The government of the Ottoman Empire in the time of Suleiman the Magnificent

INDEX

Achmet I, 126 note 1, 160 and note 5.
Advancement based on merit, 82-86;
in Mogul Empire, 283.
Adviser of sultan (Hoja), 128, 218, 225.
Afghans, in Mogul Empire, 280, 282.
Agra, 287.
Agricultural conditions, 144 and note 2, 163, 177;
under Moguls in India, 297, 298.
Akbar, Mogul emperor, 278, 281;
removed poll-tax on non-Moslems, 284;
army of, 295;
presents made to, 188;
harem of, 290;
revenue system of, 293, 294;
amount of revenue of, 195;
policy of, toward cultivators of soil, 297;
removed internal tolls, 298;
tolerated Hindus, 298;
relation to Mohammedanism of, 302;
“divine faith” of, 302.
Albania, status of, 30, 33, 258, 297;
furnished tribute boys, 52, 74.
Ali Pasha, grand vizier of Suleiman, steps in promotion of, 87, 88;
great authority, 164.
Anatolia, 77, 79 note 4, 102, 104, 168, 169, 220;
Beylerbey of, 103-105, 189.
Arabia, status of, 6, 30;
rendering of justice in, 37;
taxation in, 175, 176.
Arabic language, 21, 77.
Arabs, influence on Ottoman Empire, 4, 20, 23;
in Foreign Legion, 50;
relation of, to Ottoman government, 227, 258, 297;
service of, to Mogul emperors, 281.
Arbitrary taxes, 175, 176.
Architecture, in Ottoman Empire, 23, 24, 239-241;
in Mogul Empire, 287, 295.
Armenian subjects, a separate organization, 34, 37;
not liable to tribute of boys, 34.
Arms, of Spahis of the Porte and Janissaries, 138, 139;
of Mogul infantry, 285.
Army—
Of Ottoman Empire, 90-113, 194;
principal subdivisions of, 91;
the territorial army, 104, 105;
numbers in, 106, 107 and note 1;
the supreme command of, 109-111;
indivisibility of, 111-113.
Of Mogul emperors, 279, 285-287;
compared with Ottoman army, 285.
Artillery of Mogul emperors, 286.
Asia Minor, Occidental influence in, 7;
occupation of, by Turks, 5, 14 ff., 35, 227;
defined, 14 note 1;
teachers from, 77;
Janissary apprentices sent to, 79;
heretics in, 210.
See Anatolia.
Astrologer of sultan, 129.
Audiences, of Suleiman, 101;
of Aurangzeb, 289, 296;
of Humayun, 296.
Aurangzeb, Mogul emperor, compared with Suleiman, 278, 302;
a zealous Moslem, 284, 298, 302;
army of, 286, 287;
audiences of, 289, 296;
sisters of, 291;
views on government of, 292;
in civil wars, 293;
revenue of, 295;
reimposed capitation tax on non-Moslems, 295;
education of, 300, 301.
Austria, raided, 29, 50;
paid tribute to Suleiman, 30, 177;
wars of, with Ottoman Empire, 112, 113.
Baber, founder of Mogul Empire, house of, compared with house of Osman, 278, 292, 293, 299 (see Timur, house of);
followers of, 279;
character of, 280;
family life of, 281;
treatment of Moslem subjects by, 298.
Babylon, 4.
Bairam, feast of, 135, 136, 140.
Balkan peninsula, 6, 51, 103.
See Albanians, Bulgarians,Rumelia, Servians.
Bangash tribe of Afghans, 281, 282.
Battle, order of, 100, 104.
Bayezid II, circumstances of deposition of, 94;
gave kullar their own justice, 116;
honor shown the Mufti by, 209.
Bayezid, son of Suleiman, execution of, 94, 95, 142, 143;
war against, 136.
Bedchamber, gentlemen of the, 75-78, 126, 127.
Body-guards, 129.
Bondage, American colonial, compared with Ottoman slavery, 60 note 7.
Booty, 176, 178.
Bosra, 31.
Brahmins, 282, 298.
Buddhist influence on Mogul Empire, 279.
Bulgarians, 16, 33, 35, 74.
Bureaucratic tendencies, 19, 32, 186, 187.
Bureaus, of the Treasury, 168 ff.;
of the Chancery, 183;
of the Mufti, 208.
Busbecq, opinion of, on Ottoman education, 74, 86;
dealings with Janissaries, 96;
witnessed ceremonies, 136-141;
on execution of Mustapha, 213.
Byzantine Empire, disintegration of, in 13th century, 6;
bequest of, to Ottoman Turks, 4, 21, 24, 227.
