Hipparchia, wife of Krates, i. 173.
Hipparchus,
authenticity, i. 297
n., 307, 309, 337 n.,
ii. 82, 93;
and Minos analogous and inferior to other works, 82;
purpose, 84;
subject — definition of lover of gain, 71;
double meaning of gain, 82;
first definition, rejected, 71;
character and precept of Hipparchus the Peisistratid, eulogy of
Sokrates, 73;
Gain is good — apparent contradiction, ib.;
gain the valuable, the profitable, and therefore the good, 75;
some gain is good, some evil, 74;
objections, ib.;
no tenable definition of gain found, 82, 83.
Hippias Major,
authenticity, i. 306,
315, ii. 33 n.;
date, i. 307,
308-10, 313;
situation and interlocutors, ii. 33;
Hippias lectured at Sparta on the beautiful, the fine, the honourable, 35, 39;
no success at Sparta — law forbids, 35;
the lawful is the profitable, 36;
comparison with Xenophon, 34,
37;
the beautiful? 39;
instances, 40;
Gold makes all things beautiful, 41;
complaint of vulgar analogies, 42;
answer fails of universal application, ib.;
the becoming, and the useful — objections, 43-4;
a variety of the pleasurable, 45;
inadmissible, ib.;
Sokrates attempts to assign some general concept, 47, 193 n.,
iii. 365;
analogy of Sokrates’ explanations in Memorabilia,
ii. 49;
and Minor illustrate general theory of the
dialogues of Search, 63;
antithetise rhetoric and dialectic, 70.
Hippias Minor,
authenticity, i. 306,
ii. 55 n.,
57 n.;
date, i. 306,
308-10, 310,
315;
and Major illustrate general theory of dialogues of
Search, ii. 63;
antithetise rhetoric and dialectic, 70;
polemical and philosophical purpose, 63;
its thesis maintained by Sokrates in Memorabilia, 66;
combated by Aristotle, 67;
characters and situation, 55;
Achilleus preferred by Hippias to Odysseus, veracity to mendacity, 56, 58;
contested by Sokrates veracious and mendacious man the same, 57;
to hurt wilfully better than to do so unwillingly, 58;
Hippias dissents, 60;
good man alone does evil wilfully, Sokrates’ perplexity, 61;
critics on the sophistry of Sokrates, 62.
Hippokrates, iv. 260.
Hobbes
on similitude of passions in all, but dissimilarity of objects, i. 452 n.;
exercises for students, iii. 80 n.,
90 n.;
subject and object, 117
n.;
analogy of state to individual, iv. 96;
cause, i. 139
n., 144;
Diodorus’ doctrine defended, 143;
coincides with Aristotle on motion, 146.
Holiness,
what is? i. 439;
not what gods love, 445,
448, 454;
why the gods love it, 446;
how far like justice, ii. 278;
not a branch of justice, i. 447;
not a right traffic between men and gods, 448;
is it holy? ii. 278;
the holy, one type in Platonic, various in Xenophontic, Sokrates, i. 454.
Homer,
cosmology, i. 2;
censured by Xenophanes, 16;
Herakleitus, 26;
considered more as an instructor than as a poet, ii. 126;
and poets, the great teachers, 135;
picture in Republic, as really knowing nothing
ib.,
iv. 92;
Strabo on, 152
n.;
Herakleitus the allegorist, iii. 3 n.,
iv. 157 n.;
Plato’s fictions contrasted with, 153 n.;
diversity of subjects, ii. 132;
inspired by gods, 128;
analogy of Magnet, ib.;
on friendship, 179;
identified by Plato with Homo Mensura, iii. 114.
Homo Mensura, see Relativity.
Homœomeries, see Anaxagoras.
Homicide,
varieties of, iv.
370-4;
penalties, 370;
Plato follows peculiar Attic view, 374.
Honourable,
the, Hippias’ lectures at Sparta on, ii. 39;
identified with the just, good, expedient, 7;
actions conducive to pleasure are, 295;
by law, not nature, Aristippus’ doctrine, i. 197.
Horace, scheme of life, i. 191 n., 192 n.
Humboldt, Wm. Von, origin of language, iii. 326 n.
Hume, Athenian taxation, i. 242 n.
Hunting,
meaning of, iv. 356;
how far permitted, 355.
Hutcheson, Francis, iv. 105 n.
Hypothesis,
discussion of, distinct from discussion of its consequences, ii. 397, 411;
ultimate appeal to extremely general hypothesis,
ib.;
in Republic, only a stepping-stone to the first
principle, 412;
provisional assumption of, and consequences traced, exercise for
students, iii. 79;
illustration, 81.
