south wing or chapel, which was dedicated to St. Michael. This chapel is said to have been erected by Abbot Finlay M‘Fead, who died in 1485. It is 32 feet long by 23 feet wide, and has been connected to the church by an archway 14 feet in width. The walls of the aisle are now reduced to about 5 feet in height, and contain a doorway in the west side and an ambry on the east side. In the south wall is the monument to Abbot Finlay M‘Fead (Fig. 937). The canopy is segmental, and the mouldings are bold, but the enrichments are much decayed. On the shield over the centre of the arch the arms of the abbot are still legible—a stag behind a tree, with three stars in chief, and a crozier above. The inscription, which is much decayed, is said to be, “Hic jacet Finlaius M‘Fead abbas de Fern qui obiit anno MCCCCLXXXV.” It will be remembered that, through the liberality of this abbot, the monastery was much enriched. His effigy still rests, though much mutilated, in its original place.
A small monumental chapel has been erected against the south-east angle of the church and blocks two of the windows. It is probably, from its details, of the sixteenth century. There is a pointed doorway in the east side (see Fig. 936), and a pointed window in each of the east and west walls. The south wall has contained a monument, but the outer part of the wall has been broken out, and none of the features of the monument are preserved.
Another chapel, doubtless also monumental, has been built against the north wall (see Fig. 936), where there have been two windows of the church. The walls of the above chapels seem to be built out from two of the buttresses of the church. The buttress forming part of the east wall of the north chapel is still quite distinct. This structure is evidently of a very late date. The windows have had mullions, which simply intersect one another in the arched head, without any trace of foliation. The chief peculiarity of this chapel lies in its roof. This has been constructed with six ribs, composed of portions of wall carried on plain pointed arches, on which were laid the overlapping stone flags, of which the roof was formed. Two of the arches and a small part of the stone roof still survive (see Fig. 936).
All traces of the cloister and domestic buildings of the monastery have been completely swept away.
INVERKEITHING CHURCH, Fifeshire.
This ancient town, situated a short way north of Queensferry, contained many interesting structures, but they have now been almost entirely removed. The fine Town Cross, however, still survives.
The old parish church was burned down in 1825, and afterwards rebuilt, the only ancient part preserved being the western tower (Fig. 938). This tower has been partly incorporated with the new church, to which it forms an entrance porch, and has a new doorway opened in its west wall. It measures about 22 feet square on Plan, and has buttresses at the angles reaching as high as the top story (Fig. 939). These have the angles chamfered, and are finished with plain splays on top. An octagonal turret at the south-east angle, with conical stone roof, contains the stair to the upper story. The tower is finished with a plain parapet on top, supported on simple bold corbels. The structure above the tower is modern. Although not very high, the tower contains four stories, the upper one being the belfry. It has large windows, with one mullion and a transom, and very peculiar tracery in the arched head, consisting of three perforated circles. The bell bears the date of 1641.
In the interior of the church is preserved, and is still used, a very fine font (Fig. 940), which was found lying in pieces in the ground under the tower and in the churchyard, but the pieces have now been put together again. The bowl is hexagonal in outline, 3 feet 2 inches across, the orifice being 2 feet in diameter. Each face is ornamented with a large shield, supported by an angel, and on each angle is a large roll, supported on a head and embattled on top. The lower part consists of five short filleted shafts, with angular projections between them. The shafts rest on bold projecting bases, standing on an octagonal plinth, and have a series of enriched caps (sadly damaged) running round the font, which support the mouldings under the basin.
The arms on the six shields on the faces of the font are as follow (the arms being, probably, those of the families named, but there is nothing to show their connection with the font):—
1. Quarterly 1st and 4th, three bay leaves, for Foulis of Colinton; 2nd and 3rd, saltier and chief, wavy (Fig. 941). Bruce of Balcaskie.
2. A fesse chequé between three crescents (see Fig. 940). Stewart.
3. Fesse between three crescents (see Fig. 941). Melville of Glenbervie.
4. Per pale, dexter side, a lion rampant within a double tressure (see Fig. 940). Lyon of Glamis. On the sinister side, bars wavy, for Drummond.