Caliph, as Imâm, 28, 157, 163 note 1;
the sultan as, 150;
Suleiman as, 234.
Canon law, of Roman Catholic Church, 157;
of Moslems, see Sacred Law.
Capitation tax, 21, 170, 175, 284.
Caucasus, slaves from, 16, 34, 50, 57, 281.
See Circassia, Georgia, Mingrelia.
Cavalry—
Of Ottoman Empire, regular, see Spahis of the Porte;
feudal, 100-105;
irregular, 105-107.
Of Mogul Empire, regular, 285;
feudal, 285, 286.
Ceremonies of the Court, 133-141;
law of, 134, 158.
Chancellor, 182-187, 189, 248.
Chancery, bureaus of, 183;
personnel of, 186, 187.
Charles V, Emperor, relations of, with Suleiman, 112, 113 and note 2.
China, influence of, on Turks and Mongols, 5, 19, 118.
Christians, converted and incorporated as Turks, 8, 14-17, 63-68;
not entrusted with great power, 62;
right to practise their religion, 211, 212.
See Renegade Christians.
Christian subjects of Ottoman Empire, protected by Sacred Law, 26, 212;
position of, 34;
subject to levy of male children, 51-55;
relation of, to Sultan, 151;
legislation regarding, 159, 160 note 1;
taxation of, 170, 175;
church lands of, 172;
Selim I’s attempt to convert forcibly, 211, 212;
treatment of, in courts, 222.
Circassia, slaves from, 33 note 2, 57, 74, 290.
Civil war, in Ottoman Empire, 94;
in Mogul Empire, 293, 301.
Clergy, Moslem, 206.
Codifications, of Moslem Sacred Law, 152, 153, 292;
of sultans’ legislation, 158-161.
Colleges, of pages, 73-79;
of education, 203-205.
Comparison of the Ruling Institution and the Moslem Institution, 227-236;
likenesses, 227-230;
differences, 230-232;
relative power, 232-236.
Confiscations, 55, 172, 178, 179.
Conservatism, in regard to taxation, 177;
in education, 204;
of the two great institutions compared, 230, 232, 233.
See Custom.
Constantinople described, 239-241.
Constitution, the Sacred Law a form of, 27, 28, 150, 156, 157, 175, 193, 209, 214.
Conversion to Mohammedanism, in Asia Minor, 15 ff.;
by Ottoman Turks, 33, 67;
by the Ruling Institution, 62-71;
meaning of, 62, 63;
why encouraged, 63-66;
not usually forcible, 63 and note 2, 66 and note 3, 67;
sincerity of, uncertain, 68-69;
in India, 284.
Corruption, official, 32, 39, 86, 144, 161, 177;
judicial, 222.
Costumes, 134, 135.
Counsellors-at-law, see Jurists.
Court—
Of the sultan, 120-145;
separation of men and women, 121;
organization of household, 123;
the harem, 124-126;
the inside service, 126-128;
the outside service, 128-133;
ceremonies of, 133-141;
influence of, 141-145.
Of Mogul emperors, 287-291.
Courts of justice, the Divan, 187-193, 221;
of the Grand Vizier, 166, 221;
of the Kaziaskers, 220;
of present-day Turkey, 154 note 2;
procedure of, 219-221;
venality of, discussed, 222, 223;
the law administered by, 223.
Crimean Tartary, status, 30;
rendering of justice in, 37, 216;
slaves sent from, 50;
Selim I married princess from, 58 note 2;
contingent furnished by, 106;
Khan of, pensioned, 171.
Croatians, 34.
Crusades, 6-9, 227.
Cursus honorum, of Ruling Institution illustrated, 87, 88;
of Moslem Institution, 212 and note 1, 235.
Custom, power of, 19, 21, 27, 230.
Customary law, 152, 161, 162, 223.
Decentralization, tendency toward, 32, 38, 174.
Delhi, Moslem capital of India, 280, 285, 287, 299, 300.
Democracy, 84, 198, 225.
Dervishes, 37, 207, 300.
Descendants of Mohammed the Prophet (Seids), 37, 206, 207, 225, 300.
Despotism, in Ottoman Empire, 25-27, 46, 48, 55, 151, 159, 174, 193;
in Mogul Empire, 279, 292.
Dil-Dar, wife of Baber, 290.
Discipline, of Janissaries, 96, 97 and note 1;
of army generally, 108, 109;
of Ruling Institution, 196.
Divan, 135, 166, 187-193;
membership of, 188-190;
sessions of, 189-191;
general character of, 191-193;
comparison with audiences of Aurangzeb, 296;
of the Grand Vizier, 166;
of lesser officials, 216 note 3.
Domain lands, 31, 169, 171, 172, 176.
