Joseph ben Matthias. See Josephus.
Josephus, Flavius (Joseph ben Matthias), 276 ff.
accused with the Synhedrion, 281.
adherent of Agrippa II, 278, 280.
associates with the Essenes, 276.
character, 280, 282 f., 288, 302.
death, 391.
devoted to Rome, 277.
education, 276 f.
governor of Galilee during the revolution, 271 ff., 277.
history of the war, written by him, 319.
John of Gischala, compared to, 285 f.
Josephus, Flavius, promoter of the revolution, 278.
religious zeal, 279.
sows discord in Galilee, 281, 283.
surrenders to Vespasian, 288.
weakens Galilee, 283, 286.
uprising against him in Galilee, 280.
writings, his, 389 f.
Joshua, disciple of Jochanan ben Zakkai, 326, 337.
Joshua ben Chananya, 404 f.
character, 348 ff.
conciliator, 356.
conversations with Hadrian, 406 f.
dissuades from rebellion, 403, 407.
establishes the school of Bekiim, 348 ff.
intermediary between the Jewish nation and Roman intolerance, 350.
supposed to have been patriarch, 350.
Joshua ben Gamala, high priest, establishes schools, 249.
executed by the Zealots, 296.
Joshua ben Levi, 486, 492, 497 f., 530.
Joshua, son of Perachia, 20.
Joshua Phabi, high priest, deposed by Herod, 107.
Jotapata, fortress in Galilee, 286 f.
Jovianus, emperor, grants toleration, 602.
Judæa, annexed to Syria, 73, 128.
condition after Agrippa I's death, 197 ff.
condition after the war of revolution, 332, 360.
confusion of, after Herod's death, 119, 123–5.
divided by Herod among his three sons, 119.
divided into five legislative provinces, 71.
divided by Vespasian into lots, 312.
recovers its full extent under Agrippa I, 190.
sufferings of, under Constantius, 568 f.
uprisings against Rome, 73, 88, 123 ff., 198, 242, 246, 255.
when it lost its independence, 66.
Judah I, patriarch (Rabbi), 450–67.
assumes autocratic authority, 452 f.
attitude towards the Samaritans, 457.
changes introduced by him, 457–9.
charity, 451.
completes and compiles the Mishna, 460.
death, 465–7.
education, his, 450 f.
severity and irritability, 454–6.
Judah II, 479–87.
and Alexander Severus, 482.
character, 485–7.
death, 487.
moderation of laws introduced by him, 483 f.
Judah III, 533 ff.
Judah IV, 612.
Judah ben Baba, martyr under Hadrian, 429.
Judah ben Ezekiel, principal of the schools of Pumbeditha and Sora, 549, 552.
method, 550.
opinion, his, on the returning of the Jews from Babylonia to Judæa, 551.
Judah ben Ilai of Usha, 442.
Judah ben Tabbai, president of the Great Council, 49.
resigns the presidency, 54.
"Restorer of the Law," 49.
Judah ben Zippori, 115.
Judaism, and Greek philosophy, efforts to reconcile them, 208 f.
converts to, 383 f.
leaning of Romans towards it, 136.
movement against it, 178–89.
and paganism, 186, 203 ff., 373.
Judas "the Galilean," 125, 133, 239, 258.
Judas Iscariot, 163.
Julian, emperor, 595–603.
attitude toward Christianity and Judaism, 596 f.
attempts to restore the Temple of Jerusalem, 599–601.
epistle to the Jewish communities, 597 f.
ideal, his, of government, 595 f.
Julianus, leader of the revolt against Trajan in Judæa, 395.
Justus, son of Pistus, historian of the Judæan war, 319 f.
leader of the revolution in Tiberias, 274.
opponent of Josephus, 390.
Kalba-Sabua, father-in-law of Akiba, 351, 355.
Kalla == Talmudic lectures, 515.
Kingdom of God, 143.
of heaven, 145, 167, 226.
Lampo, leader of an uprising against the Jews in Alexandria, 181.