5. Lion rampant within a double tressure (Fig. 942). Lyon of Glamis.
6. An eagle displayed, surmounted by a bend with three crescents (see Fig. 942). Ramsay of Dunoun.
MONUMENT AT ABERDALGIE, Perthshire.
An incised monument (Fig. 943) in the churchyard of Aberdalgie, which is situated from three to four miles south-west of Perth, commemorates Sir William Olifurd or Oliphant of Aberdalgie, for ever memorable as the defender of Stirling Castle against the force of Edward I. in 1304. Edward conducted the siege in person, and for upwards of three months a small garrison of men withstood his utmost
power, although he brought all his great resources to bear on the castle. At length, through exhaustion and famine, and the effect of Edward’s battering engines, the garrison capitulated, and Olifurd was sent a prisoner to the Tower. He was one of the forty noblemen who, at Arbroath Abbey in 1320, signed the famous protest against papal encroachment. Sir William Olifurd is thus entitled to be regarded as one of the heroes of his country, and his tomb deserves all the care that can be bestowed on it. It lay over his grave in the church of Aberdalgie, and when that structure (not a stone of which now remains) was taken down it lay exposed to the weather for about seven years afterwards. In 1780 it was protected by a great stone slab being placed over it as a roof. This slab is only raised about 12 inches above the monument, so that it is with great difficulty it can be seen. The figure is really in better preservation than it appears in the drawing, but it is hardly possible to make out more of the carving. The stone roof above it is very insecure, and ought to be attended to; and some better defence is needed, as the action of the weather is causing the monument to scale off, and all the architectural decoration will very soon disappear. The slab requires protection from the sun as much as from the rain. The Sketch shows that the north or left side, which is in the shade of the stone roof, is better preserved than the south or right side, the former not being subject to so great an alternation of wet and dry as the latter.
The monumental slab is in one stone, and measures 8 feet 2½ inches long by 4 feet 4 inches wide, and is 6½ inches thick, so that the figure is about life size. The face is quite destroyed. The canopy over the figure, which is engraved in the stone, is the best preserved part. This consists of three cusped arches. Beneath each side arch there is a shield; the one on the sinister side bears the Oliphant arms, the other is almost effaced. The side borders have been very richly carved. They are each divided into four niches, all of which have contained figures, but only one of them is now entire. The border on the dexter side is almost all gone.
All round the stone there has been a raised inscription, of which only a letter or two at top and bottom now remain, and these will, doubtless, soon scale away. At the four corners the inscription has been blocked by the emblems of the evangelists, of which only a part of the emblem of St. Mark now remains, and this is so fragile that it might be picked away with the finger. There has also been some kind of geometrical figure in the centre of the inscription, only the beginning of which remains on one side.
This is one of the finest of the few incised monuments which remain in Scotland.
CREICH CHURCH, Fifeshire.
The ruins of this church stand in an old churchyard, overshadowed by trees, not far from the ancient Castle of Creich,[192] and about six miles north-west from Cupar.
|
Fig. 945.—Creich Church. |
Fig. 946.—Creich Church. |
The original structure (Fig. 944) has been an oblong single chamber, 60 feet by 15 feet internally. Apparently there has been no window in the east wall, and all the other windows appear to have been altered, except one near the east end of the north wall, which is 6 inches wide, and is round headed, and splays widely to the interior. All the other windows are square headed, and have probably been altered. It is not easy to say whether the doorway is original or not; it is situated in the position where one would expect it to have been originally. It is round arched, or, if pointed, only very slightly so. It has a stone lintel in the interior, raised in the manner shown (Fig. 945) to admit of the leaves of the door opening.
There is a south chapel or aisle entering from the church by a round-arched opening. The arch has the usual wide double splay resting on the caps of the responds at each side (see Fig. 946). This aisle has a massive base, stepped at various places to suit the sloping ground.
