, Manius, consul (101) with Marius; victorious in the Servile War in Sicily; prosecuted (98) but acquitted, ii, 50.
Aratus, of Sicyon, soldier and statesman (271-213), removed the tyrant Nicocles (251) and averted financial ruin, ii, 81, 82; leader of the Achaean League; poisoned by order of Philip of Macedon.
Areopagites, members of the Council of Areopagus.
Areopagus, "Mars Hill," a spur of the Acropolis, seat of the highest court of Athens; the court itself, with powers of senate and supreme court, reorganized and enlarged in function by Solon, i, 75.
Arginusae, a group of islands off the coast of Asia Minor, near Lesbos, scene of the victory of the Athenian fleet (406), i, 84.
Argos, the chief city of Argolis, ii, 81.
Aristides, "the Just," iii, [16], 49, 87; fought at Marathon (490), Salamis (480), and commanded the Athenians at Plataea (479); exiled (483) because his policies clashed with those of Themistocles.
Aristippus, of Cyrene (flourished 370), founder of the Cyrenaic school, iii, 116; disciple of Socrates, but taught that the chief end of man was to get enjoyment from everything (hedonism), to subject all things and circumstances to himself for pleasure; but pleasure must be the slave not the master; good and bad identical with pleasure and pain; i, 148.
Aristo, of Chios (3rd century), a Stoic philosopher, pupil of Zeno; he taught indifference to externals, nothing good but virtue, nothing evil but vice; his theories rejected, i, 6.
Aristotle (385-322), disciple of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great; founder of the Peripatetic school; greatest of philosophers, master of all knowledge—physics, metaphysics, natural philosophy, ethics, politics, poetics, sociology, logic, rhetoric, etc.; ii, 56; iii, 35; might have been a great orator, i, 4.
Arpinates, the people of Arpinum, owners of public lands, i, 21.
Arpinum, a town in Latium, birthplace of Cicero and Gaius Marius, i, 21.
Athenians, the people of Athens, i, 75, 84; their cruel subjugation of Aegina, iii, 46; left their homes to fight at Salamis, iii, 48; political strife, i, 86; high moral principles of, iii, 49, 55.
Athens, ii, 64, 86; iii, 55, 87; the intellectual and artistic centre of the world; led Greece in the Persian wars (490-479); humbled by Sparta (404); the university city of the Roman world, i, 1; iii, 6, 121.
Atilius; see Regulus.
Atilius; Sextus Atilius Serranus, consul (136), iii, 109.
Atreus, son of Pelops and father of Agamemnon and Menelaus, murderer of his half-brother Chrysippus and of his brother Thyestes's children; murdered by his nephew Aegisthus; a fruitful theme for tragedy, i, 97; iii, 106.
Attic, belonging to Attica, the province in which Athens is situated; Attic comedy, the comedy of Aristophanes, Eupolis, Menander, etc., i, 104.
Avarice, the great temptation, ii, 38, 77; the root of evil, iii, 73-75; due to delusion as to expediency, iii, 36; avoided by the statesman, ii, 76-77; contrary to all law, iii, 21-23; see also Covetousness.
Babylonia, the district around Babylon at the head of the Persian Gulf, iii, 51.
Bardulis, king of Illyria, conquered a large part of Macedonia from Perdiccas, the brother and predecessor of Philip; defeated and slain by Philip (358); called a "brigand," because his career did not tend to promote civilization, ii, 40.
Basilus, Lucius Minucius, otherwise unknown; perhaps Sulla's lieutenant, iii, 73-74.
Beauty, physical, i, 98, 126; types of, i, 130.
Beneficence; see Generosity.
Bribery, in Rome, ii, 21-22, 75.
Brutus, Lucius Junius, led the Romans to expel the Tarquins; helped by Collatinus, who shared with him the first consulship (509), iii, 40.
Brutus, Marcus Junius, an eminent jurist, one of the three founders of the civil law; father of "the Accuser," ii, 50.