Law, oral (tradition), 327 ff.
acquires a settled form through Judah I, 462.
becomes a distinguishing feature of Judaism, 608.
meaning of the term, 327.
observance, its, enforced after the fall of Judæa, 363 f., 479 f.
study of (Talmud Torah), highly esteemed, 473 f.
set above its practice, 427.
and the priesthood, 544.
forbidden by Hadrian, 426 f.
Laws, dietary, observed by the heathen, 384.
Laws concerning the heathen (Aboda Zara), 476–8.
Laws against the Romans relaxed under Alexander Severus, 483.
Laying on of hands, 356.
Libation of water, ceremony of, on the Feast of Tabernacles, 43, 51.
Libertini, 68.
Literature, Judæan, character of, under Hyrcanus I, 15.
Judæan-Grecian, 204 ff.
Longinus, Cassius, in Judæa, 80, 197.
Longinus, philosopher, 529.
Lydda, assembly of, after the war of Bar-Cochba, 423.
seat of a school, 346, 497, 530.
Maas'se Bereshith, M. Merkaba, 381.
Maccabees, first book of, written in Hebrew, 16.
Machuza, city in Babylonia, 506 f.
seat of a school, 584.
decline, 593.
Magi of the Neo-Persians, attitude toward the Jews, 627 f.
Malich poisons Antipater, father of Herod, 80.
Malo, Apollonius, calumniator of the Jews, 178 ff.
Manicheans, 627.
Mar bar-Ashi, principal of the school of Sora, completes the compilation of the Talmud, 628.
Mar-Sheshet, 553 f.
Mar-Zutra, 606.
Marcus Aurelius, 447.
attitude toward the Christians, 449.
averse to the Jews, 463.
permits the Jews to enter Jerusalem, 458.
Mariamne, granddaughter of Hyrcanus and wife of Herod, 93.
executed, 104 f.
Mariamne, daughter of Simon and wife of Herod, 107.
Mariamne II, sister of Agrippa II, 235.
Marriage, lax customs of, among the Babylonian Jews, 516 f.
Marriages between Jews and Christians forbidden by Constantius, 567.
Marsus, governor of Syria, 195 f.
Martyrdom and martyrs, Jewish, under Hadrian, 425–8.
in Babylonia, 629.
Masada, fortress, in the war of revolution, 292 f., 315 f.
Masechta, meaning of, 354.
Mata, city in Babylonia, 506.
Matthias ben Margalot, 115.
Meïr (Miasa or Moise), 434 ff.
method, 438, 476.
ordinances, 439.
relation to Acher, 437.
to the philosopher Euonymus, 437 f.
wisdom, 437.
Memra, term for decisions and deductions, 515.
Menachem, the Essene, deputy of Hillel, 100.
Menachem ben Jair, leader of the Sicarii, 239, 243, 258.
executed, 261.
Mercenaries employed in Judæa by Hyrcanus I, 7.
by Alexander Jannæus, 39.
Messiah, ideas of, entertained by the various parties, 144.
Joshua ben Levi's idea of, 498.
scene of his coming expected to be Judæa, 548.
suffering, idea of, 166 f.
Messianic hopes, 610 f.
part they played in the war of revolution, 291 f.
what promoted them, 142 ff.
Messiahs, false, 198, 240 f., 247, 409 ff., 610 f.
Metibta == Talmudic school, 547.
Meturgeman (interpreter), 541.
Middle Ages, when they began for Judaism, 617.
Midrash, 328 f.
Migration of nations, 604 f.
Minim, Minæans == Jewish Christians, 369, 377 ff.
Mishna, 460 ff.
character, 471 ff.
tendency, 474 f.
ethical and spiritual importance of, 462.
judicial feature (legalism), 471–6.
style, 489.
teaching with regard to future life, 473.
Mishna of Rabbi Akiba, 354.
di Rabbi Judah, 460 ff.
Mishna Rishona and Acharona, 354.
Monobaz, prince of Adiabene, converted to Judaism, 216 f.
Monuments erected in Judæa in honor of Roman emperors, 106, 138.
Moses, false Messiah in Crete, 611.