In the north wall there are two semicircular arched recesses, apparently for monuments. The westmost one (Fig. 947) consists of bead and hollow mouldings, with rosettes in the hollows. The other recess, near the east end, is of later workmanship, possibly of the seventeenth century; it has a projecting keystone containing the Barclay arms. On the floor, within this recess, but placed there in quite a temporary manner, there lies the very finely-incised monument shown in Fig. 948; the inscription, on a bevelled edge, bears that it is to the memory of David Barclay of Luthrie, who died in 1400, and Helen de Douglas, his wife, who died
in 1421. The stone is about 6 feet 6 inches long by 2 feet 11 inches wide, and the workmanship of the figures and canopy over, which is incised in the stone, consists of elaborate tabernacle work, corresponding with that found on the monuments and brasses of other countries. The hands and faces shown hatched on the Sketch are rough sinkings, and are supposed to have been filled in with brass. Over the figures there are rich architectural canopies, each of slightly different design. Of two shields, one contains the Barclay arms; the other is quite worn.
The church was probably erected about the time of the date on the monument; and the south aisle was, in all likelihood, erected shortly before the Reformation.
FASLANE CHURCH, Argyleshire.
This ruined structure is situated in a retired spot on the Gareloch, a branch of the Frith of Clyde, and about one mile from Garelochhead. It has consisted of a single chamber (Fig. 949), measuring about 37 feet 10 inches long by 17 feet 9 inches wide inside. The walls are in a very broken down condition, but, fortunately, the east gable is well preserved. From the style, the building would at once, except in the West Highlands, be considered of thirteenth century date, but in that locality it may have been somewhat later.
There are two lancet windows in the east end (Fig. 950), a Plan of which is given to a large scale (Fig. 951), from which, and from the interior view (Fig. 952), it will be seen that they are widely splayed towards the interior, and have round arches, slightly flattened on the top.
In the north wall, adjoining the east end, there is the usual ambry, chocked for a door. Alongside the ambry are the remains of a window jamb. Probably the entrance was in the south wall, near the west end.
In the thirteenth century the castle of Faslane occupied an almost impregnable summit, at the junction of two glens. “Near to the castle there was a chapel, dedicated, it is supposed, to St. Michael, with a burying-ground attached, and, a little beyond it, a mound, where the priest’s house is reported to have stood.”[193] This church was probably that now illustrated. The old castle was originally occupied by the Earls of Lennox or members of their family, but, before 1400, it was forsaken for Inchmurran, in Loch Lomond. In the fourteenth century Alan of Faslane married Margaret, the only daughter of Donald, the sixth earl, and so acquired the honours of the earldom. In the sixteenth century Faslane was feued to Archibald M‘Aulay of Ardincaple; and about the middle of the eighteenth century the ruined castle furnished a shelter to the last representative of that family.
INDEX.
A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, V, W, Y.
Abailard, 1.
Abdie, 218.
—— St. Magridin’s Church, 293.
Aberdalgie, Monument at, 551.
Aberdeen, King’s College, 285, 445, 504.
Abernethy, 86, 209.
Altyre Church, Morayshire, 290.
Amiens Cathedral, 65.
Anderson, Joseph, 209, 210.
—— R. Rowand, architect, 92.
Apses and square east ends, 4.
Arbroath Abbey, 2, 3, 4, 218, 332;
description, 30.
—— Abbot’s House, 49.
—— —— Regality Court-house, 48.
Arbuthnot, 92.
Architecture, New development of, 1.
—— in Scotland, gap in, 331.
Ardchattan, 146, 245.
Aroise Abbey, Artois, France, 230.
Auchindoir Church, Aberdeenshire, description, 281.
Balmerino Abbey, description, 505.
Barrel Vaults, 333.
Batten, E. Chisholm, 147, 245, 395, 399, 402, 543.
Bays, Design of, 4.
Beauly Priory, 2, 146;
description, 245.
Beverley Minster, 363.
Billings, R., 122, 389.
Birnie Church, 121.
Black’s Brechin, 204, 215.
Border monasteries destroyed, 331.
Bothwell Church, 333, 531.
Brechin Cathedral, 3, 86, 223;
description, 203.
Brechin Maison Dieu, 215.
Buittle Church, Kirkcudbrightshire, description, 300, 344.
Burntisland Church, description, 269.
Bute, Marquis of, 6, 19, 23, 482.
Caithness Cathedral, 3.
Cambuskenneth Abbey, 3, 515;
description, 225.
Campbell, Rev. Dr., Balmerino, 505.
Cathedrals, chiefly thirteenth century, 2.