Brutus; Marcus Junius Brutus Accusator, orator and vigorous prosecutor, son of the preceding, ii, 50.
Caelian Hill, the south-east hill of Rome, iii, 66.
Caesar, Gaius Julius, son of Lucius Caesar Strabo Vopiscus, candidate for the consulship (88), slain by Marius (87); poet and orator, i, 108, 133.
Caesar, Gaius Julius (100-44), consul (59), in Gaul (58-50), conquered Pompey at Pharsalus (48), dictator (48-44), assassinated (44); orator, statesman, scholar, soldier; despot, ii, 2; tyrant, i, 112; ii, 23-28, 83; confiscator, i, 43; ii, 84; enslaver of Rome, iii, 85; treatment of Marseilles, ii, 28; a victim of depraved ambition, i, 26; iii, 83; a conspirator with Catiline, his love of wrong, ii, 84; deserved his death, iii, 19, 32, 82.
Caesar, Lucius Julius, father of the Dictator, i, 108.
Callicratidas, succeeded Lysander as admiral of the Spartan fleet, i, 109; defeated Conon, took Lesbos, lost the battle and his life at Arginusae (406), i, 84.
Calliphon, a Greek philosopher, probably a disciple of Epicurus, taught that the supreme good was a union between moral rectitude and pleasure, iii, 119.
Calpurnius; Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi; see Piso.
Calpurnius; Publius Calpurnius Lanarius; see Lanarius.
Calypso, the nymph of Ogygia, who kept Odysseus (Ulysses) with her seven years, i, 113.
Campus (Martius), the open plain next to the Tiber outside the north wall of Rome; playground and drillground, i, 104.
Canius, Gaius, a Roman knight, iii, 58-60.
Cannae, a town on the Aufidus in Apulia, scene of Hannibal's overwhelming defeat of the Romans (216), i, 40; iii, 47, 113.
Capitolium, the Capitoline Hill, between the forum and the Tiber, the citadel of Rome, with the temple of Jupiter and Good Faith, iii, 104; place of augury, iii, 66.
Carthage, once a mighty city, on the north central coast of Africa, iii, 99, 100; the most formidable commercial and military rival of Rome; conquered by Rome in the First Punic War (264-241), i, 39; Second Punic War (219-202), i, 40; iii, 47; destroyed in the Third (149-146), i, 35; ii, 76.
Carthaginians, the people of Carthage, i, 39, 108; iii, 99, 110, 113; treacherous, iii, 102; cruel, iii, 100, 102; treaty-breaking, i, 38.
Cassander, son of Antipater, disinherited by his father, gained the throne of Macedonia (306) by wars and murders (319-301), ii, 48.
Cato, Marcus Porcius, the Censor (or Major, the Elder, i, 37) (234-149), author, i, 104; iii, 1; orator, iii, 104; soldier, served in Second Punic War (217-202); statesman, responsible for the destruction of Carthage (146), i, 79; "the Wise," iii, 16; consul (195); censor (184); stalwart champion of the simple life and stern morals, ii, 89; bitterly opposed luxury and Greek culture; yielded in old age.
Cato, Marcus Porcius, son of the preceding; jurist; served under Paulus in Macedon (168), i, 37; [under Marcus Popilius Laenas in Liguria (172), i, 36].
Cato, Marcus Porcius, grandson of the Censor and father of Cato Uticensis, iii, 66.
Cato; Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis (95-46), son of the preceding and great-grandson of the Censor; a Stoic philosopher; orator; soldier, i, 112; defeated at Thapsus (46); judge, iii, 66; stern and unyielding as his great-grandfather, i, 112; iii, 88; his suicide, i, 112; close friend of Cicero (ii, 2); iii, 88.
Catulus, Quintus Lutatius, half-brother of Julius Caesar Strabo, i, 133; orator; scholar, i, 133; author; soldier; consul with Marius (102) in the war against the Cimbri (101); gentleman, i, 109; committed suicide to escape the proscriptions of Marius (87).