Donatives to Janissaries, 92 and note 5.
Ebu su’ud, the Mufti, 120, 212 and note 2, 213;
table of contents of his collection of Suleiman’s laws, 276, 277.
Education—
Of members of Ruling Institution, 71-88, 196, 197;
comprehensiveness of, 71, 72;
classification of, 73.
Of members of Moslem Institution, 203-206, 225;
comparison of above systems, 228, 229, 234, 235.
Of Moslems in India, 300.
Egypt, unable to unify Levant, 10;
status of, 30;
inhabitants of, 33;
Janissaries of, 95;
legislation for, 159, 160;
taxation of, 176;
Mamelukes of, 280.
Emancipation of slaves, 48, 60.
Endowments, religious and charitable, 31, 32, 200-203, 234 and note 1, 235, 300.
Equerries, 131.
Equity in Turkey, 223.
Eugene, Prince, 287.
Eunuchs, 57, 125-128.
Execution, grounds of, 88;
of Mustapha, 89, 94, 95, 142, 213;
of Bayezid and Ibrahim, 89, 94, 111, 141, 142;
of grand viziers, 167;
process of, 210, 221;
policy of, 222.
See Fratricide.
Expenditures of government, 178, 179.
Extortion, 32, 86, 144, 163, 182.
Fatehpur-Sikri, 287, 302.
Ferdinand I, Archduke and Emperor, 30, 112.
Feudal cavalry—
Of Ottoman Empire, 100-105;
rights of, 100;
obligations of, 101;
officers of, 103-105.
Of Mogul Empire, 280, 285, 286.
Feudal system of Ottomans, 21, 24, 100-105, 176, 181 and note 2;
law of, 152, 159-161;
of Mogul Empire, 285, 286.
Fiefs, origin of, 21, 24, 31, 32;
reorganized by Suleiman, 102;
vacancies, 178.
Fleet, 171, 178, 179.
Foreign affairs, minister of, 183-185.
Foreign Legion, 50, 98, 99 note 1.
Foreigners in Ottoman Empire, privileges of, 35, 37, 38;
relation of, to sultan, 151;
taxation of, 176, 177.
Foundations, see Endowments.
Fratricide of Ottoman sultans, 27 and note 2, 94 and note 2;
not authorized in Mogul Empire, 293.
Gardener, the head, 81, 130, 131.
Generals (Aghas), of the Janissaries, 96;
of the Spahis, 99;
of the army, 110;
of the sultan’s harem, 125;
of the imperial stirrup, 131;
in the Divan, 189, 191.
Genghis Khan, 280.
Georgia, status of, 30;
slaves furnished by, 33.
Ghazali, 221.
Government—
Of Ottoman Empire, described, 146-198;
rested on old political ideas, 4;
functions of, 147, 148;
limitation to its own affairs, 149, 174, 175;
compared with Mogul government, 278 ff.
Of Mogul Empire, of inferior strength and durability, 278-279;
described, 292-298.
See Local government.
Governors of provinces, in Ottoman Empire (Beylerbeys), 103, 174, 187, 189, 191, 207, 216, 219, 220;
in Mogul Empire (Naibs), 296, 297.
Grand vizier, 164-167, 189-191, 220, 221, 229;
none in Mogul Empire, 296.
Greek Orthodox subjects, a separate organization, 34, 37;
the sultan their temporal head, 151.
Gritti, Alvise (or Luigi), household of, 58 note 4;
given command in Hungary, 62;
testimony of, as to Suleiman’s income, 179;
pamphlet of (with Junis Bey), 262-275.
Gul-Badan, daughter of Baber, 281, 290.
Hanifa, Abu, 152, 224.
Harem—
Of Suleiman, organization of, 56;
recruited from slaves, usually Christian, 56, 57;
number of women in, 56;
education of recruits for, 78, 79;
officers of, 125;
Suleiman’s mother, consorts, and daughter, 126.
Of Mogul emperors, 290, 291.
Harem intrigue, 121, 165.
Harun Al-Rashid, 295.
Heads of executed persons, 221.
Heredity of privilege and office discouraged, 66, 117-120;
how permitted to feudal cavalry, 101;
in Mogul Empire, 286.
Heretics, Moslem, 210, 211.
Hindus, influence of, on Mogul Empire, 279;
in service of Mogul emperors, 281, 286;
their religion tolerated, 298;
condition of, compared with that of Moslem subjects, 299.
Holy Cities of Mecca and Medina, 30, 125, 153, 169, 171, 228, 284.
Holy war, 209.
Household of the sultan, 123-133;
organization of, 123;
the harem, 124-126;
the inside service, 126-128;
the outside service, 128-133;
number in, 133.
