Dianoia, Nous and, two grades of intelligence, iv. 66.
Dikæarchus, ii. 425 n.
Dikasts,
opposition of feeling between Sokrates and, i. 375;
influence of dikastery on growth of Dialectic, 385.
Diodorus Kronus,
doctrine of Power, i. 140;
defended by Hobbes, 143;
hypothetical propositions, 145;
time, difficulties of Now, ib.;
motion, 146;
Aristotle nearly coincides with, ib.;
and Hobbes, ib.;
his death, 147.
Diogenes of Apollonia,
life and doctrines, i. 60;
air his primordial element, 61;
many properties of, ib.;
physiology, 60
n., 62;
cosmology and meteorology, 64;
often followed Herakleitus, ib.
n.;
anticipated modern doctrine of aerolithes, ib.;
Agreement with Anaxagoras, 65;
fundamental tenet, agreement with Aristotle and Demokritus, 69 n.;
theory of vision, iv. 237
n.
Diogenes of
Sinôpê, i. 152;
works, 155;
doctrines, 154;
Sokrates’ precepts fullest carried out by, 160;
asceticism, 157;
compared with Indian Gymnosophists and Selli, ib.,
160 n.,
163 n.;
with Aristippus, 190;
Communism of wives, 189
n.;
opposed Platonic ideas, 163;
the first protest of Nominalism against Realism, 164.
Diogenes Laertius, i. 291 n., 294.
Dionysius,
the elder, Aristippus’ intercourse with, i. 193;
visited by Plato, 351;
the younger, visited by Plato, 258,
355;
expedition of Dion against, 259.
Dionysius Hal.,
on Apology, i. 411 n.;
rhetorical powers of Plato and Demosthenes, iii. 407 n.;
rivalry of Plato and Lysias, 411 n.;
contrasts Plato’s with
Σωκρατικοὶ
διάλογοι,
i. 110 n.;
Plato’s jealousy and love of supremacy, 117 n.
Disease,
general survey of, iv. 249;
preservative and healing agencies, 250.
Dittrich on Kratylus, iii. 303 n.
Diversum,
iv. 226;
form of, pervades all others, iii. 209, 232;
Aristotle on, 238
n.
Division,
logical, ii. 27;
and definition, the two processes of dialectic, iii. 29, 39;
dialogues of search illustrate process, 29, 177, 188;
novelty and value of this, ii. 235,
iii. 190;
by dichotomy, 254;
importance of founding on sensible resemblances, 255;
sub-classes often overlooked, 341;
well illustrated in Philêbus, 344;
but feebly applied, 369;
Plato enlarges Pythagorean doctrine, 368.
Dodona,
oracle to be consulted, iv. 325;
Xenophon, i. 237.
Doing
and making, ii. 155;
use of εὖ ζῆν and εὖ
πράττειν in Charmidês,
216 n.
Drama,
influence on growth of Dialectic, i. 385;
mixed pleasure and pain excited by, iii. 355 n.;
Plato’s aversion to Athenian, iv. 316, 350;
peculiar to himself, 317;
Aristotle differs, ib.
n.;
see Poetry.
Dreams,
doctrine of Demokritus, caused by images from objects, i. 81;
Plato’s theory of, iv. 237;
as affecting doctrine Homo mensura, iii. 130;
belief of rhetor Aristeides in, 146 n.
Drunkenness,
Sokrates proof against, iii. 21,
23, iv. 287;
is test of self-control, iii. 21 n.,
iv. 289,
298;
forbidden at Sparta, how far justifiable, 286;
chorus of elders require, 297;
unbecoming the guardians, 298 n.
E.
Eclipse,
foretold by Thales, i. 4
n.;
Anaximander’s doctrine, 6 n.;
Pythagoras’, 14
n.;
Herakleitus’, 32.
