Sacrilege, gravest of all crimes, iv. 363.
St.-Hilaire,
Barthélemy, on Sankhya
and Buddhism, i. 378
n.;
metempsychosis, ii. 426
n.;
fallacies, i. 133
n.
Same, form of, iii. 209, 231, iv. 226.
Sankhya, i. 378 n., ii. 389 n., 426 n.
Salvador, Jacob, iii. 300 n.
Scepticism,
of Xenophanes, i. 18;
Plato, 342;
Greek sceptics, iii. 293
n.
Schleiermacher,
on Plato’s view of knowledge and opinion, iii. 167 n.;
theory of Platonic canon, i. 303;
includes a preconceived scheme, and an order of interdependence, 318;
proofs slender, 317,
325 n.;
assumptions as to Phædrus inadmissible, 319, 329 n.;
reasons internal, 319,
337, iv. 431;
himself shows the unsafe grounds of modern critics, i. 336;
Ueberweg attempts to reconcile Hermann with, 313;
theory adopted by Trendelenburg, 345 n.;
on relation of Euthyphron to Protagoras
and Parmenidês, 443 n.;
Menon, ii. 247 n.;
Parmenidês, iii. 85 n.;
Sophistês, 244 n.,
i. 127;
Kratylus, iii. 303 n.,
304 n.;
307 n.,
310 n.,
321, 321 n.;
Philêbus, 334 n.,
365 n.,
369 n.,
398 n.;
Euthydêmus, i. 127;
Menexenus, iii. 408;
Kleitophon, 426 n.;
Republic, iv. 38 n.;
Leges, 430.
Schneider, on Xenophon’s Symposion, iv. 313 n.
School,
σχολή, i. 121 n.,
127 n.;
Plato’s establishment of, a new epoch in philosophy, 266;
of Plato fixed at Athens, 254;
and transmitted to successors, 265;
its importance for his manuscripts, 266, 267;
decorations of the Academy and Lykeum, 209;
Peripatetic at Lykeum,
ib.;
of Isokrates, iii. 35;
Eretrian, i. 121,
148;
Megaric, 121.
Schöne, on the dates of Plato’s compositions, i. 326 n.
Schwegler,
on Parmenidês, iii. 86 n.;
Homo Mensura, 151 n.
Science,
derivation of
ἐπιστήμη, iii. 301 n.;
scientia, 302 n.;
logic of a, Plato’s different from Aristotelic and modern
view, i. 358
n.;
science of good and evil distinct from others, ii. 161, 168;
relation to art, iii. 43
n.,
46, 263;
antithesis of emotion and, 61,
195, 197 n.;
dialectic the standard for classifying, as more or less true, 382;
dialectic the consummation of, iv. 75;
relation to kosmical soul, 227;
see Knowledge.
Self-knowledge,
temperance is, ii. 155;
what is the object known in, 156;
in Charmidês declared impossible,
elsewhere essential and inestimable, 167.
Selli, asceticism of, i. 163 n.
Seneca,
on the Good, iii. 372
n.;
filial ingratitude, iv. 400 n.;
Diogenes of Sinôpê, i. 156 n.
Sensation,
Empedokles’ theory, i. 44;
Theophrastus, 46
n.;
theory of Anaxagoras, opposed to Empedokles’, 58;
Diogenes of Apollonia, 62;
Demokritus, 71,
76, 77, 80;
the mind rises from sensation to opinion, then cognition, iii. 164;
distinct from opinion, 167;
verification from experience, not recognised as necessary or possible, 168.
Sense,
derivation of
αἴσθησις,
iii. 308 n.;
doctrine of Empedokles, i. 44;
illusions of, belief of Anaxagoras, 59 n.;
defects of, belief of Demokritus, 68 n.,
71;
Zeno’s arguments, 93;
Plato’s conception of, iii. 164 n.;
worlds of intellect and, distinct, i. 403;
organs of, iv. 236;
principal advantages of sight and hearing, 238;
hearing, i. 46,
62, 78;
ethical and emotional effects conveyed by, iv. 307 n.;
smell, i. 46;
pleasures of, true, iii. 356;
Homo Mensura, 122;
relativity of sensible facts, 126,
154, 298;
its verifications recognised by Plato as the main guarantee for
accuracy, 155
n., 240;
fundamental distinction of ens and fientia,
iv. 219;
relation to kosmical soul, 227;
see Particulars,
Phenomena,
Sensation.
Serranus, on Platonic canon, i. 302.
Sextus Empiricus,
doctrine, iii. 292
n.;
no definition of a general word, i. 168 n.;
on poets, iv. 24
n.
Shaftesbury, Lord, iv. 105 n.
Simonides,
interpretation of a song of, ii. 283;
definition of justice, iv. 2,
7.
Slavery,
iv. 309,
342, 400;
Aristotle differs, 344
n.;
evidence of slaves. 410
n.
Sleeman, Sir Wm., grounds of belief among Hindoos, iii. 150 n.
Sleep,
doctrine of Herakleitus, i. 34;
Plato, iv. 237.