Humayun, Mogul emperor, orders of nobility of, 282, 283;
artillery of, 286;
attendants of, at court, 288;
in civil war, 293;
ministers of state of, 295;
audiences of, 296.
Hungary, 30, 33, 51, 74, 178;
administration of, 176;
small proportion of Moslems in, 284.
Huns, 10, 20.
Hunting organization, 132.
Ibrahim Halebi, 153.
Ibrahim Pasha, grand vizier, treatment of parents, 53;
estate of, taken by Suleiman, 55;
vast power of, 83, 164, 167;
made Seraskier, 110;
execution of, 89, 111, 141;
proposes to settle Lutheran controversy, 113;
chief falconer, 132;
marriage of, 136 note 2;
other references, 62, 246, 265.
Ideas, not racial descent, the basis of Ottoman Empire, 3 ff., 228;
illustrated in Mogul Empire, 279-283.
Immunity from taxation, of the kullar, 35, 66, 114, 115;
of the Ulema, 35, 118, 119, 203, 206.
Imperial family, in Ottoman Empire, 56-58;
in Mogul Empire, 281, 290, 293.
Income of Suleiman, 179-182, 260;
of Mogul emperor, 293-295.
Incorporating spirit, of early Ottomans, 16;
of Tatars, 18;
of Ottoman Turks, 64 and note 3;
of Moslems and Byzantines, 65;
of Ruling and Moslem Institutions, 228.
India, absorbs gold and silver, 294;
influence of, upon Mogul Empire, 279;
prosperity of, under Akbar, 298.
Infantry—
Of Ottoman Empire, regular, see Janissaries;
irregular, 105-107.
Of Mogul Empire, 285.
Inside service, 126-128.
Institutions of government in Ottoman Empire, 25, 35-38;
compared with Mogul institution, 278, 279.
See Moslem Institution, and Ruling Institution.
Intendants, 132.
Interest, lawful only for funds of mosques, 201 note 3.
Interpreters, 130, 183.
Iranians, 13 and notes 3, 4.
Irregular troops, 50, 105-107.
Iskender Chelebi, Defterdar, estate of, taken by Suleiman, 55;
educational system and armed household of, 59.
Issus, battle of, 7.
Janissaries, described, 47, 91-97;
religious character of, 68, 69;
rule against admission of their sons broken down, 69 note 3;
not supposed to marry, 70;
uprisings of, 92;
conquests limited by, 93;
influence of upon succession to the throne, 93-95;
number of, 95 and note 3;
organization and officers of, 95, 96;
promotions of, 96;
appearance of, 138, 139;
finances of, 169, 179;
other references, 249, 250, 266, 267.
Janissary apprentices (ajem-oghlans), education of, 79-82;
rewards of, 82, 83;
punishments of, 88;
other references, 47, 73, 129, 254, 255, 269, 270.
Jehan-Ara, daughter of Shah-Jehan, 291.
Jehangir, son of Suleiman, 142, 143 note 1.
Jehangir, Mogul emperor, elephants of, 286;
ceremony of weighing of, 288, 289;
harem of, 290;
sense of responsibility of, 292;
in civil war, 293.
Jelal ad-din Rumi, 118.
Jemali, the Mufti, 211, 212.
Jerbé, victory of, 89.
Jewish subjects, not liable to tribute of boys, 34;
have separate organization, 34, 37;
the sultan their legal head, 151;
Ramberti’s testimony regarding, 241.
Judges—
General description of, 216-223;
classification of, 216-219;
venality of, discussed, 222, 223;
the law administered by, 223;
power of, over individuals, 224.
Grand vizier, 165, 189-191, 220, 221.
Kaziaskers, in Divan, 167, 189-191;
duties, 217-220;
other references, 225, 247, 263.
Special, for endowments, 201, 218.
In Mogul Empire, 297, 300.
Junis Bey, chief interpreter of Suleiman, testimony of, as to Suleiman’s income, 179;
pamphlet of (with Alvise Gritti), 262-275.
Jurisconsults or jurists (muftis), 207-215, 225, 303;
their chief (Sheik ul-Islam), 151, 208 ff., 247, 299.
Jurisprudence, Moslem, 153-155.
Justice, systems of, in general, 34-36, 216;
of the Janissaries, 97;
of the kullar, 116;
of the Ulema, 203;
of the Seids, 206, 207;
of the Moslem Institution, 215-224;
in India, 297, 300.
Justinian, 6, 158.
Kara Khalil Chendereli, traditional founder of Janissaries, 63, 64, 117.
Khaireddin Barbarossa, 246.
Khosrew Pasha, 152.