Chalmers, P. Macgregor, 196, 199, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 393, 483.
Chambers, Dr. William, 443.
Chapel on “The Isle,” Wigtonshire, description, 297.
Choir and nave, relative length of, 5.
Clackmannan Church, 231.
Cockpen Church, 303.
Collegiate Churches, 334.
Collie, J., 163, 186.
Cowie Church, Kincardineshire, 273.
Creich Church, 554.
Crosraguel Abbey, 76, 332, 342, 478;
description, 402.
Culross Abbey, 2, 3;
description, 231.
—— Old Parish Church, 243.
Decorated Period, 331.
—— —— Examples of, rare in Scotland, 332.
Deer, Abbey of, 274.
—— Church, 278.
Donoughmore, County Meath, 210.
Dore, Abbey of, Hertfordshire, 186, 381.
Dornoch Cathedral, 3.
Douglas Church, description, 520.
Dryburgh Abbey, 4, 332, 345, 346, 349, 365.
Dunblane Cathedral, 2, 3, 4, 116;
description, 86.
Dundee Church, 235.
Dundrennan Abbey, 2, 3, 335, 342.
Dunfermline Abbey, 3, 92, 485.
Dunkeld Cathedral, 3.
Dunstaffnage Castle, Chapel, description, 299.
Durham Cathedral, 92.
Dysart Church, 235.
Edrom Church, 162.
Egilsay, Orkney, 209.
Elgin Cathedral, 2, 3, 4, 146, 147, 152, 154, 196, 322, 331;
description, 121.
—— St. Giles’, 157.
Ely, 92.
Eyre, Archbishop, 195.
Fail Abbey, 76.
Faslane Church, 557.
Fearn Abbey, Ross-shire, 542.
First Pointed Style, 1, 2.
—— —— introduced from England, 3.
Fortrose Cathedral, 331;
description, 394.
Galloway Cathedral, 3.
—— A Church in, 378.
—— William, architect, 76, 80, 81, 297, 482, 486.
Glasgow Cathedral, 2, 3, 4, 125, 186, 324, 331, 379, 382.
—— High Kirk, 378.
—— St. Mungo’s Cathedral, description, 160.
Glenluce Abbey, 379.
Gogar Church, Font, 306.
Grose, Captain, 76, 204, 391, 393.
Haddington (St. Mary’s) Parish Church, 445;
description, 491.
Hexham Church, 6.
Holyrood Abbey, 2, 3, 4, 330, 332;
description, 53.
Honeyman, John, architect, 160, 161, 165, 168, 169, 171, 198.
Hunter Blair, F. C., 402.
Inchcolm Abbey, 2, 92;
description, 307.
Inchmahome Priory, 3;
description, 112.
Inverkeithing Church, 547.
Jedburgh Abbey, 2, 75, 162, 332, 345.
Jervise, Andrew, 282, 283.
Kelso Abbey, 2, 75, 345.
Kerr, Henry F., 492.
Kilwinning Abbey, 2, 3, 4, 332;
description, 73.
Kineddar Church, 121.
King’s College, Aberdeen, 285, 445, 504.
—— —— Cambridge, 393.
Kinloss Abbey, 121, 232, 402.
Kinross, J., architect, 6, 23.
Kirkwall Cathedral, 3, 4.
Laing, Alexander, 218, 219.
—— Dr. David, 429.
Lamington, 37.
Lanark, St. Kentigern’s, description, 266.
Lancet windows, 4.
Lerida Cathedral, Spain, 37.
Lincluden College, 120, 333, 379, 381, 535;
description, 383.
Lincoln Cathedral, 3.
Lindores Abbey, 4, 294;
description, 217.
Linlithgow Church, 445, 504;
description, 455.
Lismore Cathedral, description, 263.
Luffness Monastery, description, 288.
Mackison, William, architect, 227.
Maison Dieu, Brechin, description, 215.
Martine’s Reliquiæ Divi Andreæ, 19, 23, 24, 27, 29.
Mavisbank House, 258.
Melrose Abbey, 331, 332, 342, 438;
Resemblance of details to York, 333;
description, 344.
Middle Pointed Period, 331.
Monkton Church, description, 285.
Morris, James A., 405.
