Rain sent by a mythical water-snake, 112, 114;
  prayers for, 288;
  stones to make, 336 sq.

—— and sunshine caused by a ghost, 375

—— -ghost, 375

—— -making, 288;
    by the bones of the dead, 341

Rat in myth of the origin of death, 67

Rationality of the savage, 264 sqq.

Rebirth of the dead, 93 sq., 107, 127 sq.
  See also Reincarnation

—— of parents in their children, 315

Recovery of lost souls, 194, 270 sq., 300 sq.

Red, skulls painted, 178

Red bark in poison ordeals, 50, 52

—— paint, manslayers smeared with, 448, 449

—— roses, corpse crowned with, 233, 234

Reflection or shadow, soul associated with, 207, 267

Refuse, personal, magic working by means of, 413 sq.

Reincarnation, widespread belief in, 29.
  See also Rebirth

—— doctrine of, unknown in Torres Straits, 172

—— of the dead, belief of Central Australians in, 92 sqq., 107

—— of the dead, 124 sq., 127 sq.;
    of Australian aborigines in white people, 130, 131 sqq.;
    of parents in their children, 315;
    of grandfather in grandchild, 417, 418

Relics of the dead as amulets, 332, 370;
  preserved, 348

Religion, importance of the history of, 3;
  embryology of, 88

Religion and magic compared in reference to their destruction of human life, 57 sq.;
  combined in ritual, 111 sq., 334, 335, 336, 336, 337, 338, 376

—— and theology, how related, 9

Resemblance of children to the dead, a source of belief in the transmigration of souls, 28 sq.

Restrictions observed by mourners, 313 sq.;
  ceremonial, laid on gravediggers, 327;
  imposed on manslayers, 449

Resurrection, ceremony of, among the Akikuya, 254

—— from the dead after three days, 67 sq.;
  of the dead, steps taken to prevent the, 144;
  as an initiatory rite at puberty, 254 sq., 261, 302, 431, 434 sq.

Return of the ghosts, 195, 198, 246, 300

Revelation, the question of a supernatural, 8 sq.

Revival, temporary, of primitive communism, 436 sq.

Rheumatism attributed to sorcery, 45

Rhodesia, 77

Ribs of dead distributed among relatives, 400

Ridgeway, W., on the origin of Greek tragedy, 189

Rights of property temporarily suspended, 427 sq.

Ritual combining elements of religion and magic, 111 sq.

Rivalry between man and animals for gift of immortality, 74 sq.

River crossed by souls of the dead, 299, 462

Rocking stone, 213

Roro-speaking tribes of British New Guinea, 47, 196, 198

Roth, W. E., 128

Run or Ron, island, 303, 311

Russia, burial custom in, 453

Saa, in Malanta, 350, 351, 372, 378

Sacrament of pork and water at initiation, 432 sq.

Sacred stones in New Caledonia, magical virtues attributed to, 334 sqq.

—— enclosure of stones (Nanga) in Fiji, 428 sqq., 437 sq.

—— pigs, 433

Sacrifice, crude motives for, 298 sq.;
  place of, 332

—— of dogs in epidemics, 296;
    of foreskins and fingers in honour of the dead, 426 sq.

Sacrifices to the dead, economic loss entailed by, 149

—— to the dead, 239, 307, 338.
  See also Offerings

Sacrifices, burnt, reasons for, 348 sq.;
  burnt, to ghosts, 366, 367 sq., 373

—— to ghosts, 328; at planting, 375

——, human, to ghosts, 371 sq.;
  human, in Fiji, 446 sq.

Sacrificial ritual in the Solomon Islands, 365 sq.

Saddle Mountain in German New Guinea, 262

St. Joseph River in New Guinea, 196, 198

Sakalava, the, of Madagascar, 49;
  burial custom of, 461

Saleijer, island of, burial custom in, 461

Samoa, 406

—— Harbour, in German New Guinea, 256

Samoan myth of the origin of death, 72

Samoyeds, burial custom of the, 457

Samu-yalo, the killer of souls, 465

San Cristoval, one of the Solomon Islands, 347, 376

Sanctuaries, primitive, 99

—— of ghosts, 377 sq.

Sanctuary, grave of worshipful dead becomes a, 347

Sanitation based on fear of sorcery, 386 sq., 414

Santa Cruz Islands, 343

Santa Cruz, in the Solomon Islands, burial customs at, 352;
  sacrifices to ghosts in, 374 sq.

Savage, myth of the prelogical, 266

——, practical character of the, 274

——, rationality of the, 264 sqq.