Khurrem (or Roxelana), wife of Suleiman, 56-58, 95, 126, 141-143, 213.
Kitchen service, 129.
Kiuprilis, 165.
Koran, 40, 42, 152, 214, 223, 300.
Koreish, 150, 235.
Kurdistan, 30.
Kurds, 105, 106, 296.
Land system, outline of, 28-32;
complication of, 32, 175, 176.
Law, classification of, 152;
of Ceremonies, 134;
of Subjects, Fiefs, Egypt, and Fines and Punishments, 159, 160.
See also Sacred Law.
Law schools, 203-205.
Lawyers, none in Turkey, 208, 223.
Learned associates of sultans, 128, 129, 218, 225.
Legislation, 27, 150-163;
of the sultans generally, 157-158;
of Mohammed II, 158, 159;
of Suleiman, 32, 159-161;
of the jurists through fetvas, 214.
Lepanto, battle of, 95, 143.
Local government—
In Ottoman Empire, officers of, 103-105, 256-260, 270-272;
justice in, 216-220.
In Mogul Empire, 294, 296, 297.
Mahmûd of Ghazni, 280, 283.
Malta, 143, 145.
Malversations, 177, 294.
Mamelukes of Egypt: how recruited, 33;
duration of rule, 280.
March, order of, 274, 275.
Master of ceremonies, 184.
Masters of the hunt, 132.
Mediterranean civilization, 7, 279.
Menzikert, battle of, 7.
Merit the basis of advancement, 82-86;
also in Mogul Empire, 283.
Mesopotamia, 31.
Michael of the Pointed Beard, 117, 118.
Mihrmah, daughter of Suleiman, 126, 142, 143.
Mines, 132, 171, 176.
Mingrelia, status of, 30;
slaves furnished by, 33, 57, 289.
Missionary motive of Ruling Institution, 62-71.
Mogul emperor’s authority, original feudal bond, 279, 280;
commander-in-chief of army, 283;
despot, 298.
Mogul Empire, less durable than Ottoman, 278, 279;
government of, 278-303;
financial greatness of, 295.
Mohacs, battles of, 177, 278.
Mohammedanism, relation to Christianity, 8, 68;
effect on Turkish character, 8;
bequest of, to Ottoman Turks, 21, 227 ff.;
missionary energy of, 63, 64, 284.
Moldavia, 30, 52 note 1, 106, 129, 178, 297.
Mohammed II, the Conqueror, quotation from letter of, to Uzun Hassan, title page, 64;
his Kanun of fratricide, 94 and note 2, 142;
dined alone, 122 and note 3;
built palace, 123;
adopted ceremonies, 134;
ordered Sacred Law codified, 152;
legislation of, 158, 159;
organized the Treasury, 168;
instituted tax-farming, 177;
regulated education of Moslem Institution, 203;
rule of as to jurisdiction of Kaziaskers, 220.
Mohammed Piri Pasha, grand vizier, 167.
Mohammed Sokolli, grand vizier, 120, 164, 165, 167.
Mohammed the Prophet, tradition of, 152;
descendants of, 206, 225, 300;
completed Sacred Law, 209;
granted toleration to Christian subjects, 212;
represented by judges, 220;
founder of Moslem system, 224, 235;
derivation of ideas, of, 227.
Mongols, relation of, to Turks, 12;
invasion of, 15;
empire of, 280.
See Tatars.
Morocco, 30.
Moslem-born subjects, not admitted to high office, 40-44, 66;
pressure of, to enter Ruling Institution, 69 note 3, 117, 120, 195, 231;
persistent loyalty of, 300.
Moslem Institution of the Ottoman Empire, antecedents of, 21;
general description of, 36, 37, 199, 200, 224-226;
institutions parallel to, 37;
relation of, to Ruling Institution, 38;
contemporary descriptions of, 38-44;
Suleiman its head, 151;
received sultan’s fifth of booty, 178;
the Divan its cap-stone, 188;
financial support of, 200-203;
educational system of, 203-206;
clergy, seids, and dervishes, 206, 207;
jurists and the Mufti, 207-215;
democratic spirit of, 225;
comparison of with Ottoman Ruling Institution, 227-236;
cumulative influence of, 234;
needed support of Ruling Institution, 235;
comparison of, with Moslem church in India, 300-303.
Moslems in India, 283, 284, 299-303;
not in close touch with emperors, 299, 300;
had no powerful chief, 299, 302;
their educational system, 300.
Mosques, 24, 202, 240, 300.
Muhammad Khan, Nawab of Farrukhabad, 281, 282.
Mumtaz-Mahal, empress of India, 281, 291.
Murad II, sultan, appearance, 17 note 4;
simplicity of life, 134.