Education,
who is to judge what constitutes, ii. 142;
combined with polity by Plato, Xenophon, Aristotle, iv. 142, 185, 337;
on principle that every citizen belongs to the city, 186;
precautions in electing Minister of, 338;
of men compared by Sokrates with training of inferior animals, iii. 62 n.;
bad, of kings’ sons, iv. 312;
training of boys and girls, 348;
by music and gymnastic, 23;
musical training excites love of the beautiful, 27;
importance of music, 305;
views of Xenophon, Polybius, Aristotle, ib.;
music, Platonic sense, 149;
by fictions as well as by truth, 24;
actual place of poetry in Greek, compared with Plato’s ideal,
149-153;
type for narratives about men, 26;
songs, music, and dancing to be regulated, 25, 289, 291, 349;
to keep emotions in a proper state, 169;
prizes at festivals, 292,
337;
but object of training, war, not prizes, 358;
only grave music allowed, 26,
168;
music and gymnastic necessary to correct each other, 29;
gymnastic imparts courage,
ib.;
training to ascend to the idea of good, 61;
purpose, 69;
studies introductory to philosophy, 70-74, 206;
difference in Leges, 275 n.;
arithmetic, 423;
awakening power, 70;
stimulus from contradiction of one and many, 72;
geometry, 423;
conducts mind towards universal ens, 72;
value of arithmetic and geometry, 352;
by concrete method, 353
n.;
particulars to be brought under the general forms, 423;
astronomy, 422;
object of teaching, 354;
by ideal figures, not observation, 72;
acoustics, by applying arithmetical relations and theories, 74;
of Nocturnal Counsellors, 420,
424;
exercises in dialectic, 76;
Plato’s remarks on effect of, 207;
age for studies, 76,
350;
philosophy should not be taught at a very early age, 60, 76;
Republic contradicts other dialogues, 207-211;
same training for men and women, 77;
maintained in Leges, and harmonises with ancient
legends, 195;
contrast with Aristotle, 194;
public training at Sparta and Krete, 279;
Plato’s scheme fails from no training for Demos, 186;
Xenophon’s scheme, i.
226-31;
geometry and physics, Aristippus’ contempt for, 186, 192.
Ego, and Mecum or non-ego, antithesis of, iii. 132 n., 144 n.
Egyptians,
iv. 330 n.,
352, 353 n.,
415 n.;
priests, historical knowledge of, 266, 268;
causes, 271;
Plato’s reverence for regulations of, 267 n.
Εἰρωνεία, characteristic of Sokrates and Sophists, iii. 217 n.
Eleatic
philosophy, i.
16-26,
93-103;
Leukippus, 65;
relation to atomic theory, ib.;
theory of vision, iv. 237 n.;
compared with Hindoo philosophers, i. 160 n.
Elements,
the four, not primitive, iv. 238;
varieties of each, 242;
forms of the, 238;
geometrical theory of, 240;
Aristotle on, 241
n.;
a fifth added, ib.
n., 421.
Emotions,
appealed to in the Kriton, i. 433;
Bain on the Tender, ii. 188
n.;
a degenerate appendage of human nature, 126, iii. 389;
implication of intelligence and, 374;
antithesis of science and, 61,
195, 196 n.;
the tender and aesthetic, no place for, in tripartite division of soul,
iv. 149 n.;
poet’s appeal to, disturbs the rational government of the
mind, 92,
152, 349;
restrictions on music and poetry, to keep emotions in a proper state, 169, 347;
similitude of, in all, but dissimilarity of objects, i. 452 n.
Empedokles,
of universal pretensions, i. 47;
doctrines, 38;
four principles, ib.;
dissents from Ionic School and Herakleitus, ib.,
48;
denies φύσις (in sense of
γένεσις), 38 n.;
compared with Anaxagoras, 52;
Anaximander, 54;
the moving forces, Love and Enmity, 39;
modern attraction and repulsion,
40 n.;
physics, 38;
predestined cycle, 39;
Chaos, ib., 54;
was aware of effect of pressure of air, 44 n.;
movements of the blood, 43;
illustrated respiration by Klepsydra, 44 n.;
perception, 44,
iv. 235 n.;
contrary to Anaxagoras, i. 58;
knowledge of like by like, 44;
God, 40 n.,
42;
dæmons, 47;
religious mysticism in, 47
n.;
claims magical powers, 47;
sacredness of life, metempsychosis, 46;
friendship, ii. 179;
deplores impossibility of finding out truth from shortness of life, i. 47;
influence on Aristotle, 91;
doctrines identified by Plato with Homo Mensura,
iii. 114,
115.
Ends,
science of, postulated, ii. 32,
169;
dimly indicated by Plato, 148;
correlation with the unknown Wise Man, 149;
distinction of, iii. 374
n.;
no common, among established
νόμιμα, 282 n.
Energy,
analogous to guardians in state, iv. 39;
Aristotle’s
ἐνέργεια, ii. 355.