—— notions of causality, 19 sq.;
  conception of death, 31 sqq.;
  disbelief in death from natural causes, 33 sqq.;
  thought vague and inconsistent, 143

—— religion, the study of, 7

Savagery, importance of the study of, 6 sq.;
  a case of arrested or retarded development, 88 sq.;
  rise of monarchy essential to emergence from, 142

Savages pay little attention to the stars, 140;
  strength and universality of belief in immortality among, 468

Savo, one of the Solomon Islands, 347

Scarf, soul caught in a, 412 sq.

Scenery of Fiji, 409 sq.

Schomburgk, Richard, 38

Schürmann, C. W., 42 sq.

Scientific conception of the world as a system of impersonal forces, 20 sq.

Scotland, burial custom in, 453, 458

Sea, land of the dead at the bottom of the, 307, 326

—— -burial, 397

—— -burial and land-burial, 347 sq.

—— -ghosts and land-ghosts, 348

Seclusion of widow and widower, 204, 248 sq., 259, 275;
  of relatives at grave, 209;
  of mourners, 223 sq., 313 sq., 360;
  of novices at circumcision, 251 sq., 260 sq., 302;
  of manslayers, 279 sq.;
  of gravediggers, 327, 451;
  of female mourners, 398

Seclusion and purification of manslayer, 229 sq.

Second death of the dead, 195, 287, 299, 345, 350, 351, 354

Secret societies, 395

—— Society (Asa), 233

Seemann, Berthold, 439 sq.

Seer describes ghosts, 204 sq.

Seget Sélé, the, of Dutch New Guinea, 317

Seligmann, Dr. C. G., 47, 191, 197, 206

Selwyn, Bishop, 363

Serpent and his cast skin in myths of the origin of death, 60, 69 sqq., 74 sq., 83

——, god in form of, 445, 462

Serpents, souls of the dead in the form of, 300

Setting sun, ghosts attracted to the, 175 sq.

Sexual licence following initiation, 433, 434 n. 1, 436 sq.

Shadow or reflection, human soul associated with, 129, 130, 173, 207, 267, 395, 412

Shadows of people seized by ghosts, 378, 383

Shaking of medium a symptom of inspiration, 308, 309, 311

Sham attack on men engaged in attending to a corpse, 177, 178

—— burial, 356

—— fight to appease ghost, 136 sq.;
  as a funeral ceremony, 235 sq., 327 sq.;
  as a ceremony to promote the growth of yams, 330.
  See also Pretence

Sharks animated by ghosts, 348

——, ghosts incarnate in, 373, 380;
  images of, 373

Shaving heads of mourners, 208

Sheep in story of the origin of death, 64

Shell-money, 394;
  laid on corpse and buried with it, 398

Shortlands Islands, 71

Shrine of warrior ghost, 365

Shrines for ancestral spirits, 316, 317

Siamese, burial custom of the, 456

Siasi Islands, 244

Sick and old buried alive in Fiji, 420 sqq.

Sickness caused by demons, 194;
  caused by ghosts, 56 sq., 195, 197, 222, 269 sq., 271, 279, 300, 305, 322, 372, 381 sqq., 389

—— supposed to be an effect of witchcraft, 35 sqq.

Sickness and death set down to sorcery, 240, 257

—— and disease recognised by some savages as due to natural causes, 55 sq.   See also Disease

Sido, his journey to the land of the dead, 211 sq.

Sins, confession of, 201

Skin cast as a means of renewing youth, 69 sqq., 74 sq., 83

Skull-shaped stones in rain-making, 336 sq.

Skulls, spirits of the dead embodied in their, 338

—— and arm-bones, special treatment of the, 199 sq.;
  carried by dancers at funeral dance, 200

—— of the dead preserved, 199 sqq., 209, 249, 318, 328, 339, 347, 351 sq., 398, 400 sq., 403;
  preserved and consulted as oracles, 176, 178 sq., 179;
  used in divination, 213;
  kept in men's clubhouses, 221, 225;
  inserted in wooden images, 311 sq., 321;
  religious ceremonies performed with the, 329 sq.;
  food offered to the, 339 sq., 352;
  used to fertilise plantations, 340;
  used in conjurations, 402

Sky, souls of the dead thought to be in the, 133 sq., 135, 138 sq., 141, 142

Slain, ghosts of the, especially dreaded, 205, 258, 279, 306, 323

Sleep, soul thought to quit body in, 257, 291, 395, 412

Smith, E. R., 53

Smyth, R. Brough, 43 sq.

Snakes, ghosts in, 380

Sneezing, omens from, 194

Social progress stimulated by favourable natural conditions, 141 sq., 148 sq.

—— ranks, gradation of, in Fiji, 408

Solomon Islands, 343, 346 sqq.;
  sacrificial ritual in the, 365 sq.