Mustapha, eldest son of Suleiman, mother of, 57 note 3, 126;
execution of, 89, 94, 95, 142, 213;
character of, 95 note 2;
ceremony at circumcision of, 136.
Nenuphar, or Nilufer, bride of Orchan, 17.
Nobility, of the kullar, 84, 85, 114-120;
of the Seids, 118, 206, 207;
of the Ulema, 118, 119, 203;
in the Mogul Empire, 282.
Noble Guard (Muteferrika), 78, 129, 140, 248.
Non-Moslem subjects, 34.
See Christian subjects, Jewish subjects, etc.
North Africa, status of, 6, 30, 38;
inhabitants of, 33;
rendering of justice in, 37, 216;
Janissaries of, 95;
Suleiman desires to unify, 113 and note 1.
Notarial work, 219.
Nur-Jehan (or Nur-Mahal), empress of India, 281, 290, 291.
Old Testament, ideas of, in Mohammedanism, 8.
Orchan, sultan, 17 and note 4.
Osman I (Othman), sultan, 4, 6, 16 and note 1, 242, 272, 273;
house of, compared with that of Timur, 278, 281, 299.
Ottoman Empire, based on ideas, not race, 4;
rapidity of growth, 6;
character and mission, 7-10;
definition, 25;
lands comprised in, 6, 28-32;
peoples governed by, 33-35;
comparison of, with Mogul Empire, 278 ff.
Ottoman Ruling Institution, see Ruling Institution.
Ottoman Turks, racial descent of, 10-18;
unification of Levant by, 9;
early history of, 15 ff.;
a mixed race, 16, 17;
sources of culture of, 18-24.
Outside service, 128-133.
Pages, the colleges of, 73-79;
the three palaces of, 74;
course of training of, 75-78;
graduation of, 75;
rewards of, 82;
punishments of, 88;
age of their dismissal postponed, 120;
duties of, in the palace service, 126, 127;
Ramberti’s description of, 244.
Palace-guards, 130.
Palaces of Suleiman, principal palace, 74, 79, 123, 124, 243, 262;
palace of the harem (Old Palace), 124, 253, 268, 269;
other palaces, 74, 79, 254, 269;
accounts of the palaces, 128.
Panipat, battles of, 278, 299.
Parthians, 4, 11 note 1, 13 and note 4.
Patriarch of Constantinople, 151.
Pensions, in Ottoman Empire, 32, 183;
in Mogul Empire, 285, 294, 302.
Persian language, 21, 77.
Persians, bequests of, to Ottoman Turks, 4, 20, 21, 23, 33, 175;
blockade of Ottoman trade-routes by, 7;
could not lawfully be enslaved, 29;
wars of, with Ottoman Empire, 112, 113;
support of Mogul emperors by, 280, 281.
Personality of law, 28, 34, 35.
Physicians of sultan, 129.
Plato, 45, 71.
Police, Janissaries as, 93;
minister of, 183;
lieutenants of, 219.
Poll-tax, see Capitation tax.
Pope, compared with Mufti, 42, 209, 213.
Portuguese, blocked Ottoman sea-trade, 7;
served Mogul emperors, 281;
brought gold and silver to India, 294.
Primary schools, 203, 204.
Printing in Turkey, 223.
Punishments, in Ruling Institution, 88, 89, 197.
Queen mother, 56, 57, 122 note 1, 125.
Ragusa, 30, 178.
Rajputs, in service of Mogul emperors, 281, 282;
at war, 295, 299, 300;
their Rajahs, 281, 286, 297, 301.
Raushan-Ara, daughter of Shah-Jehan, 291.
Reformation, 9, 10, 113.
Religious “communities,” origin of, in Turkey, 20;
when organized, 34 note 5.
See Armenian subjects, Greek subjects, and Jewish subjects.
Renegade Christians, given chief offices of Ottoman Empire, 39-44, 62-71;
unfavorable view of their character, 42;
counted as Turks, 70;
total number made by Ruling Institution, 70;
Khosrew Pasha learned in Moslem law, 152;
other references, 167, 186.
Revenues, of Suleiman, 179-182;
of Mogul emperors, 293-295.
Revolution, right of, 26, 157, 209, 233.
Rivalry of Ruling and Moslem Institutions, 38, 233-236.
Roman Empire, 6;
its influence on Turks, 150, 279-281.
See Byzantine Empire.
Roumania, 52 note 1.
See Moldavia, and Wallachia.
Roxelana, see Khurrem.