Smith, Adam, Moral Sentiments, iii. 333.
Socher,
theory of Platonic canon, i. 306;
Parmenidês, 338 n.,
iii. 88 n.,
185 n.;
Politikus, ib.,
196 n.,
265 n.;
Sophistês, 185 n.,
196 n.,
243 n.,
244;
Philêbus, 369 n.;
Kritias, iv. 266 n.
Societies, Benefit, iv. 399.
Society,
ethics and politics, topic of Sokrates, i. 376;
genesis of, common want, ii. 343,
iii. 327,
iv. 21, 111, 112 n.,
133;
social art conferred by Zeus, ii. 268;
dissent a necessary condition of its progressiveness, 367 n.;
frequent destruction of communities, iv. 307;
historical retrospect of,
307-314;
see State.
Sokrates,
life, character, and surroundings, i. 410 n.;
character unparalleled in history, vi;
personal appearance and peculiar character, iii. 19;
patience, 24
n.;
courage and equanimity, 21
n.;
compared to Antoninus Pius, ii. 382 n.;
proof against temptation, iii. 20,
22, 23, iv. 287, 288;
sensibility to youthful beauty, ii. 22 n.;
as representative of Eros Philosophus, iii. 15, 25;
income, i. 192
n.;
procedure of, repugnant to Athenian public, 387, 412, 441, iv. 127;
aggravated by his extreme publicity of speech, i. 393;
feels his own isolation as a dissenter, ii. 365;
accused of corrupting the youths, i. 391 n.,
183 n.;
Plato’s reply, magical influence ascribed to his
conversation, ii. 23,
iii. 19, 21 n.,
24 n.,
113 n.,
388 n.,
iv. 412 n.,
i. 110;
influence he claims, enlarged by Plato and Xenophon, 418;
disobedience of the laws, 434 n.;
imprisonment, 425;
indictment, against, 412,
418 n.,
437, iv. 230, i. 113;
grounds for his indictment, iv. 162 n.,
211, 381, 385;
reply to Melêtus, Plato and Xenophon compared, i. 456, ii. 421 n.;
opposition of feeling between, and the Dikasts, i. 375;
trial and death might have been avoided without dishonour, 426 n.;
equanimity before death, ii. 417,
418;
answer to Kriton’s appeal to fly, i. 426;
last words and death, ii. 377,
418;
general features of character in Apology confirmed,
i. 419 n.;
character and disposition, differently set forth in Kriton,
428,
431-2;
of Apology and Phædon
contrasted, ii. 421;
the real compared with character in Republic, iv. 211;
Plato’s early relations with, i. 248;
of Xenophon and Plato compared, ii. 37, i. 178, 199;
Xenophon’s relations with,
206-10;
uniform description of, in dialogues of viri Sokratici,
115;
brought down philosophy from heaven, x;
revolutionised method, ib.;
progenitor of philosophy of 4th century B.C.
, 111
n.;
theory of natural state of human mind, 373, 414;
false persuasion of knowledge, an ethical defect, iii. 177;
omnipotence of King Nomos, i.
378-84;
differs from others by consciousness of ignorance, 413, 416;
Delphian oracle, on his wisdom, 413;
combated commonplace, 398 n.;
in reference to social, political, ethical, topics, 376;
mission, x, 374,
395, ii. 146, 419, iii. 219, 422, iv. 219, 381;
declared in Alkibiadês I. and Apology,
ii. 24;
imposed on him by the gods, i. 415;
his dæmon, 437, ii. 104, i. 115;
his experience of it, ii. 102;
explains his eccentricity, 105;
a special revelation, 110,
130-1;
variously alluded to, 106-11;
determined to persevere in mission, i. 416;
not a teacher, 417,
ii. 140,
146, 162, 165, 184, 232, 237, 242;
only stimulates, i. 449,
iii. 415,
421-24,
iv. 52
n.;
his excuse, ii. 106;
knows of no teacher, i. 417,
ii. 225;
a positive teacher, employing indirect methods, modern assumption, i. 419;
incorrect, for his Elenchus does not furnish a solution, 420;
his positive solutions illusory, ii. 26;
obstetric, i. 367, ii. 251, iii. 112, 176;
the Sokratic dialogue, i. x,
xi;
usefulness of, ii. 186,
207;
effect like shock of torpedo, 237;
diversified conversations, i. 182;
humbles presumptuous youths, ii. 21;
manner well illustrated in Lysis, 177;
asserts right of satisfaction for his own individual reason, i. 386, 423, 436, ii. 379;
on Homo Mensura, i. 432, iii. 162 n.;
his Eristic character, ii. 203;
the greatest Eristic of his age, i. 124;
followed by Plato and Megarics,
ib., 126;
resemblance to Sophists, ii. 280,
iii. 198 n.,
216, iv. 165, 412 n.;
Menon gives points in common between Sophists and,
ii. 257;
the “sophistic art” peculiar to him, iii. 218;
negative vein, i. viii,
x,
370, 372, 373 n.,
375, 387;
affirmative and negative veins distinct, 420;
charge against him of negative method, by his contemporaries, 371, 388;
first applied negative analysis to the common consciousness, 389 n.;
to social, political,
ethical topics, 376,
385;
value and importance of Elenchus, 421;
see Negative;
introduced search for definitions, ii. 48;
authority of public judgment nothing — of Expert, everything,
i. 426, 435;
does not name, but himself acts as, Expert,
ib.;
early study, ii. 391;
stages of intellectual development, ib.;
turned on different views as to a true cause, 398;
accused of substituting physical for mental causes, 401;
does not distinguish different meanings of same term, 279;
not always consistent, 29,
303;
sophistry in Hippias Minor, 62;
avoided physics, i. 376;
the Reason of the kosmos, ii. 402 n.;
distinguished objective and subjective views of Ethics, i. 451;
proper study of mankind, 122;
order of ethical problems as conceived by, ii. 299;
not observed by Xenophon, i. 230;
and Plato dwell too exclusively on intellectual conditions of human
conduct, ii. 67;
fruits of virtue, i. 415;
Utilitarianism, ii. 310
n., i. 185 n.;
belief in the deity, 413,
414;
disbelieves discord among gods, 440;
principle of making oneself like the gods,
ib.;
on the holy, difference in Plato and Xenophon, 454;
on prayer and sacrifice, ii. 17,
418-9, iv.