Somosomo, one of the Fijian islands, 425, 441, 442

Sorcerers, their importance in history, 16

—— catch and detain souls, 267, 268 sq., 270

—— put to death, 35, 35 sq., 37 sq., 40 sq., 44, 50, 136, 250, 269, 277, 278 sq., 341 sq.
  See also Magician

Sorcery as the supposed cause of natural deaths, 33 sqq., 136, 268, 270, 402;
  sickness and death ascribed to, 257

—— a cause of keeping down the population, belief in, 38, 40, 46 sq., 51 sqq.

—— Fijian dread of, 413 sq.;
  See also Magic and Witchcraft

Sores ascribed to action of ghosts, 257

Soro, atonement, 427

Soul, world-wide belief in survival of soul after death, 24, 25, 33

Soul of sleeper detained by enemy, 49;
  human, associated with shadow or reflection, 173, 267, 395, 412;
  pretence of carrying away the, 181 sq.;
  detained by demon, 194;
  recovery of a lost, 194, 270 sq.;
  thought to quit body in sleep, 257, 291, 395, 412;
  resides in the eye, 267;
  thought to pervade the body, 267;
  two kinds of human, 267 sq.;
  caught and detained by sorcerer, 267, 268 sq., 270;
  long soul and short soul, 291 sq.;
  of offering consumed by deity or spirit, 297, 298;
  thought to reside in the blood, 307;
  Melanesian theory of the, 344 sq.;
  of sick tied up by ghost, 374;
  North Melanesian theory of the, 395 sq.;
  in form of animals, 396;
  Fijian theory of the, 410 sqq.;
  caught in a scarf, 412 sq.;
  of grandfather reborn in grandchild, 417;
  of offerings consumed by gods, 443

—— -stuff or spiritual essence, 267 sq., 270, 271, 279.
  See also Spirit

Souls, recovery of lost, 300 sq.;
  River of the, 462;
  the killer of, 464 sq.

—— of animals, sacrifices to the, 239;
  of animals offered to ghosts, 246

—— attributed by the Fijians to animals, vegetables, and inanimate things, 410 sq.

—— of the dead identified with spirits of nature, 130;
  turned into animals, 229;
  as falling stars, 229;
  live in trees, 316

—— carried off by ghosts, 197, 383;
  of sorcerers in animals, 39

—— of noblemen only saved, 33;
  of those who died from home called back, 311

Spells or incantations, 385

Spencer and Gillen, 46 sq., 91 sq., 103, 104, 105, 106, 108, 116 sqq., 123 sq., 140, 148, 156, 157, 158

Spider and Death, 82 sq.

Spirit, human, associated with the heart, 129;
  associated with the shadow, 129, 130.
  See also Soul

Spirits, ancestral, help hunters and fishers, 226;
  worshipped in the Nanga, 428 sq.;
  cloth and weapons offered to, 430 sq.;
  novices presented to, at initiation, 432 sq., 434

—— of animals go to the spirit land, 210

—— consume spiritual essence of sacrifices, 285, 287, 297, 298

—— of the dead thought to be strengthened by blood, 159;
  reborn in women, 93 sq.;
  give information to the living, 240;
  give good crops, 247 sq.;
  thought to be mischievous, 257

Spirits and ghosts, distinction between, in Central Melanesia, 343, 363

—— and gods, no certain demarcation between, 441

——, grand concert of, 340 sq.;
  represented by masked dancers, 297;
  in tree-tops, 313

——, guardian, 227

—— of nature identified with souls of the dead, 130.
  See also Dead and Ghost

Spiritual essence or soul-stuff, 267 sq., 279.
  See also Soul-stuff

Squatting posture of corpse in burial, 207

Stanbridge, W. E., 44

Stars associated with the souls of the dead, 134, 140;
  little regarded by savages, 140;
  falling, the souls of the dead, 229

Steinen, K. von den, 35

Sternberg, L., 15 n. 1

Stick, cleft, used in cure, 271

Stillborn children, burial of, 458

Stocks, wooden, as representatives of the dead, 374, 386

Stolz, Mr., 238, 239

Stomach, soul seated in, 291 sq.

Stone, a rocking, 213

—— used in rain-making, 288

—— of Famine, 334

—— of the Sun, 336

Stonehenge, 438

Stones, sacred, in New Caledonia, magical virtues attributed to, 334 sqq.;
  sacred, in sanctuaries, 377 sq.

—— used as altars, 379

Stones inhabited by ghosts, 383 sq.

Store-houses, sacred, in Central Australia, 99, 101

Strangling the sick and aged in Fiji, 423 sq.

Sua, human spirit or ghost, 193

Suicide to escape decrepitude of old age, 422 sq.

Suicides, burial of, 164, 453, 458

Sulka, the, of New Britain, 398 sq.

Sumatra, the Gajos of, 455

Sun and the origin of death, 77

——, ghosts attracted to the setting, 175 sq.