Ruling Institution, antecedents of, 23;
general description of, 36, 45-47, 193-198;
institutions parallel to, 37;
relation of, to Moslem Institution, 38;
not clearly understood by certain historians, 38, 39;
contemporary descriptions of, 39-44;
component parts of, 47;
number of personnel of, 49 and note 4;
advancement by merit in, 82-88;
break-down of system of, 43, 69 note 3, 120;
relation of, to rest of Empire, 133;
influenced by Suleiman’s splendor, 144;
the Divan its cap-stone, 188;
comparison of, with Moslem Institution, 227-236;
artificiality of, 231;
support of Moslem Institution by, 233, 235.
See also chapter headings.
Rûm, Seljuks of, 6, 16.
Rumelia, 104, 168, 169, 220;
Beylerbey of, 103, 105, 189.
Russia, 29, 57, 74.
Rustem Pasha, grand vizier, armed household of, 59;
liberal religious views of, 68;
wealth of, 87 note 1;
attitude of, toward Janissaries, 97;
sale of offices by, 115, 116;
suspected of influencing Mustapha’s execution, 213;
other references, 53 note 3, 142, 164, 167.
Sacred Law of Islam, scope of, 21, 156, 235;
limitation of despotism by, 25, 26, 157;
character of, 152-157;
sketch of history of, 152, 153;
lack of elasticity of, 27, 156, 157, 215;
Suleiman’s observance of, 163;
how developed by fetvas, 214;
precepts of, both civil and criminal, 216;
relation of, to Moslem Institution, 225;
spirit of freedom in, 230;
not so much regarded in Mogul Empire, 279, 292, 293, 302.
St. Sophia, church of, 24, 202, 239.
Sale of office, 115, 116, 179.
Saracens, Empire of, 5, 6, 14;
bequest of, to Ottoman Empire, 21-23;
comparison of, with Turks, 231.
Scholasticism, Moslem, 8, 9, 215, 228.
Scouts, 105.
Scythians, 11 note 1, 12, 13 note 3.
Seal, the imperial, 165.
Selim I, the Cruel, or the Grim, not given to sensuality, 56;
said to have executed seven viziers, 88;
circumstances of accession of, 94, 142;
effect of conquests of, 112, 228, 233, 234;
punishment of heresy by, 210;
attempt of, to convert Christian subjects forcibly, 211, 298.
Selim II, the Sot, 95, 111, 136, 143, 165.
Seljuk Empire, 5, 7, 119;
occupation of Asia Minor by, 14 ff.;
bequest of, to Ottoman Turks, 4, 23, 227;
simplicity of life in, 133.
Servians, 34.
Shah-Jehan, Mogul emperor, constructs Peacock Throne, 289;
defeats Nur-Jehan, 291;
civil war of sons of, 293.
Sher Shah, 293.
Simplicity of life among Seljuks and early Ottomans, 133, 134.
Slave-Families of Ottoman subjects, 58, 59;
conversion encouraged in, 67.
Slave-Family of the sultan, 36, 39-44, 47-58;
age of admission to, 48;
methods of recruiting for, 49-53;
number of members of, 49 and note 4;
status of members of, 55;
faithfulness of, 65;
education of, 71 ff.;
constituted standing army, 90 and note 4;
honors and privileges of, 114-120;
influence of, upon government, 149.
Slavery—
Of Turks in Saracen Empire, 22.
In Ottoman Empire, sources of supply for, 29, 30;
mainly of European Christians, 33;
provided high officials, 39-44;
character of, 60, 61;
comparison of, with American colonial bondage, 60 note 7;
color line not drawn, 60;
emancipation frequent, 61;
attitude of converted slaves to Sacred Law, 230.
In Mogul Empire, 280-282, 284.
Slavs, Southern, 33, 52, 74.
See Bulgarians, Croatians, and Servians.
Sovereign will of sultan, 162, 163.
Spahis of the Porte, described, 47;
recruiting of, from pages, 78, 98-100;
organization of, 98, 99;
number of, 99 and notes 3, 4;
appearance of, 138, 139;
finances of, 169, 179;
other references, 250, 251, 267.
Splendor—
Of Suleiman, 133-141, 195;
its effect, 144, 145.
Of Mogul emperors, 287-291;
its effect, 297, 298.
Stable service, 131.
State lands, 31, 32.
Steppe lands, 5, 11, 231.
Stirrup, generals of imperial, 131.
Studies—
In the colleges of pages, 76, 77.
In the imperial harem, 79.
Of the Ajem-oghlans, 81 and note 3.
In schools, 203;
in colleges, 203 and note 4;
in law schools, 204 and note 1.
Of Aurangzeb, 300, 301.
Succession to throne, in Ottoman Empire, 93-95;
in Mogul Empire, 293.