Catulus, Quintus Lutatius, son of the preceding, defeated Lepidus at the Milvian bridge; statesman, i, 76; scholar, i, 133.
Caudium, a little town in the mountains of Samnium; near it are the Caudine Forks, the scene of the disastrous battle (321); iii, 109; (ii, 79).
Celtiberians, a powerful people of central Spain, opposed Rome in Second Punic War, were reduced in the Numantian War (134), submitted on the death of Sertorius (72), i, 38.
Centumalus, Tiberius Claudius; unknown, iii, 66.
Chicanery, i, 33.
Chremes, a character in Terence's Heauton Timorumenus, i, 30.
Chrysippus, of Soli (250-207), studied Stoic philosophy at Athens under Cleanthes, whom he succeeded; voluminous writer. "Had there been no Chrysippus, there had been no Stoa," iii, 42.
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, the orator's father, iii, 77; died (64).
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, the orator (106-43), born at Arpinum, educated at Rome under Archias, the Scaevolas, and the teachers of philosophy (see Introduction), at Athens, in Asia, and at Rhodes; his training was all for service, i, 155; as consul (63) he crushed the conspiracy of Catiline, i, 84; banished (58), ii, 58; his enforced retirement from his profession, iii, 2-4; as a philosopher and orator, i, 1-3; follower of Socrates and Plato, i, 2; of the New Academy, ii, 7-8; why he wrote on philosophy, ii, 2-8; iii, 1-5; attitude on the downfall of the Republic, ii, 2.
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, the orator's only son, i, 1, 15, 78; ii, 1-8, 44; iii, 1, 5, 33; born in 65; served with credit under Pompey, ii, 45, and Sextus Pompey; a student of Peripatetic philosophy under Cratippus in Athens (44-43), i, 1; admonished to read also his father's works, i, 3; iii, 121; served under Brutus (43-42); consul with Octavian (30).
Cimbrians, a Celtic people, migrating in a vast horde toward Italy, were cut to pieces by Marius and Catulus in the Raudian Plains near Verona (101), i, 38.
Cimon, of Athens, son of the great Miltiades; victorious admiral; statesman; genial and generous, ii, 64; died (449).
Circe, nymph of Aeaea, a sorceress; she kept Odysseus (Ulysses) in her halls a year, i, 113.
Civic, compared with military service, i, 74 fg.
Claudius; see Appius and Centumalus and Pulcher.
Cleombrotus, son of Pausanias, king of Sparta, fell at Leuctra (371), i, 84.
Cleomenes; see note to i, 33.
Clodius; Publius Clodius Pulcher, Cicero's inveterate enemy, one of the most turbulent and corrupt characters of Rome, guilty of mutiny in the army, bribery in the courts, profligacy in his public and private life; secured Cicero's banishment; hired gladiators to force his own election to the praetorship, but was killed in a broil with Milo's rival gang of ruffians, ii, 58.
Cloelia, a Roman girl sent as a hostage to Porsena; she made her escape by swimming the Tiber, was sent back, but restored by the king with rewards for her courage, (i, 61).
Clytaemnestra, daughter of Tyndareus, wife of Agamemnon, paramour of Aegisthus, with whom she murdered her husband on his return from Troy; she was in turn slain by her son Orestes. Subject of a tragedy by Accius, i, 114.
Cocles, Horatius, the hero who with two others kept the bridge against Porsena and Tarquin, i, 61.
Collatinus, Lucius Tarquinius, husband of Lucretia, associate of Brutus in driving out the Tarquins and his colleague in the first consulship (509), iii, 40.
Comedy; see Old Comedy.
Concealment, of guilt, iii, 37-39.
Conon, famous Athenian admiral, defeated by Lysander at Aegospotami (405), victorious over Pisander of Sparta at Cnidus (394), restored the long walls, i, 116.