Ideas,
Plato’s, differ from Pythagorean Number, i. 10;
identified by Plato with the Pythagorean symbols, 348, iii. 71 n.,
368;
differ from Demokritean atoms, i. 72;
the definitions Sokrates sought for, 453;
Plato assumed the common characteristic, by objectivising the word
itself,
ib.;
doctrine derived its plausibility from metaphors, 343;
soul’s immortality rests on assumption of, ii. 412;
reminiscence of the, iii. 13;
as Forms, ii. 412;
the only causes, 396;
formal, 408
n.;
logical phantoms as real causes, 404 n.;
truth resides in, 411;
alone exclude contrary, 7
n.;
unchangeable, iii. 246
n., iv. 50;
Herakleitean flux not true of, iii. 320;
partly changeable and partly unchangeable, 228;
disguised in particulars, iv. 3 n.;
fundamental distinction of particulars, and, 219;
alone knowable, 49;
opinion, of what is between ens and non-ens, ib.;
assumption of, as separate entia, ii. 396, 403;
great multitude of, 410;
characteristics of world of, iii. 63;
Ideas separate from, but participable by, sensible objects, 59;
objections,
60-7;
the genuine Platonic theory attacked, 68;
none of some objects, 60;
how participable by objects, 63,
65, 72, iv. 138;
not fitted on to the facts of sense, iii. 78;
Aristotle partly successful in attempt, 76.;
analogous difficulty of predication, i. 169;
“the third man,” iii. 64 n.;
not merely conceptions, 64,
73;
not mere types, 65;
not cognizable, since not relative to ourselves, ib.,
72;
gods have Idea of cognition, 67,
68 n.;
dilemma, ideas exist or philosophy impossible, 68;
intercommunion of some forms, 207,
250 n.;
analogy of letters and syllables, 208;
what forms, determined by philosopher,
ib.;
of non-ens, and proposition, opinion,
judgment, 213,
214;
of Diversum pervades all others, 209;
τῶν
ἀποφάσεων,
238 n.;
of Animal, iv. 223,
235 n.,
263;
kosmos on pattern of, 223;
action on Materia Prima, 238;
of the elements, 239;
of insects, &c., iii. 195 n.;
of names and things nameable, 286 n.,
289, 326 n.;
names fabricated by lawgiver on type of, 287, 290, 325;
names the essence of things, 324 n.;
doctrine about classification not necessarily connected with, 345;
of Beauty exclusively presented in Symposion, 18;
of Good, approximation of primum amabile, ii. 192;
training to ascend to the idea of good, iv. 61, 66;
comparison of idea of good to sun, 63, 64;
of Good, in Phædon, Anaxagoras’
nous, ii. 412;
known to the rulers alone, iv. 212;
left unsolved, 213;
the contemplation of, by dialectic, 75;
reluctance to undertake active duties, of those who have contemplated, 70;
philosopher lives in region of, sophist in region of non-ens, iii. 208, iv. 48;
little said of, in Menon, ii. 253, 254 n.;
postulated in Timæus, iv. 220;
discrepancy of Sophistês and other
dialogues, iii. 244;
the idealists’ doctrine the same as Plato’s in Phædon,
&c., ib.,
246;
Phædrus, Phædon,
and Timæus compared, iv. 239 n.;
Plato’s various views, ii. 404, i. 119;
the last, 120;
Aristotle on, 360
n., ii. 192, 193 n.,
410 n.,
iii. 76, 245, 365 n.,
367, iv.
214 n.,
i. 120 n.;
Sophistês approximates to
Aristotle’s view, iii. 247;
generic and analogical aggregates, ii. 48, 193 n.,
iii. 365;
Antisthenes and Diogenes on, i. 163;
the first protest of Nominalism against Realism, 164;
see Particulars,
Phenomena,
Universal.
Ideal, to Plato the only real, ii. 89.
Idealists,
iii. 201;
meaning of ens, 231;
argument against, 204,
225, 244;
doctrine of, the same as Plato’s in Phædon,
&c.,
ib., 246.
Identity,
personal, ii. 11,
25, iii. 6;
and contradiction, principle of, 101.
Ἰδιώτης
distinguished from
φιλόσοφος,
iv. 104 n.;
τεχνίτης,
ii. 272 n.
Ignorance,
mischiefs of, ii. 12;
depend on the subject-matter, 14;
to hurt knowingly, better than ignorantly,
58, 59;
evil done by bad man unwillingly, by good wilfully, 61;
not pleasure, the cause of wrongdoing, 294;
mistaking itself for knowledge, the worst evil, iii. 197;
see Knowledge.
Imitator,
logical classification of, iii. 215;
of the wise man, sophist is, 216;
poets’ mischievous imitation of imitation,
iv. 91.