Ens, of
Xenophanes, i. 17;
of Parmenides, 66,
iii. 58;
combines extension and duration, i. 19;
and Non-Ens, an inherent contradiction in human mind, 20;
alone contains truth — phenomena, probability, 24;
erroneously identified by Aristotle with Heat,
ib. n.;
Zeno, 93;
Gorgias the Leontine, 103-4;
Demokritus, 67;
contraries the Pythagorean principles of, 15 n.;
an intermediate predicate, iii. 94;
theories of philosophers about, 200, 231;
materialists and idealists, 202;
of Plato, comprehends objects of perception and of conception, 229, 231;
is ens one or many, 201;
difficulties about non-ens and ens
equally great,
ib., 206;
is equivalent to potentiality, 204;
includes both the unchangeable and the changeable, 205;
a tertium quid, distinct from motion and rest, 206;
philosopher lives in region of ens, —
Sophist, of non-ens, 208;
non-ens, 331;
different views about, 243
n.;
its different meanings in Plato, 181 n.;
non-ens inconceivable, 200;
five forms examined, 208,
231-5;
a real form, not contrary to, but different from, ens, 211, 233;
inter-communion of forms of non-ens and of
proposition, opinion, judgment, 213, 214, 235;
non-ens in Sophistês different from other
dialogues, 242;
Plato’s view of non-ens, ib.
n.,
249 n.;
unsatisfactory, ib.
n.;
alone knowable, non-ens unknowable, iv. 49;
what is between ens and non-ens, the object of opinion,
ib.;
fundamental distinction of ens from fientia,
219;
see Relativity,
Ontology.
Entities,
quadruple distribution of, iii. 346;
Cudworth’s immutable, 74 n.
Epicharmus, i. 9.
Epiktêtus,
on authority, i. 388
n.;
objective and subjective, 451 n.;
φιλόσοφος
and ἰδιώτης, iv. 104 n.;
scheme conformable to nature, i. 162 n.
Epikurus,
garden, i. 255
n.;
school and library, 269
n.;
Symposion of, iii. 22 n.;
developed Aristippus’ doctrines, i. 198;
identity of good and pleasure, ii. 315 n.,
355 n.,
iii. 374,
377 n.,
387 n.,
iv. 301;
scheme conformable to nature, i. 163 n.;
on justice, iv. 130
n.;
antithesis of speculative and political life, ii. 368 n.;
immortality of the soul, 425 n.;
against repulsive pictures of Hades, iv. 155 n.;
prayer and sacrifice, 395;
agreement with Demokritean doctrine of chance, i. 73 n.;
Plato’s theology compared with, iv. 161.
Epimenidês, date, iv. 311 n.
Epimêtheus, ii. 268.
Epinomis, its
authorship, i. 299
n., 306, 307, 309;
represents Plato’s latest opinions, iv. 421 n.,
424 n.;
gives education of Nocturnal Counsellors, 420, 424;
soul prior to and more powerful than body, 421;
genesis of kosmos,
ib.;
five elements, 240 n.,
421;
wisdom, ib.;
theological view of astronomy, ib.;
arithmetic and geometry, proportionals, 423;
particulars to be brought under the general forms, 423.
Ἐπιστήμη,
relation to
αἴσθησις,
iii. 164 n.;
see Science.
Epistles,
Plato’s, i. 333
n.;
genuineness, 306-7,
309,
349 n.;
written when old, 262;
valuable illustrations of his character, 339 n.;
intentional obscurity as to philosophical doctrine, 350, 353 n.
Ἐπιθυμία, derivation, iii. 302 n.
Equivoques,
ii. 8 n.,
214, iii.
29;
Sokrates does not distinguish, ii. 279;
Aristotle more careful than Plato, 170, 279 n.;
fallacies of equivocation, 212,
352 n.;
gain, 82;
know, 213 n.;
εὖ ζῆν and εὖ
πράττειν, 216 n.,
352 n.;
Nature, 341 n.,
iv. 194;
Cause, ii. 404,
409, 410 n.;
Good, 406,
iii. 370;
Ens, 231;
Unum, Ens, Idem,
Diversum, &c., 94;
Pleasure, 379 n.;
Justice, iv. 102, 120, 123, 125.
Eranos,
meaning, iv. 400
n.;
Plato inconsistent, 399.
Erasistratus, iv. 259 n.
Erastæ,
authenticity, i. 306-7,
309,
315, ii. 121;
subject and interlocutors, 111;
vivacity, 116;
philosophy the perpetual accumulation of knowledge, 112;
how to fix the quantity, 113;
philosophy not multiplication of learned acquirements, 114;
special art for discriminating bad and good, 115, 119;
supreme, 120;
the philosopher its regular practitioner, 115;
the philosopher, second best in several arts, 114;
Aristotle’s σοφία and
φρόνησις, 120 n.;
relation of second-best man to regular practitioner, 113, 115, 118;
supposed to point at Demokritus,
ib.;
humiliation of literary erastes, 116.