Considerateness, a subdivision of the virtue of Temperance, i, 99, 143.
Conversation, a division of speech, i, 132-133; ii, 48; an art, i, 134-135.
Co-operation, and civilization, ii, 12-16; and the virtues, ii, 17-18; vs. Fortune, ii, 19; a universal need, ii, 39; how secured, ii, 21 fg.
Corinth, a famous city at the Isthmus of Corinth; wealthy; next to Athens, richest in treasures of art; head of the Achaean League; sacked and utterly destroyed by the Romans under Mummius (146), i, 35; ii, 76; iii, 46.
Cornelius; see Scipio and Spinther and Sulla.
Cos, chief city of the island of Cos, one of the Sporades; famed for its silks; the birthplace of Apelles, painter of the Coan Venus, iii, 10.
Cotta, Gaius Aurelius, distinguished orator; one of the speakers in Cicero's de Oratore and de Natura Deorum; consul (75); ii, 59.
Courage; see Fortitude.
Covetousness, i, 68; iii, 30; see Avarice.
Crassus, Lucius Licinius, the famous orator, ii, 63; iii, 67; at 21 (119) he won renown by his prosecution of Carbo, the one-time friend of the Gracchi, ii, 47, 49; his aedileship most splendid, ii, 57; as consul (95), he secured the expulsion from Rome of all who were not citizens, iii, 47; this was a cause of the Social War. He was the greatest orator of Rome before Cicero, fluent, graceful, witty, i, 108, 133; Cicero's mouthpiece in the de Oratore.
Crassus; Marcus Licinius Crassus Dives, the triumvir; his wealth and ambition, i, 25; sided with Sulla against Marius and grew enormously rich by the proscriptions; his avarice did not shrink from any meanness or even crime, i, 109; iii, 73-75. He defeated Spartacus (71); slain in Parthia (53).
Crassus; Publius Licinius Crassus Dives, ii, 57; father of the triumvir, consul (97); ended his own life to escape the prescriptions of Marius (87); Cicero bought his house.
Cratippus, of Mitylene, an eminent Peripatetic, came to Athens (about 50) to lecture; foremost of contemporary philosophers and teacher of young Cicero, ii, 1, 2; ii, 8; iii, 5, 6, 33, 121.
Cunning, not wisdom, ii, 10; iii, 72, 96.
Curio, Gaius Scribonius, ii, 59; orator and statesman, iii, 88; consul, (76).
Cynics, a school of philosophy so called from the Athenian gymnasium, Cynosarges, where they met, later adapted to their snarling manner and dirty habits; its leaders were Antisthenes of Athens, a disciple of Socrates, and Diogenes of Sinope; they taught the virtue of poverty and want, indifference to all convention and decency; Cicero's contempt for them and their so-called philosophy, i, 128, 148.
Cyrenaics, the philosophic sect founded by Aristippus (q.v.), iii, 116.
Cyrsilus, a Medizing Athenian, iii, 48.
Cyrus, the Great, founder of the Persian Empire; wonderfully gifted in winning the co-operation of men and nations, ii, 16.
Damon, a Pythagorean and friend of Phintias, iii, 45.
Debts, cancellation of, ii, 78-79, 83-85; avoidance of, ii, 84; payment enforced, ii, 84.
Decius; Publius Decius Mus, father and son, i, 61; iii, 16; the former, consul with Manlius Torquatus (360), devoted himself to death in the battle on the Veseris. The son did the same at the battle of Sentinum (295) and brought the Samnite wars to an end.
Demetrius of Phalerum (345-283), orator, statesman, ii, 60; philosopher, poet; pupil of Theophrastus, i, 3; the only Greek who was both orator and philosopher, i, 3; he inspired the founding of the Alexandrine library.
Demetrius Poliorcetes, ii, 26; son of Antigonus and king of Macedon (294-287). His life was occupied with continuous warfare against enemies in Egypt, Asia, Greece, Macedonia, Epirus.
