Peloponnesus, the lower peninsula of Greece, in which Sparta was the chief city, i, 84.
Pelops, son of Tantalus and king of Mycenae, father of Atreus and Thyestes, iii, 84.
Pennus, Marcus Junius; as tribune (126) he secured a law expelling all foreigners from Rome, iii, 47.
Pericles, the peerless statesman of Athens, ii, 16; philosopher, friend of Anaxagoras and Socrates; orator of mighty power, serious and deep, i, 108; general, i, 144; his administration made Athens unequalled in the splendour of her public buildings, ii, 60.
Peripatetics, followers of Aristotle (q.v.), empiricists, ii, 16; students of exact science; lack the poetry and eloquence of Plato but not very different from the New Academy, i, 2; iii, 20; followers of Socrates and Plato, i, 2; their right to teach ethics, i, 6; seek the golden mean, i, 89; moral rectitude the supreme good, iii, 11; moral wrong the supreme evil, iii, 106; young Cicero their follower, i, 1; ii, 8.
Perseus, the last king of Macedon, conquered by Paulus (q.v.), i, 37.
Persians, the people of Persia, the great empire of western Asia; under Darius they invaded Greece and were beaten back at Marathon (490), i, 61; under Xerxes were overwhelmingly defeated at Salamis (480), i, 61; iii, 48, 49; and at Plataea (479), i, 61.
Phaedra, daughter of Minos, wife of Theseus and stepmother of Hippolytus (q.v.), iii, 94.
Phaëthon, his story, iii, 94.
Phalaris, tyrant of Agrigentum (6th century), type of inhuman cruelty, ii, 26; iii, 29, 32; slain in an uprising of his people, ii, 26; typical of Caesar.
Phalerum, a deme of Attica on the bay of Phalerum, i, 3; ii, 60.
Pherae, a town of south-eastern Thessaly, the home of Admetus; of Jason, i, 108; of Alexander, ii, 25.
Philip, conqueror, king of Macedon (359-336), educated at Thebes, cultured, i, 90; wise, ii, 48; eloquent, tactful and firm in discipline, ii, 53.
Philip, the younger, son of Antigonus (q.v.), ii, 48.
Philippus, Lucius Marcius, orator second only to Crassus and Antonius, i, 108; statesman, ii, 59; as tribune (104), proposed agrarian reforms, ii, 73; dishonest policy toward the Asiatic states, iii, 87.
Philippus, Quintus Marcius, father of preceding, consul (186 and 169), ii, 59; iii, 87.
Philosophers, why righteous, i, 28; attitude toward civic duty, i, 28; as teachers, i, 155.
Philosophy, the study of, i, 1-4; theoretical speculation, i, 153; meaning, ii, 5; spirit of, ii, 7; as a discipline, ii, 4; worth while, ii, 5 fg.; why Cicero turned to it, ii, 2-8; iii, 1-6.
Phintias, the friend of Damon (q.v.) iii, 45.
Phoenissae, the Phoenician Women, a tragedy of Euripides dealing with the war of the Seven against Thebes, iii, 82.
Picenum, state of north-east Italy, on the Adriatic, iii, 74.
Pinthia, Marcus Lutatius, unknown, iii, 77.
Piraeus, the great, landlocked harbour of Athens, about five miles from the city, iii, 46.
Piso; Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi, so surnamed for his integrity; author and statesman; tribune (149); law against extortion, ii, 75; consul (133).
Plaetorian Law, enacted (192), iii, 61.
Plataea, the heroic little city at the foot of Mount Cithaeron in Boeotia; alone with Athens at Marathon (490); the scene of the final defeat of the Persians in Hellas (479), i, 61.
Plato (429-347), pupil and friend of Socrates, profound philosopher and brilliant author, i, 22, 63; ideal statesman, i, 85, 87; might have been a great orator, i, 4; founder of the Academy (q.v.); a great teacher, i, 155; often quoted by Cicero, i, 15 22, 28, 63, 64, 85, 87; iii, 38, 39.
Plautus, Titus Maccius (254-184), the greatest of Rome's comic poets; rich in wit, i, 104.
Po, the great river of Cisalpine Gaul, iii, 88.
Poeni; see Carthaginians.
Polybius, of Megalopolis (204-122), president of the Achaean League, detained at Rome in the house of Aemilius Paulus; friend of Scipio Aemilianus and Laelius; author of a history of Rome, iii, 113.