——, Stone of the, 336

Sunshine, the making of, 336

—— and rain caused by a ghost, 375

Supernatural or spiritual power (mana) acquired from ghosts, 346 sq., 352, 371, 380

Superstition a crutch to morality, 175

Supreme Being unknown among aborigines of Central Australia, 91 sq.;
  among the Monumbo, 228

Survival of human soul after death, world-wide belief in, 24, 25, 33

Swallowed by monster, pretence that candidates at initiation are, 251 sqq., 260 sq., 290 sq., 301 sq.

Swine sent to ravage fields by ghosts, 278

Symbolism of prayer-posts, 333 sq.

Taboo, meaning of, 390;
  in Central Melanesia based on a fear of ghosts, 390 sq.;
  a prop of monarchical power, 408

Tabu, demon, 194

Tago, spirits, 297

Tahiti, 439

Tamanachiers, an Indian tribe, 70 sq.

Tami Islanders of German New Guinea, 291 sqq.

Taming a ghost, 370

Tamos, the, of German New Guinea, 230

Tanna, one of the New Hebrides, 369, 439

Tanoa, king of Fiji, 425

Taplin, Rev. George, 43, 134 sqq.

Tapum, guardian spirits, 227

Taro, prayer for good crop of, 289

Tasmanians, the, 89

Tattooing as sign of mourning, 314

Teeth of dead worn by relatives, 314 sq., 400, 404;
  used as amulets, 332;
  preserved as relics, 339;
  used to fertilise plantations, 340

Temples (paraks) in Tumleo, 220 sq.

——, Fijian, 439, 441 sq.

Terer, a mythical being, 181

Thapauerlu, a pool, 105, 108

Theology, natural, defined, 1, 8

—— and religion, how related, 9

Thomson, Basil, 408, 414, 428 n. 1, 429 n. 1, 434 n. 1, 436

Threats of the dying, 273

Three days, resurrection after, 67 sq.

Threshold, the dead carried out under the, 453, 457;
  movable, 457

Thrush in story of the origin of death, 61 sq.

Thunder the voice of a mythical being, 112, 114, 143

Tindalo, a powerful ghost, 346

Tinneh or Déné Indians, their ideas as to death, 39 sq.

Tlaloc, Mexican rain-god, 163

Tlingit Indians, 163;
  burial custom of the, 455

To Kambinana, 69

To Korvuvu, 69

Togoland, West Africa, 81

Toll exacted from ghosts, 224

Tollkeeper, ghostly, 224

Tonga, 406, 411

Tongans, their limited doctrine of immortality, 33

Torres Islands, 343, 353

—— Straits Islanders, their ideas as to sickness and death, 47;
  their belief in immortality, 170 sqq.;
  their ethnological affinity and social culture, 170 sqq.;
  funeral ceremonies of the, 176 sqq.

Totem, a dominant, 113;
  design emblematic of, 168

Totemic ancestor developing into a god, 113;
  ancestors, traditions concerning, 115 sqq.

—— animals, imitation of, 177

—— clans, 104;
  animals and plants eaten, 120 sq.;
  animals and plants dramatically represented by actors, 121 sq.

Totemism, 95;
  possibly developing into ancestor worship, 114 sq.;
  in Torres Straits, 172

Totems, dramatic ceremonies connected with, 119 sqq.;
  eaten, 120 sqq.;
  magical ceremonies for the multiplication of, 124 sq.

Tracking a ghost, 277 sq.

Traditions of the dead associated with conspicuous features of the landscape, 115 sqq.

Transmigration, widespread belief in, 29;
  of dead into animals, 242, 245;
  of souls, 322;
  Fijian doctrine of, 467

Travancore, burial custom in, 456

Tree of immortality, 74

Tree-burial, 161, 166, 167, 199, 203;
  of young children, 312 sq.

—— -tops, spirits in, 313

Trees, property of dead hung up on, 148;
  as monuments of the dead, 225;
  huts built in, 263;
  souls of the dead live in, 316

Tremearne, Major A. J. N., 28 n. 1

Truth of the belief in immortality, question of the, 469 sqq.

Tsiabiloum, the land of the dead, 326

Tube inserted in grave, 277

Tubes, magical, 269, 270

Tubetube, island of, 206, 209, 210

Tugeri or Kaya-Kaya, the, of Dutch New Guinea, 255

Tully River in Queensland, 130

Tulmeng, lord of the nether world, 286

Tumleo, island of, 218 sqq.

Tumudurere, a mythical being, 207

Tumupasa, burial custom of the Indians of, 457

Turner, Dr. George, 325, 339, 369

Turrbal tribe, 146

Tuski of Alaska, burial custom of the, 456

Two Messengers, the, myth of the origin of death, 60 sqq.