Demosthenes, the greatest orator of Athens (385-322); pupil of Isaeus and of Plato, i, 4; might have been a great philosopher, i, 4; at 18 he prosecuted his defaulting guardian with success, ii, 47; then turned to public speaking and statecraft as a profession.
Diana, goddess of the light of the night, identified with Artemis, iii, 95.
Dicaearchus, of Messana (4th century), a Peripatetic philosopher, geographer, and historian, ii, 16; pupil of Aristotle and friend of Theophrastus.
Dinomachus, a Greek philosopher, always named with Calliphon (q.v.), iii, 119.
Diogenes, of Babylonia, pupil and successor of Chrysippus; best known for his part in the famous embassy with Carneades and Critolaus from Athens to Rome (156) where, on motion of Cato, they were not permitted to remain; his ethics rather loose, iii, 51-55, 91.
Dion, a kinsman of the elder Dionysius and tyrant of Syracuse (356-353); a devoted disciple of Plato at Syracuse and Athens, i, 155.
Dionysius, the elder (430-367), tyrant of Syracuse (405-367), a typically cruel tyrant, suspicious and fearful, ii, 25; iii, 45 (?); devoted to art and literature, himself a poet crowned with a prize at Athens.
Dionysius, the younger, son of the preceding and tyrant of Syracuse (367-356, 346-343); devoted to literature; Plato, Aristippus, Archytas, and others were brought to his court. Whether the Damon and Phintias story is to be connected with him or his father is uncertain, iii, 45 (?).
Drusus, Marcus Livius, son of Gaius Gracchus's colleague in the tribuneship; an eloquent orator, i, 108; as tribune (91) he attempted to renew the social and agrarian legislation of Gracchus and was assassinated.
Duty, the most important subject in philosophy, i, 4; the most fruitful field, iii, 5; the philosophic sects and duty, i, 4-6; best presentation, iii, 7; classification, i, 7-9; order of importance, i, 58, 152-160; iii, 90; to those who have wronged us, i, 33; to an enemy, i, 35-40; iii, 98-115; to a slave, i, 41; iii, 89; toward the laws, i, 148; of generosity, i, 42-60; of Temperance-Propriety, i, 100-151; iii, 116-121; of Fortitude, iii, 97-115; to be prosperous, ii, 87; duties of youth, i, 122; ii, 52; of age, i, 123; of magistrates, i, 124; of statesmen, i, 73-85; of private citizens, i, 124; of aliens, i, 125; vs. claims of friendship, iii, 43-44; change of duty in change of circumstance, i, 31, 59; iii, 32; "mean" and "absolute" duty, i, 8; iii, 14; doubts as to, i, 147.
Eloquence, at the bar, ii, 66; its decline, ii, 67; see Oratory.
Ennius, Quintus (239-169), a Greek by birth, the father of Roman poetry, wrote an epic (the Annals), i, 84; tragedies, i, 26, 51, 52; ii, 23, 62; iii, 62, 104; comedies and satires.
Epaminondas, one of the greatest men of Greece, a student of Pythagorean philosophy, i, 155; the greatest general of Thebes, victorious at Leuctra (371), i, 84; humbled Sparta and made Thebes the leading city of Greece; fell at Mantinea (362).
Epicurus (342-270), founded at Athens the school that bears his name; author of 300 books, natural and ethical philosophy; held happiness to be the highest good; Cicero confuses his teaching here with that of Aristippus and the Cyrenaics; with the latter, happiness consists in individual pleasures; with Epicurus, it is permanent calm of soul and freedom from pain, with pure and lasting pleasures—the pleasures that come from a life of righteousness, iii, 12, 117; the gods existed but had nothing to do with human life, iii, 102; adopted the atomic theory. His own life was temperate even to abstinence; his followers went to excess. A very popular school, iii, 116; represented by Cicero as illogical, iii, 39; their theory of society, i, 158.