Pompey; Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (106-48), warrior, i, 76; (ii, 20;) politician, the enemy of Caesar, the idol of Cicero, ii, 2; conquered the pirates, Sertorians, Mithradates, Judaea, i, 78; triumvir; married Julia, iii, 82; adorned Rome with great buildings, ii, 60; magnificent shows, ii, 57; defeated at Pharsalus (48), ii, 45.
Pompey; Quintus Pompeius Rufus, consul (141); as commander in the war with Numantia (140) made the unfortunate peace, iii, 109.
Pompey, Sextus, cousin of Pompey the Great, Stoic, scholar, geometrician, i, 19.
Pomponius, Marcus, tribune (363); accuser of Lucius Manlius, iii, 112.
Pontius, Gaius, the Samnite general, victor at the Caudine Forks (321), ii, 75; faithlessly treated, defeated (292), and executed in Rome.
Poor, services to the, ii, 61 fg.; their gratitude, ii, 63, 69-71.
Popilius [Marcus Popilius Laenas, as consul (172) campaigning in Liguria, i, 36].
Popular esteem, a means to glory, ii, 31; how gained, ii, 44 fg.
Posidonius, of Apamea (135-51), a Stoic, disciple of Panaetius at Athens, iii, 8; established a school at Rhodes where Cicero studied under him; later he lived with Cicero in Rome; author of many works, i, 159; iii, 10.
Postumius; Spurius Postumius Albinus, defeated in his second consulship (321) at the Caudine Forks, iii, 109.
Prodicus, of Ceos (fifth century), a respected sophist; his "Choice of Hercules," i, 118.
Profession; see Vocation.
Promises, non-fulfilment sometimes a duty, i, 32; iii, 92-95; sacred though given to an enemy, i, 39-40.
Property, private, how obtained, i, 92; rights of, i, 21; ii, 73-79, 85; iii, 53; public, rights of, i, 21, 51.
Propriety, defined, i, 96; its relations to the Cardinal Virtues, i, 93-100; poetic, i, 97; moral, i, 98-99; conduct in accord with personal endowment, i, 110-117; in choosing a career, i, 115-121; in outward appearance, i, 130; in inward self-control, i, 131-132; in speech, i, 132 fg.; in the home, i, 138-140.
Propylaea, the magnificent gateway to the Acropolis of Athens, built (437-431) by Pericles and Mnesicles at a cost of £500,000, ii, 60.
Prosecution, ii, 49; to be rarely undertaken, ii, 50; a public service, ii, 50.
Prudence; see Wisdom.
Ptolemy, Philadelphus (309-247), king of Egypt, patron of art and letters, had the Bible translated; vastly rich, ii, 82.
Public Lands, private occupation to be maintained, i, 21.
Public Service, as a career, i, 70 fg.; as a duty, i, 72; as an honour, i, 73; free from partisanship, i, 85-86; self-seeking, i, 87; vindictiveness, i, 88; anger, i, 89; guided by wisdom, i, 155-156.
Public shows, extravagant expenditures, ii, 55-60; expected of an aedile, ii, 57-60.
Pulcher, Gaius Claudius, son of Appius, aedile (99), ii, 57; consul (92).
Punic Wars; see Carthage.
Pyrrho, of Elis (fourth century), founder of the school of the Sceptics; held that virtue is the only good, that truth and knowledge are unattainable; his ethical theories rejected, i, 6.
Pyrrhus (318-272), king of Epirus, descended from Achilles and Aeacus, i, 38; a daring soldier and a gallant enemy, i, 38; a career of adventure and conquest, i, 38; iii, 86; invaded Italy (280-275); the story of the poisoner, i, 40; iii, 86; (see also Fabricius); invaded Macedonia (273) and the enemy's troops joined him, ii, 26; killed in Argos (272).
Pythagorean, a follower of Pythagoras or member of his secret fraternity, i, 155; iii, 45.
Pythagoras, of Samos (sixth century), studied in the Orient, great mathematician; moral and religious teacher; serious, ascetic, i, 108; taught transmigration of souls; founded a secret brotherhood of ideal friendship, i, 56; asceticism was the rule of practice, with deep meditation and lofty aspiration.
Pythian, epithet of Apollo, from Pytho, another name for Delphi, ii, 77.
Pythius, of Syracuse, his dishonesty, iii, 58.
Quirinus, the Sabine name for the deified Romulus, iii, 41.
Recklessness, to be avoided, i, 81, 83.