Naasites. See Ophites.
Nachum Gimso, teacher of Akiba, 330 f.
Nahardea (Naarda), becomes the Jerusalem of Babylonia, 505.
seat of a school, 358, 443, 498, 522.
demolished by Odenathus, 527.
Nahar-Pakod, seat of the Babylonian Synhedrion, 443.
Nares, school of, 593 f.
Nasi. See Patriarch.
Nathan of Babylon, 434, 442 f.
Nazarenes. See Christianity.
Nechunya ben Hakana, 330 f.
Neo-Persians, their attitude toward Jews and Christians, 523–6, 627 ff.
Nero, death, 297.
in Greece, 284.
and the house of Herod, 245.
Nerva, emperor, friendliness toward the Jews, 391 f.
New Hebrew (Mishnic) dialect, 461.
how distinguished from old Hebrew, 15.
New moon, fixing the time of, 325, 336, 362 f., 532, 572.
manner of announcing it, 362 f.
Nicator, Demetrius, king of Syria, 5 f.
Nicolaus of Damascus, friend and historian of Herod, 90, 114.
favorable representation of the Jews, 179.
Niger, hero in the war of revolution, 264, 296.
Nisibis, 358.
Oath of allegiance to Herod refused by the Shammaites, 108.
Oath of purgation (Shebuoth hesset), 556.
Octavianus. See Augustus.
Odenathus and the Jews, 527 ff.
Ophites (Naasites), Gnostic sect, 375.
Ordinances of Meïr, 439.
of Usha, 405.
Ordination, 361.
prohibited by Hadrian, 426.
Origen, 501.
and Hillel II, 487.
work in the interpretation of the Bible (Hexapla), 488 f.
Osius (Hosius), bishop of Cordova, fanaticism against the Jews, 620.
Otho, emperor, 299.
Palmyra (Tadmor), 528.
Papa bar Nachman, principal of the school of Nares, 593 f.
Papus, leader of the revolt against Trajan in Judæa, 395.
Parthians, relation of, to Judæa, 82, 447.
Parthia, conquered by Trajan, 393.
Parthian empire, Jews in, 503 f.
Parties, religious, when appeared, 17.
See Pharisees and Sadducees.
Parties of war and peace, 256 ff., 321.
See also War of Revolution, Sicarii, Zealots.
Passover of the "Crushing," 251.
Patriarch (Nasi), title assumed by Gamaliel, 334.
Patriarchate, attitude of the Roman government to it, 360 f., 597 f., 613, 616 f.
authority and functions, 360–3.
decay of, 535, 560.
extinction of, 612.
influence of, impaired by Christianity, 612 f.
tax of, 486 f.
titles and privileges of, 560 f., 612, 617 f.
Patriarchs, enumeration and names of, 618.
Paul (Saul of Tarsus), 219 ff.
Paul (Saul of Tarsus), abrogates the Law, 226 f., 229.
character, 223.
conception of Christianity as the very opposite to Judaism, 230.
conversion to Christianity, and its psychological process, 224–6.
Christianity, his, different from that of Peter, 230.
at Damascus, 226 f.
doctrines, 225 ff.
energy, 365.
fanaticism against the Nazarenes, 221 f., 224.
hated by the Jewish Christians, 367 f.
hereditary sin, his doctrine of, 229.
new direction and stability to Christianity, given by him, 223.
missionary travels, 227 f.
quarrel between him and the Judaic-Christian apostles, 231.
resurrection of Christ, his belief in, 225.
teachings, his, gain the victory, 373.
what favored his success among the heathen, 228.
Paul, bishop of Constantinople, intolerance of, 562.
Paul of Samosata, 529.
Persecutions, religious, of the Jews, 136 f., 568 ff., 616 f., 622.
Perso-Roman war, 601 f.
Pescennius, Niger, emperor, harshness of, against the Jews, 463 f.
Peshito (Syriac translation of the Bible), 582.
Peter, Simon (Kephas), 169, 222, 231.
Petronius, governor of Syria, 188.