Immortality,
beliefs as to partial, ii. 385 n.;
popular Greek belief, 427;
metempsychosis a general element in all old doctrines, 425 n.;
of rational soul only, iv. 243;
of all three parts of soul? ii. 385;
Plato’s demonstration rests on assumption of ideas, 412;
includes pre-existence of all animals, and metempsychosis, 414;
fails, 423,
428, iii.
15;
leaves undetermined mode of pre-existence and post-existence, ii. 424;
was not generally accepted, 426;
Xenophon’s doctrine, 420 n.;
Aristotle’s,
ib.;
common desire for, iii. 6;
attained through mental procreation, beauty the stimulus, ib.;
only metaphorical in Symposion, 17.
Indeterminate,
Pythagorean doctrine of the, i. 11;
pleasure the, iii. 348;
see Infinite.
Indian
philosophy, compared with Greek, i. 107, 378 n.,
160 n.,
162;
analogy of Plato’s doctrine of the soul, ii. 389 n.,
426 n.;
Gymnosophists, compared with Diogenes, i. 157, 160 n.;
antiquity of, 159
n.;
suicide, 162
n.;
Antisthenes did not borrow from, 159 n.;
antithesis of law and nature, 162.
Indifferent, the, ii. 180, 189.
Individual,
analogy to kosmical process, i. 36 n.;
tripartite division of mind, iv. 37;
analogous to three classes in state, 39;
analogy to state, 11,
20, 37,
79-84, 96;
Hobbes on,
ib.;
parallelism exaggerated, 114,
121, 124;
dependent on society, 21,
121, 123;
four stages of degeneracy, 79-84;
proportions of happiness and misery in them, 83;
happiness of, through justice, 20,
84, 90;
one man can do only one thing well, 23, 33, 97, 98, 183;
Xenophon on, 139
n.
Individualism, see Authority.
Inductive
and syllogistic dialectic, ii. 27;
process of, always kept in view in dialogues of search, i. 406;
illustrated in history of science, ii. 163;
trial and error the natural process of the human mind, 165;
length of Plato’s process, 100 n.;
usefulness of negative result, 186;
the mind rises from sensation to opinion, then cognition, iii. 164;
verification from experience, not recognised as necessary or possible, 168.
Infanticide,
iv. 43, 44, 177;
Aristotle on, 202;
contrast of modern sentiment, 203.
Infinite,
of Anaximander, i. 5;
reproduced in chaos of Anaxagoras, 54;
Zeno’s reductiones ad Absurdum, 93;
natural coalescence of finite and, iii. 340, 346, 348 n.;
illustration from speech and music, 341;
explanation insufficient, 343;
see Indeterminate.
Ingratitude, iv. 399.
Inspiration,
special, a familiar fact in Greek life, ii. 130, iii. 352, iv. 15;
in rhapsode and poet, ii. 127;
of rhapsode through medium of poets, 128, 129, 134;
of philosopher, 383;
see Dæmon;
Plato’s view, 131;
the reason temporarily withdrawn, 132, iii. 11, 309 n.;
opposed to knowledge, ii. 136;
right opinion of good statesmen from, 241;
all existing virtue is from, 242.
Instantaneous,
Plato’s imagination of the, iii. 100;
found no favour, 102.
Ion, authenticity, i. 306, ii. 124;
date, i. 307,
308-9, 311,
312, 315;
interlocutors, ii. 124;
Ion as a rhapsode, 126;
devoted himself to Homer, 127;
the poetic art is one, ib.;
inspiration of rhapsodes and poets, ib.;
inspiration of Ion through Homer, 128;
analogy of magnet, ib., 129;
Plato’s contrast of systematic with unsystematic procedure,
ib.;
Ion does not admit his own inspiration, 132;
province of rhapsode,
ib.;
the rhapsode the best general, 133;
exposition through divine inspiration, 134.
Ionic
philosophy compared with the abstractions of Plato and Aristotle, i. 87;
defect of, 88;
attended to material cause only, ib.;
see Philosophy — Pre-Sokratic.
Islands of the Blest, ii. 416.
Isokrates,
probably the half-philosopher, half-politician of Euthydêmus,
ii. 227,
iii. 35;
variable feeling between, and Plato, ii. 228, 331 n.,
iii. 36;
praised in Phædrus, 35;
compared with Lysias, ib.38;
his school at Athens, 36;
teaching of, iv. 150
n.;
as Sophist, i. 212
n.;
teachableness of virtue, ii. 240 n.;
age for dialectic exercises, iv. 211 n.;
criticism on other philosophers, iii. 38 n.;
on aspersions of rivals, 408 n.;
on the poets, iv. 157
n.;
contrasted with Plato in Timæus, 217;
on Leges,
432;
oratio panegyrica, iii. 406
n.;
great age of, i. 245.