394;
much influenced by prophecies, dreams, &c., ii. 418 n.,
420, iii.
351, iv. 395, i. 225 n.;
on death, 422,
429 n.;
and Plato, difference on subject of beauty, ii. 54;
companions of, i. 111;
their proceedings after his death, 116;
no Sokratic school, 117;
Antisthenes constant friend of, 152;
manner copied by Antisthenes, 150,
159 n.;
precepts fullest carried out by Diogenes and Krates, 160, 174;
and Parmenides, blended by Eukleides, 118;
discourse with Aristippus, 175;
the choice of Heraklês, 177;
the Good and Beautiful, 184.
Soldiers,
class of, characteristics, iv. 23;
division of guardians into rulers and, 29;
Plato’s training compared with modern, 148;
modern development of military profession, 180.
Solon,
on despotism, i. 219
n.;
unfinished poem of, subject of Kritias, iv. 266.
Σοφία
and
φρόνησις
of Aristotle, ii. 120
n.;
identical with
σωφροσύνη,
ii. 280.
Sophisms,
a collection of, necessary for a logical theory, i. 131;
discussion of popular at philosophers’ banquets, 134 n.;
of Eubulides, 128,
133;
Theophrastus on, 134
n.;
Diodôrus Kronus, 141,
143;
real character of, 135;
of Stoics, 128
n., 138;
see Fallacy.
Sophist,
meaning of
σοφιστής,
i. 256 n.,
391 n.,
ii. 261,
iii. 27 n.;
compared to an angler, 191;
Plato’s definition, 191-4,
196 n.;
a juggler, 198;
imitator of the wise man, 216;
Plato’s ironical admiration, ii. 208, 283;
no real class, 210,
341 n.,
iii. 249 n.,
iv. 136 n.,
i. 178;
Theopompus on profession of, 212 n.;
usually depicted from opponents’ misrepresentations, 308 n.,
ii. 210;
accused of generating scepticism and uncertainty, 64 n.;
negative dialectic attributed by historians to, i. 371;
did not first apply negative analysis to the common consciousness, 389 n.;
negative dialectic not peculiar to, 387;
the charge brought by contemporaries against Sokrates, 388;
dialectic contrasted with Sokrates’, ii. 197;
Sokrates the greatest Eristic of his age, i. 124;
Sokrates a, ii. 183
n., 185 n.,
188, 199, iv. 165, 412 n.;
Menon gives point in common between Sokrates and,
ii. 257;
in Euthydêmus, 196;
not represented by Kallikles, 339;
lives in region of non-ens, iii. 208;
devoted to the production of falsehood, 215;
is
ἐναντιοποιολογικὸς
and εἴρων, 216;
those the characteristics of Sokrates,
ib.;
the “sophistic art” peculiar to Sokrates, 218;
their alleged claim to universal knowledge — common to all
philosophers then, 219;
etymologies in Kratylus not caricatures of, 302, 310 n.,
314 n.,
317 n.,
321, 323;
no proof of their etymologising, 304;
as teachers, ii. 261;
motives of pupils,
ib. n., 264 n.;
as corruptors of public mind,
288 n.;
jealousy of parents towards influential teachers,
265 n.;
probably often used illustrative mythes,
267 n.;
money-making, 210,
ib. n., iii. 27 n.,
i. 212 n.;
not distinguishable from dialectician, ii. 210, 211 n.;
raised question of criterion of truth, 246;
logical distinctions, 236
n.;
did not invent fallacies, 217,
i. 133 n.;
abuse of fallacies, biddings for popularity, ii. 199;
did not deny natural justice, 341 n.;
not the perverters of philosophy, iv. 55;
conform to prevalent orthodoxy, 56;
relation to poets, 150;
Demochares’ law against, i. 111 n.;
Aristippus taught as a, 193.