Regulus, Marcus Atilius, a favourite hero of old Rome; consul (267 and 256), annihilated the Carthaginian fleet, took many towns, was finally (255) defeated and taken prisoner, i, 39; iii, 99; his famous embassy and the ethics of his conduct, iii, 99-115.
Remus, twin brother of Romulus, slain for leaping in derision over the new walls of Rome, iii, 41.
Reproof, how administered, i, 136.
Republic, the Roman; its glory, ii, 2; the protectorate of the world, ii, 27; its downfall, i, 35; ii, 2-5, 29, 65; iii, 2, 4, 83; the tyrant's sway, ii, 23-29; iii, 81-85; enslaved, iii, 84-85.
Retirement, the life of, i, 69-70.
Rhodes, a large island off the coast of Caria, iii, 50.
Rhodian, a native of Rhodes, iii, 50, 57; iii, 63.
Riches, the object of acquiring, i, 25; proper use of, i, 68; compared with virtue, iii, 24; (see Wealth).
Roman, of or belonging to Rome, iii, 58; people, i, 33; iii, 79, 83-86, 105, 109, 114; the people of Rome, ii, 75; celebrated for courage, i, 61; champion of justice, i, 36; ii, 26; hatred of tyranny and injustice, iii, 19; atonement for tyranny and injustice, ii, 27-29; their enslavement, iii, 85-86.
Rome, the capital of the Empire and mistress of the world, i, 39, 40; iii, 73, 79, 99, 112, 113.
Romulus, the mythical king, founder of Rome, iii, 40; builder of its walls; not justified in slaying his brother, iii, 41.
Roscius, Sextus, of Ameria, accused by Chrysogonus, a freedman of Sulla's, of murdering his father; bravely and successfully defended by Cicero at the age of twenty-six, ii, 51.
Rupilius, an actor otherwise unknown, i, 114.
Rutilius; Publius Rutilius Rufus, a disciple of Publius Scaevola, ii, 47; of Panaetius, iii, 10; with Quintus Scaevola in Asia he repressed the extortion of the publicans, was banished, and devoted his life to philosophy and literature, iii, 10.
Sabine, belonging to the province of central Italy, iii, 74; the Sabines, unfriendly to Rome till subdued and added to the empire (290), i, 35, 38.
Sacred Laws; the Leges Sacratae, laws for the violation of which the offender was nominally consecrated to some god—i.e., laden with a curse, iii, 111.
Salamis, the island and straits directly in front of the Piraeus (q.v.), where (480) Themistocles and the allied Greeks virtually annihilated the fleets of Persia, i, 61, 75.
Sale, fraud in sale of real estate, iii, 54-64; laws concerning, iii, 65-71; of slaves, iii, 71-72.
Salmacis, a fountain (and nymph) at Halicarnassus, whose waters made men who drank them weak and effeminate, i, 61.
Samnites, the brave, liberty-loving people of Samnium, a province of south-central Italy; after seventy-one years (343-272) of war with Rome admitted to citizenship, i, 38; famous for their victory at the Caudine Forks, iii, 109; Gaius Pontius, ii, 75.
Sanitation; see Health.
Sardinia, the large island north of Sicily, made a province (238), misgoverned, ii, 50.
Satrius; Marcus Minucius Basilus Satrianus, adopted by Lucius Minucius Basilus, his inheritance, iii, 74.
Scaevola, Publius Mucius, father of the pontifex maximus, consul (133) and friend of Tiberius Gracchus, an expert in the pontifical law, ii, 47.
Scaevola, Quintus Mucius, the Augur, son of the preceding, son-in-law of Laelius, friend of Africanus, consul (117), preceptor to Cicero; simple in his greatness, i, 109.
Scaevola, Quintus Mucius, the Pontifex Maximus, son of Publius, preceptor of Cicero; orator, jurist; authority on the civil law, his business honour, iii, 62, 70; followed his father's calling, i, 116; magnificent aedileship, ii, 57; consul (95), iii, 47.
Scaurus, Marcus Aemilius, consul (115); partisan rather than statesman, i, 76; ambassador to Jugurtha (112), notorious corruptionist, but loyal aristocrat; hence Cicero's praise, i, 108.
Scaurus, Marcus Aemilius, son of the preceding, step-son of Sulla, aedile (58) with extraordinary magnificence, ii, 57; governor of Sardinia (56), which he plundered outrageously; successfully defended by Cicero and Hortensius; later (52) condemned and banished, i, 138; palace on the Palatine, i, 138.