Phabi, family of high priests, 237.
Pharisees (Parushim), 17 ff.
adherents to the Law, 19.
and Alexander Jannæus, 39, 42, 44.
attitude toward Herod, 114 f.
cardinal principle: preservation of Judaism, 18.
Divine providence, emphasis laid upon, 18.
guardians of Judaism and strict morality, 20.
mildness in the administration of justice, 20.
name, derivation of, 18.
relation to the Essenes, 30.
and to other parties, 17–20.
reward and punishment after death, their doctrine of, 19.
Pharisees, tradition, importance ascribed to, 19.
Phasael, brother of Herod, 80.
commits suicide, 82.
Pheroras, brother of Herod, 112.
Philip, tetrarch of Batanæa and Trachonitis, 137 f.
Philo, the Alexandrian, 191 ff.
compared with Hillel and Jesus, 214.
defends Judaism, 212 f.
ambassador to Rome, 184 ff.
faithful to Judaism, 210 f.
life, his, 185.
philosophical system, 211 ff.
principal aim, 188.
visits Jerusalem, 194.
Phineas ben Samuel, made high priest by the Zealots, 294 f.
Pilate, Pontius, procurator of Judæa, 138 ff.
cruelty, 171.
introduces Roman emblems and insignia into Jerusalem, 139.
possesses himself of the treasury of the Temple, 140.
Pinchas ben Jaïr, 459 f.
Pirke Aboth, 478.
Poetry, why not produced under the Maccabees, 15.
Pompey in Judæa, 63–7.
enters the Holy of Holies, 66.
Poppea Sabina, favors Judaism, 248.
Porphyry on the book of Daniel, 502.
Posidonius, Stoic, slanders Judaism, 178.
Possession by evil spirits, belief in, 29.
Prayers, formulated, introduced by Gamaliel II, 363.
Prayers for rain, 541.
Priestly vestments, kept in charge of the Roman procurators, 129.
Princes of Captivity in Babylonia (Resh Galutha), arbitrariness, 513.
arrogance, 555.
neglect of religion, 554.
position, dignity and authority, 508–11.
Procurator in Judæa, authority and duties, 128 f.
Procurators of Judæa, Albinus, 248.
Ambivius, 135.
Bassus, 315.
Coponius, 135.
Cumanus, 241.
Fadus, 197.
Felix, 242.
Festus, 247.
Flaccus, 181.
Florus, 249.
Gratus, 135.
Pilate, 138.
Rufus, Annius, 135.
Rufus, Tinnius, 411.
Rufus, Turnus, 421.
Silva, 316.
Prosbol, 100. See also Hillel.
Proselytes to Judaism, 215 ff.
discussion about their admission, 384 f.
Jews forbidden to make, 433, 562.
persecuted by Domitian, 389.
Ptolemaïs, besieged by Alexander Jannæus, 40.
Ptolemy VIII, Lathurus, enmity against Judæa, 10 ff., 40.
Pumbeditha, capital of Jewish Babylonia, 506.
center of North Babylonia, 549.
rise of its school, 575 ff.
Purim, celebration of, 620 f.
Quietus, Lucius, general under Trajan in the revolt of Mesopotamia, 397–9.
in Judæa, 399 f.
Quirinus, governor of Syria, takes a census in Judæa, 129 ff.
Rab (Abba-Areka), 470, 484.
Agoranomos in Babylonia, 512 f.
and Artabanus IV, king of Parthia, 513.
career, 511 ff.
compared to Hillel, 517.
descendants, 518.
establishes the school of Sora, 513 ff.
humility, 517 f.
method of teaching, 515.
reforms introduced by him, 516 f.
strictness, 513, 515 f., 526.
Raba, principal of the school of Machuza, 584–93.
character, 586–8.
method, 590.
Rabba bar Nachmani and his brothers, 575–81.
Rabbi, title, 335, 357.
of Judah I, 453.
of Judah II, 480.
Rabina, principal of the school of Sora and last Amora, completes the compilation of the Talmud, 630 f.
Reket, name for Tiberias, 571.