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The freedom of the seas

Chapter 35: INDEX
By Hugo Grotius
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History - Early Modern (c. 1450-1750)Law & CriminologyPhilosophy & Ethics

About This Book

The treatise advances a legal argument that the oceans are open to all for navigation and commerce, rejecting claims by certain states to exclude foreigners from maritime regions and colonial trade. It marshals natural-law reasoning and precedents to argue that no state can lawfully appropriate the high seas, defends a nation's right to engage in distant commerce, and addresses objections concerning conquest and exclusive possession. Organized as a concise juridical dissertation with systematic argumentation and scholarly notes, the work aims to justify maritime freedom as a principle of international law and practice.


INDEX

References are to pages of text and translation alike.

  • Accursius, biographical note, 51, n. †;
  • cited, 51.
  • Agamemnon, mention of, 9.
  • Agreements, when not binding, 35.
  • Air, common to all, 28;
  • nature of, 39.
  • Alciatus, A., biographical note, 10 n. 2.
  • Alexander, Emperor, quoted, 73.
  • Alexander the Great, mention of, 14, 40.
  • Alexander VI, Pope, reference to, 15, 45.
  • Alexandria, mention of, 68.
  • Ambrose, St., biographical note, 33 n. 5;
  • cited, 52, 71;
  • quoted, 32.
  • Amorites, mention of, 9.
  • Andocides, cited, 72 n. 1.
  • Angelus Aretinus, biographical note, 48 n. 2;
  • reference to, 48, 49, 50, 52, 55.
  • Apollinaris, mention of, 32.
  • Aquinas, Thos., biographical note, 13 n. 4;
  • mention of, 13, 19.
  • Arabians, mention of, 40, 68.
  • Arbitration, 6.
  • Archidiaconus, cited, 74 n. 5.
  • Aristotle, cited, 61, 63, 71;
  • quoted, 63.
  • Art of exchange, definition of, 61.
  • Athenaeus, reference to, 29.
  • Athenians, mention of, 9.
  • Augustine, St., cited, 71, 74;
  • quoted, 75;
  • reference to, 9.
  • Augustus, mention of, 12, 41.
  • Avienus, quoted, 23, 24.
  • Ayala, reference to, 16 n. 5.
  • Aztecs, mention of, 9.
  • Balbus, J. F., biographical note, 49 n. 3;
  • cited, 49;
  • mention of, 55.
  • Baldus de Ubaldis, biographical note, 9 n. 7;
  • mention of, 9, 55.
  • Bartolus, biographical note, 48 n. *;
  • cited, 48;
  • reference from, 19 n. 2.
  • Bennett, C. E., translation from, 31.
  • Bernhardus, St., reference from, 16 n. 3.
  • Boëthius, quoted, 19.
  • du Bois, see Silvius.
  • Bolognese, mention of, 9.
  • Butler, translation from, 73.
  • Cadiz, mention of, 40.
  • Caelius Antipater, cited, 40.
  • Caietanus, T. (Cajetan), biographical note, 19 n. 4;
  • reference to, 17, 19.
  • Cape of Good Hope, mention of, 40, 59.
  • Castrensis, A. de, biographical note, 53 n. 1;
  • cited, 53.
  • Castrensis, P. de (de Castro), biographical note, 49 n. †;
  • reference from, 22 n. 1.
  • Castro, M. C. de, letters to, 77.
  • Celsus, cited, 30, 31, 34.
  • Ceylon, mention of, 11, 12.
  • Charles V, Emperor, reference to, 21.
  • Chinese, mention of, 62, 68.
  • Cicero, cited, 72;
  • quoted, 23, 25, 27, 28, 75;
  • reference to, 29.
  • Cinus, cited, 63 n. 1.
  • Claudius, Emperor, mention of, 41.
  • Clemens Alexandrinus, cited, 73 n. 1.
  • Coercion, Portuguese, in case of East Indies, 68.
  • Columella, reference to, 32.
  • Comines, P. de, biographical note, 28 n. 3.
  • Commerce, origin of, 62.
  • Common ownership, definition of, 23.
  • Common right, 44.
  • Community of use, annihilation of, 62.
  • Connanus, F. de, biographical note, 12 n. 2.
  • Conscience, 3.
  • Contract, nature of, 35.
  • Cornelius Nepos, cited, 40.
  • Council of Spain, mention of, 20.
  • Council of Toledo, mention of, 19.
  • Covarruvias, D., biographical note, 9 n. 3.
  • Crown properties, in sea and river, 36.
  • Custom, established by privilege, 52.
  • Demosthenes, cited, 72;
  • quoted, 73.
  • Divine law, 1.
  • Donation of Pope Alexander VI, reference to, 15, 18, 45, 66.