Suleiman the Magnificent, limitations on despotic power of, 26-28;
family life of, 56-58;
said to have labored at a trade, 76 note 5;
self-command of, 89;
execution of Mustapha by, 89, 94, 142, 312;
execution of Bayezid and Ibrahim by, 89, 94, 111, 141, 142;
reorganization of feudal system by, 102;
appointment of Ibrahim as Seraskier by, 110;
relations of, to Charles V and Ferdinand of Austria, 112, 113;
promotion of Ibrahim and Rustem by favor of, 120;
mother, consorts, and daughter of, 126;
authority of, as caliph, 150;
head of all institutions, 151;
legislation of, 32, 152-163;
attitude of, to Sacred Law, 163;
ceased to preside at Divan, 188;
treatment of criminals by, 221, 222;
relation of, to power of great institutions, 234;
endowments of, 235 and note 1;
head of Moslems of Empire, 299.
Sultan’s authority, head of Ruling Institution, 46;
master of slave-family, 55;
commander-in-chief of the army, 109, 110;
head of state and government, 150, 151;
head of Moslem Institution, 151;
subject to Sacred Law, 157;
legislative power, 157, 158;
unworthiness of character irrelevant, 163 note 1, 233;
consultation with the Mufti, 210-214;
comparison of relations to the two great institutions, 229;
supported by Sacred Law, 233.
Syria, 31.
Szigeth, campaign of, 111.
Taj Mahal, 291.
Tartars of the Crimea, see Crimean Tartary.
Tatars, definition, 11, 12;
bequests to Ottoman Turks, 18;
political organization, 19;
influence on Mogul Empire, 279, 280.
Taxation, 175-182;
inelasticity of, 177.
Tent-pitchers, 132.
Theodosius I, 9, 158.
Timariotes, see Feudal cavalry.
Timur (Tamerlane), character of, 280;
house of, compared with that of Osman, 272, 281, 299.
See Baber, house of.
Tithe lands, 31, 32.
Todar Mal, 281, 293.
Transylvania, 30, 178.
Treasure, of Suleiman, 172;
of Prince of Gujarat, 178;
of Mogul emperors, 295.
Treasurers, of the household, 127;
of the Empire (Defterdars), 167-172, 189, 191, 247, 265;
in Mogul Empire, 294, 297.
Treasury, twenty-five bureaus of, 168-172;
characteristics of, 173, 174;
personnel of, 186, 187.
Tributary provinces, 30;
condition of inhabitants of, 33;
government of, 37.
Tribute, 178.
Tribute boys, increased the number of Turks, 16, 70;
regions from which taken, 34, 51;
process of levying, 51, 52;
estimate of the system, 53, 54;
ultimate effect, 69-71, 231;
not levied by Mogul government in India, 279, 281, 282.
Tribute lands, 31, 32.
Tu-kiu, Empire of, 13, 14, 19.
Turanians, 12, 13 note 3.
Turki followers of Mogul emperors, 280, 281.
Turkish language, 18, 77, 79.
Turks, in Western Asia, 5, 14 ff.;
relation of, to Mongols, 12;
relation of, to Caucasians, 11 and note 2;
comparison of, with Saracens, 231;
Ramberti’s account of origin of, 242;
influence of, on Mogul Empire, 279.
See Ottoman Turks, and Seljuk Empire.
Unification of territories by Ottoman Turks, 9, 10.
United Greek subjects, a separate organization, 34.
United States of America, compared with Ottoman Empire, 3, 28, 45, 58, 209, 213.
Unnatural vices, 75 note 6, 232.
Uses (legal term), 32, 202.
Ushers, 130.
Uzun Hassan, 64.
Vassal states, of Ottoman Empire, 29, 30;
of Mogul Empire, 297.
Venality, of Ottoman officials, 39, 69;
of Ottoman justice, 222.
Venice, 30, 178, 179.
Vienna, siege of, 93, 143.
Viziers, 163-167, 189-191;
Ramberti’s account, 246.
Voinaks, 131.
Volunteer soldiers, 102, 106.
Wallachia, 30, 52 note 1, 106, 129, 178, 297.
War, declaration of, 26, 209.
Wealth, accumulation of, discouraged, in private citizens, 59;
allowed to high officers, 86, 87, 260;
of Rustem Pasha, 87 note 1, 161;
of Mogul Empire, 278, 287, 295.
Western Europe, not interested in East after Crusades, 10;
comparison with Ottoman Empire, 35, 36, 74, 94, 121, 157, 179, 204, 222.
Women, had no part at Ottoman Court, 121;
more prominent in Mogul Empire, 281, 290, 291.

The government of the Ottoman Empire in the time of Suleiman the Magnificent

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INDEX