Scipio, Gnaeus Cornelius, brother of Publius (see following); consul (222) with Marcus Marcellus; with Publius in Spain (217-211); a gallant soldier, i, 61; iii, 16.
Scipio, Publius Cornelius, brother of Gnaeus and father of the elder Africanus, i, 121; consul (218), defeated by Hannibal at the Ticinus; waged war in Spain (217-211); a gallant soldier, i, 61; iii, 16.
Scipio; Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Major (234-183), the son of Publius, i, 121; grandfather of the Gracchi, ii, 80; defeated Hannibal at Zama (202) and closed the war; never idle in his zeal for Rome, iii, 1-4.
Scipio, Publius Cornelius, son of Africanus Major, adoptive father of Africanus Minor; gifted mentally but physically disqualified for an active career, i, 121.
Scipio; Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Minor, son of Aemilius Paulus Macedonicus, i, 116, 121; adopted son of Publius Africanus's son, i, 121; friend and pupil of Panaetius, i, 90; intimate friend of Laelius (q.v.) and devoted to literature; serious, earnest, i, 108; self-control, ii, 76; a great soldier, i, 76, 116; at Pydna (168) with his father; captured and destroyed Carthage (136) and Numantia (133), i, 35; ii, 76; statesman of high ideals, a bitter rival and yet a friend of Quintus Metellus, i, 87.
Scipio; Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio, known chiefly as the man who led the riot and murdered Tiberius Gracchus, i, 76, 109.
Scipio; Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica, son of the preceding; died in his consulship (111); a charming gentleman and a brilliant speaker, i, 109.
Secret sin, ii, 37 fg.
Seius, Marcus, reduced the price of corn and regained his lost popularity, ii, 58.
Self-control; see Temperance.
Self-sacrifice, iii, 25; of Regulus, iii, 97-115.
Sergius, Gaius; see Orata.
Sicily, the great island south-west of Italy, fertile and rich, occupied along the coasts by prosperous Greek colonies, a Roman province (212 on), an easy prey for rapacious governors, as Verres whom Cicero prosecuted (70), ii, 50.
Sicyon, a city near Corinth, famous as a centre of art; Aratus and the tyranny, ii, 81-82.
Silanus, Decimus Junius, stepfather of Marcus Brutus, consul (62), aedile, ii, 57.
Slaves, duty toward, i, 41; iii, 89.
Social Instinct, man and beast, i, 12, 50; bees, i, 157; leads to justice, i, 157; weighed against justice, i, 159 fg.
Society, principles of, i, 50-57; iii, 53; rights of, i, 21; service to, i, 153, 155.
Socrates (469-399), the great philosopher and teacher, ii, 43; his ethics, iii, 11, 77; his perfect poise, i, 90; brilliant dialectician, with a profound meaning in every word, i, 108; personal eccentricities, i, 148. "The noblest, ay, and the wisest and most righteous man that we have ever known."
Socratic, following Socrates, i, 104, 134; ii, 87; most schools of philosophy are based on the teaching of Socrates—the Academy, i, 2; the Peripatetic, i, 2; iii, 20; the Cynic, i, 128; the Cyrenaic, iii, 116; the Stoic, i, 6; etc.
Sol, the sun-god, father of Phaëthon, iii, 94.
Solon, the great lawgiver of Athens (638-558 ca.), poet, soldier, statesman; his feigned madness and the acquisition of Salamis, i, 108; his constitution and the reorganized Areopagus, i, 75.
Sophocles, the great tragic poet (495-406), supreme on the Athenian stage (468-441); general in the war against Samos (440), i, 144.
Sparta, capital of Lacedaemon in the south-eastern part of the Peloponnesus, iii, 99; constitution of Lycurgus, i, 76; national character, i, 64; position at end of Persian wars, i, 76; at end of Peloponnesian war, i, 76; her arsenal, iii, 49; disasters, i, 84; despotic, ii, 26; cause of her fall, ii, 77, 80.