  • Donellus, H. (Doneau), biographical note, 12 n. 2.
  • Dryden, J., translations from, 7, 8, 26.
  • Duarenus, biographical note, 27 n. 4.
  • Dutch, answer to Portuguese, 71;
  • East India trade to be maintained by, 72;
  • navigation by, 59;
  • reasonable claims of, 70.
  • East Indies, mention of, 65;
  • not chattels of Portuguese, 21, 60, 68;
  • Portuguese claim of exclusive right to trade in, 61;
  • Portuguese not first in, 41;
  • right of trade to be kept with, 72;
  • way is free to, 37.
  • Emmanuel, King of Portugal, mention of, 59.
  • English, mention of, 43.
  • Ennius, quoted, 38.
  • Equity, chapter on, 69.
  • Estius, biographical note, 9 n. 5.
  • Exchange, art of, defined, 61;
  • derivation of, 62.
  • Exhaustion, question of, 57.
  • Expediency, 1.
  • Faber, J., biographical note, 34 n. 2;
  • reference to, 34, 55.
  • Fachinham, N., biographical note, 50 n. 3.
  • Felinus, M. S., biographical note, 49 n. 2;
  • cited, 49.
  • Fishing, an ancient national right, 56;
  • free to all, 32, 38;
  • not legal to prevent, 33, 51;
  • revenues from, 36;
  • a servitude, 34.
  • Fleets, maintenance of, 35.
  • Free navigation, chapter on, 7.
  • Freedom of trade, basis of, 63;
  • chapter on, 61;
  • Dutch should have, 75.
  • French, mention of, 43;
  • navigation by, 59.
  • Gaius Caesar, mention of, 40.
  • Genoese, mention of, 48, 53, 54, 56, 58.
  • Gentilis, A., biographical note, 8 n. 2.
  • Goa, mention of, 79.
  • Gorcum, H. v., cited, 75 n. 3.
  • Gordianus, Fab. Claud., biographical note, 12 n. 1;
  • mention of, 12.
  • Grandpont, A. G. de., xi.
  • Greeks, reference to, 19.
  • Gregory, mention of, 19.
  • Gregory of Nazianzus, cited, 71.
  • Guicciardini, cited, 68 n. 2.
  • Hanno, reference to, 40.
  • Harris, E. I., translations from, 24, 25.
  • Hercules, mention of, 9.
  • Hermogenianus, quoted, 26.
  • Hesiod, quoted, 70;
  • reference to, 22.
  • Homer, cited, 62.
  • Horace, quoted, 12, 23, 31.
  • Hugo, reference from, 16 n. 3.
  • Hunting, an ancient national right, 56.
  • India, mention of, 12.
  • Inner sea, as distinguished from outer sea, 37.
  • Innocentius, reference from, 19 n. 2.
  • Innocent passage, 20, 43, 74.
  • International rights, 31.
  • Isernia, A., biographical note, 36 n. *.
  • Isocrates, cited, 72 n. 1, 2.
  • Israelites, mention of, 9.
  • James, H. R., translation from, 19.
  • Jason, cited, 54 n. 1.
  • Java, mention of, 11.
  • John, King of Portugal, mention of, 59.
  • Jowett, B., translation from, 63.
  • Jurisdiction, distinguished from ownership, 35.
  • Labeo, quoted, 31, 74.
  • Law of Human Society, 9.
  • Law of Nations, 7, 9, 28, 31, 61, 63;
  • right conception of, 52.
  • Law of Nature, 2, 5, 23;
  • right conception of, 52.
  • Law of property, 25.
  • Legitimate rulers, 19.
  • Leo, Emperor, cited, 33.
  • Lucullus, mention of, 32.
  • Mair, A. W., translation from, 70.
  • Malacca, mention of, 59.
  • Marcianus, cited, 32, 48, 49;
  • reference to, 33.
  • Martial, quoted, 32.
  • Martin, J. C., xii.
  • Megarians, mention of, 8.
  • Mendoza, A. H. de, mention of, 79.
  • Miller, W., translations from, 27, 38, 75.
  • Milton, quoted, 11 n. *.
  • Moluccas, mention of, 11.
  • Monopoly, question of, 71.
  • Morocco, mention of, 40.
  • Natural Law, 2, 5, 23, 53.
  • Navigation, Dutch, 59;
  • free to all, 7, 32, 38, 44, 46, 55, 56;
  • Portuguese, 59;
  • prescriptive right claimed by Portuguese, 54, 60;
  • protection of, 35.
  • Nazianzenus, see Gregory of Nazianzus.
  • Neratius, reference to, 28.
  • Nonius Marcellus, quoted, 12 n. 2.
  • Occupation, definition of, 25, 39, 48;
  • mention of, 27, 34;
  • not to affect common use, 30.
  • Oldradus (Oldrado de Ponte), biographical note, 74 n. 5.
  • Osorius, H., biographical note, 59 n. 1.
  • Outer sea, as distinguished from inner sea, 37.
  • Ovid, quoted, 26, 28.
  • Ownership, common, 26;
  • private, 29, 33, 62;
  • transition to, 24.