Muir, T. S., 215, 283, 299, 395, 396, 449, 479.
Neal’s Ecclesiological Notes, 538, 540.
New Abbey, Kirkcudbrightshire, 332;
description, 334.
Newbattle Abbey, 75, 332, 346;
description, 251.
Niddisdale, 378.
Norman Piers, 4.
Orkney, St. Magnus’ Cathedral, 3.
Oudenarde, Belgium, 445.
Paisley Abbey, 75, 286, 332, 378, 379, 393, 501.
Parish Churches, 5.
Pencaitland Church, description, 304.
Piers, First Pointed, 4.
Pinches, Frederick, 378.
Pluscardine Priory, 2, 3, 4, 349;
description, 146.
Pointed Style, 2, 3.
—— Arch in Scotland, 2.
Prestonkirk Church, 271.
Prestwick Church, 286.
—— de Burgo, 286.
—— Monachorum, 286.
—— Prestwick, St. Nicholas’, description, 285.
Ramsay, John, 253, 255.
Rattray, St. Mary’s Chapel, 292.
Redfriars Monastery, Luffness, 288.
Restorations of churches in fifteenth century, 331.
Robb’s Guide to Haddington, 492, 504.
Robertson, T. S., architect, 42, 48, 49, 50, 51, 273, 517.
Romanesque abandoned, 1.
Rosemarkie, 394, 395.
Ross, Cathedral of, 331.
Rosslyn Chapel, 199.
—— Collegiate Church, 186.
Rothesay Castle, Chapel, 517.
Round arch in Scotland, 2.
St. Adamnan’s, Burntisland, 269.
St. Alban’s Abbey, 73, 92.
—— St. Stephen’s, 73.
St. Andrews Cathedral and Priory, 2, 3, 4, 86, 125, 256, 331, 342, 378, 379;
description, 5.
—— St. Mary’s, Kirkheugh, 29.
—— Towers, 3.
St. Bridget’s or St. Bride’s, Douglas, description, 520.
St. Bride’s Collegiate Church, Bothwell, description, 531.
St. Colmanel of Butyle, 300;
description, 344.
St. Cuthbert’s, Monkton, description, 285.
St. Duthus’ Churches, Tain, description, 537.
St. Giles’ Collegiate Church, Edinburgh, 331, 457, 460, 466, 504;
description, 419.
—— Elgin, 157.
St. Kentigern’s, Lanark, description, 266.
St. Magnus’ Cathedral, Orkney, 3.
St. Magridin’s, Abdie, description, 293.
St. Mary’s Chapel, Rattray, description, 292.
St. Michael’s Parish Church, Linlithgow, description, 455.
St. Monans’ Church, Fifeshire, description, 471.
St. Mungo’s Cathedral, Glasgow, description, 160.
St. Mungo, Church of, Culross, 232.
St. Nicholas’, Prestwick, description, 285.
St. Nicholas’ Church, Newcastle, 445.
St. Ninian’s (?) on “The Isle,” 297.
Salisbury Cathedral, 3, 186.
Scott, Sir G. Gilbert, 172.
Seton Chapel, 501.
Sharp’s “Cistercian Architecture,” 241, 242.
Skipness, Kintyre, 300.
Smith, Dr. John, 378.
Spottiswoode, Archbishop, 19, 29, 107.
Spynie Church, 121, 140.
Stokes, Miss, 209.
Stone roofs, 333.
Sweetheart Abbey, 332;
description, 334.
Temple Church, 486.
Third or Late Pointed Style, 332.
Torphichen Church, 235.
Towers, Central, 3.
Transition Style, 2.
Triforium omitted, 4.
Trinity College Church, 426, 478.
Tungland Abbey, Kirkcudbrightshire, description 301.
Turgot, 6.
Tynninghame Church, 234.
Vaults, Pointed, 2.
—— Barrel, 333.
Watson, Robert, architect, 86.
—— T. L., architect, 172, 173, 184.
Whithorn Priory, 379;
description, 479.
Winchester Cathedral, 373.
Wooden roofs, 2.
Wyntoun House, 306.
Wyntown’s Cronykill, 8, 19, 27.
York Cathedral, 3, 333, 363, 381.