Stoics, adherents of the school founded by Zeno, an offshoot from Cynicism, i, 128; refounded by Chrysippus; philosophy with them is practical, making life accord with Nature's laws, iii, 13; virtue and philosophy are identical; virtue the only good, i, 6; iii, 11, 12; moral wrong the only evil, iii, 106; pain no evil, iii, 105; no degrees of right or wrong, i, 10; etymologists, i, 23; define fortitude, i, 62; temperance, i, 142; duties, iii, 14; controversies, iii, 91; their right to teach ethics, i, 6; Cicero adopts their teaching, i, 6; iii, 20; common interests, i, 22; their theology a pantheistic materialism, God working in his providence, iii, 102; representative Stoics, ii, 51, 86; iii, 51.
Sulla; Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (138-78), noble, profligate, brilliant genius; would stoop to anything, i, 109; soldier against Jugurtha, Mithradates, Marius, Rome; statesman; reformed the constitution; absolute monarch of Rome (81-79); treatment of tributary allies, iii, 87; confiscator, i, 43; ii, 29; overturned the old morals, ii, 27; Cicero opposed him, ii, 51.
Sulla, Publius Cornelius, nephew of the dictator, ii, 29; defended by Cicero on charge of complicity in Catiline's conspiracy.
Sulla, Cornelius, a freedman of the dictator, ii, 29.
Sulpicius; Gaius Sulpicius Galus, consul (166); famous astronomer, i, 19; predicted an eclipse of the moon.
Sulpicius; Publius Sulpicius Rufus (124-88), an eminent orator of little character, ii, 49.
Sungod; see Sol.
Superbus; see Tarquin.
Syracuse, a great Greek city in south-eastern Sicily, rich in art and in goods; ruled by Dion, i, 155; Dionysius, ii, 25; iii, 45; a popular resort, iii, 58.
Tantalus, son of Zeus (Jupiter) and father of Pelops (q.v.), iii, 84.
Tarquin; Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the last king of Rome (535-510), a cruel tyrant, expelled by Brutus and Collatinus, iii, 40.
Tarquins, the kinsmen of Tarquinius Superbus, all expelled (510), iii, 40.
Taxation, levying of, ii, 74.
Temperance, the fourth Cardinal Virtue, i, 93-151; definition, i, 93; the passions, i, 102; speech, i, 103; vs. Justice, i, 159-160; essential to success, ii, 77; vs. apparent Expediency, iii, 116 fg.
Terence; Publius Terentius Afer (195-159), a comic poet, friend of Laelius and Scipio; six plays are left; quotation from the Heauton Timorumenus, i, 30; the Eunuchus, i, 150.
Thebe, daughter of Jason and wife of Alexander of Pherae, ii, 25.
Thebes, the capital of Boeotia, home of Pindar and Epaminondas, i, 155.
Themistocles, brilliant statesman of Athens, ii, 16; gave Athens her fleet and saved Greece at Salamis (480), i, 75; consummate general, i, 108; not always scrupulous in his methods, iii, 49; his valuation of character, ii, 71.
Theophrastus, of Lesbos, favourite pupil and successor of Aristotle, a marvellous teacher, master of Demetrius of Phalerum, i, 3; a prolific author; cited, ii, 56, 64.
Theopompus, of Chios (fourth century), pupil of Isocrates, orator and historian, ii, 40.
Thermopylae, a narrow pass on the seashore between Thessaly and Locris, held by Leonidas and his three hundred against the hosts of Xerxes (480), i, 61.
Theseus, the great legendary hero of Athens, benefactor of the world; uniter of Athens and Attica; father of Hippolytus (q.v.) by Antiope; husband of Phaedra; his son's death, i, 32; iii, 94.
Thrace, the vast country north of the Aegean; though the home of Orpheus, Linus, etc., it was generally considered barbarous, ii, 25.
Thyestes, son of Pelops and brother of Atreus (q.v.), (iii, 102).
Timotheus, admiral of the Athenian fleet (378-356), compared with his father Conon, i, 116.
Torquatus; see Manlius.
Trades; see Vocation.
Troezen, a city of Argolis, near the shore opposite Aegina; the asylum of the Athenians at the approach of Xerxes, iii, 48.
Trusts, when not to be restored, iii, 95.
Truth, the search after, i, 13.
Tubero, Quintus Aelius, the Stoic, a pupil of Panaetius, praetor (123); a talented jurist, iii, 63.
Tusculum, a town in the Alban hills, the oldest municipium in Italy, admitted (381), i, 35; public lands of, i, 21; Cicero's favourite country home.
Twelve Tables, the laws of, drawn up (450); quoted, i, 37; iii, 111.
Tyranny, ii, 23-29; inspired by false perspective, iii, 36; right and duty toward the tyrant, iii, 19, 85.