  • Panormitanus, cited, 67 n. 2.
  • Papal Donation, chapters on, 15, 45, 66.
  • Papinian, cited, 60;
  • quoted, 48.
  • Paul III, Pope, reference to, 21.
  • Paulus, cited, 32, 51.
  • Personal right, 35.
  • Peter, St., mention of, 16.
  • Philip III of Spain, letters of, 77.
  • Pickard-Cambridge, translation from, 73.
  • Pirates, treatment of, 35.
  • Placentinus, quoted, 34.
  • Plato, cited, 63.
  • Plautus, quoted, 29.
  • Pliny, cited, 12, 32, 40, 41, 62;
  • quoted, 7.
  • Plutarch, reference to, 14.
  • Polus Lucanus, cited, 73 n. 1.
  • Pomponius, cited, 30, 75.
  • Pomponius Mela, quoted, 40 n. 1.
  • Pope, The, no right in temporal matters, 45;
  • no authority against law of nature and of nations, 66.
  • Portuguese, arrogant pretensions of, 39, 40, 43, 75;
  • claim of exclusive right to trade, 61;
  • claim to ocean, 37;
  • desire for profits, 42, 69, 71;
  • mention of, 56, 65;
  • not first in East Indies, 41.
  • Prescription, acquisition by, 49, 59;
  • chapters on, 47, 67;
  • definition of, 47;
  • failure of, 50, 51;
  • immemorial time no help to, 49, 58;
  • reference to, 4, 52.
  • Pretexts for war, 18.
  • Private possessions, reference to, 28.
  • Privative right, 23.
  • Propertius, quoted, 73.
  • Property, origin of, 27.
  • Ptolemaeus, cited, 41.
  • Public opinion, 3.
  • Public territory, origin of, 34.
  • Quintilian, quoted, 25.
  • Revenues, on fisheries, 36.
  • Right of innocent passage, 20, 43, 74.
  • Right of navigation, not Portuguese because of Papal Donation, 45.
  • Rivalry, comment on, 70.
  • Roman Church, mention of, 19.
  • Sandeus, see Felinus.
  • Saracens, reference to, 10, 17.
  • Scaevola, mention of, 30.
  • Scott, J. B., Introductory note by, v.
  • Sea, The, common to all, 28, 30, 34, 37, 43, 44, 52, 55;
  • defined by law of nations, 22;
  • nature of, 31, 39;
  • not exhausted by use, 43, 57;
  • not merchandise, 34;
  • not Portuguese by Papal Donation, 45;
  • not subject to servitude, 35, 36;
  • sovereignty of, 53.
  • Seashore, common to all, 28, 30;
  • how to be used, 30, 34;
  • right of Roman people to, 31.
  • Seneca, cited, 63;
  • quoted, 8, 24, 25, 26, 27.
  • Shahan, Bishop, xii.
  • Sigonius, C., biographical note, 9 n. 2.
  • Silvestris, cited, 46 n. 1.
  • Silvius, F., biographical note, 17 n. 1;
  • reference from, 17.
  • Smith, K. F., xi.
  • Sovereignty, grant by reason of, 17;
  • matter of positive law, 20;
  • Papal Donation gives no right to, chapter on, 15;
  • a particular proprietorship, 22, 24;
  • by right of conquest, 18;
  • by right of discovery, 11;
  • title to, 11;
  • universal, 24.
  • Spaniards, arrogance of, 70, 71;
  • claim to ocean, 37, 54;
  • mention of, 56.
  • Strabo, quoted, 41.
  • Sylvius, see Silvius.
  • Tacitus, quoted, 10.
  • Temporal possessions, 19.
  • Theodoric, King, quoted, 75.
  • Thucydides, cited, 72 n. 1;
  • quoted, 27.
  • Title by prescription, destroyed, 50.
  • Tolls, 11, 36.
  • Torquemada, see Turre Cremata.
  • Trade, freedom of, 61, 63, 72;
  • origin of, 62;
  • Portuguese claim to right of, 61.
  • Trajan, mention of, 41.
  • Turre Cremata, reference from, 16 n. 3.
  • Ulpian, cited, 31, 33, 35, 44, 51, 63, 74;
  • reference to, 28, 69.
  • Use, definition of, 24, 27;
  • sea not exhausted by, 43;
  • things susceptible to universal, 29.
  • Usurpation, definition of, 52;
  • Portuguese worthless, 68.
  • Uti possidetis, 32, 73.
  • Varro, reference to, 32.
  • Vasquius, F. M. (Vasquez), biographical note, 52 n. 4;
  • cited, 53, 67, 68;
  • quoted, 52, 55, 56, 58, 70.
  • Venetians, mention of, 9, 43, 48, 53, 54, 56, 58.
  • Vergil, quoted, 7, 8, 26;
  • reference to, 29.
  • Victoria, F. de, biographical note, 9 n. 3;
  • reference to, 9, 13, 17, 18.
  • War, pretexts for, 18, 20.
  • Water, common to all, 28.
  • West Indies, claimed by Portuguese, 54.
  • Willoughby, W. W., xii.
  • World monopoly, question of, 71.
  • Zuarius, R., biographical note, 44 n. 3.