Aaron of York, chief rabbi of England, 588.
Aaron ben Joseph the Elder, Karaite, 607.
Aaron ben Meshullam, adherent of Maimonides, 524.
Aaron Halevi, 621.
Abassid caliphs, civil war of, 145 f.
persecute the Jews, 145.
Abdallah Ibn-Sabâ, Jewish partisan of Ali, 90.
Abdallah Ibn-Salâm, relation of, to Mahomet, 73.
Abdallah Ibn-Ubey, ally of the Jews in Arabia, 77.
Abdel-latif, opinion of, on Maimonides, 488.
Abdul Malik, 110.
Abdulmumen, bigotry of, 451.
persecutes the Jews in Africa, 358.
Abdul-Rahman III, inaugurates the classical period of Moslem culture in Spain, 214.
and Chasdaï, 216 ff.
Abelé Zion. See Mourners of Zion.
Abodah (liturgy of the Day of Atonement), of José bar José, 114 f.
of Simon ben Caipha, 115.
connected with the Apostle Peter, 115.
Abrabanels, descent of, 43.
Abraham of Aragon, oculist, 583.
Abraham ben Chasdaï of Barcelona, champion of Maimonides, 544.
poet, 560.
Abraham ben David of Posquières (Rabed II), 399.
death of, 490.
opposition of, to Maimonides, 490.
Abraham, son of Maimonides, 493, 495.
attitude of, in the Maimunist controversy, 525 f.
"War for God" (Milchamoth), 545.
Abraham Ibn-Ezra. See Ibn-Ezra.
Abu-Amran Moses, founder of a Karaite sect, 157 f.
Abu-Ayub, poet and court physician, 312.
Abu-Bekr, repelled by the Jews, 82.
Abu-Fadhl Chasdaï, Jewish vizir and poet in Saragossa, 280.
Abu-Isa, opposition of, to the Talmud, 128.
Abu-Jafar Almansur, 129 f.
Abu-Jafar Ibn-Aljezzar, Mahometan physician, 181.
Abu-Kariba, Arabian king converted to Judaism, 62 f.
Abulafia, Meïr, opponent of Maimonides, 524 f., 537 f.
Abulmeni. See Abraham, son of Maimonides.
Abu-Mansur, head of the Jewish community in Egypt, 340 f.
Abu-Sahal Ali, Jewish scholar, 146.
Abu-Yussuf Almansur, imposes the Jew-badge, 511.
Abuzurj-Mihir, counselor of Hormisdas IV, 7.
Accho, Jewish community of, blotted out, 650.
nest of the Kabbalists, 626.
Achunaï. See Chananya.
Acrostichs, 115.
Aden, warlike Jews of, 436.
Adher-Baijan, low condition of the Jews of, 430.
Adonim. See Dunash ben Labrat.
Africa, northern, Jews of:
great men of, 248.
oppressed and persecuted, 357 ff., 451 f.
Agada, interpretation of, 495, 523, 527, 533, 535, 549, 552, 599, 619, 622.
used by Christians against the Jews, 598, 622.
Agadic discourses in the service, 116.
Agadic method of interpretation of the Bible, 152, 408, 529, 561, 608 f.
Agobard, bishop of Lyons, contest of, with the Jews, 164–8.
Ahunai, 4.
Akbara, Jewish congregation of, 429.
Akbarites, Karaite sect, 157 f.
Albalia, Isaac ben Baruch, 282 ff.
descent of, 282.
head of the Jews in Seville, 283 f.
Albergeloni, Isaac ben Reuben, Talmudist and poet, 284.
Albigenses, 390, 394.
crusade against, 501 f.
relation of, to the Jews, 501.
Aleppo, captured by the Mongols, 606.
Alexander III, pope, friendly to the Jews, 421.
Alexandria, Jewish congregation of, 444.
Alfadhel, vizir of Saladin, relation of, to Maimonides, 472 ff.
Alfassi, Isaac ben Jacob, 285 f., 315 ff.
character of, 315.
death of, 309.
disciples, 314.
education of, 285.
"Halachoth," 286.
Alfonso II of Aragon, 387.
Alfonso II (the Noble) of Castile, censured by Innocent III for protecting the Jews, 499.
persecutes the Jews, 507.
Alfonso III of Portugal, favors the Jews, 618.
Alfonso VI, conquers Toledo, 294 f.
diplomacy of, 291.
employs Jews on diplomatic missions, 291.
tolerance of, 292.
Alfonso VIII, admits Jews to high positions, 384.
Alfonso X (the Wise), admits Jews to official positions, 592 f.
code of, 595.
imposes degrading restrictions upon the Jews, 594–6.
imprisons the Jews of Castile, 616.
rebellion of his son against, 616.
Alfonso Raimundez, emperor of Castile, favorable to the Jews, 361.
Alghazali, mystic philosopher, 357.
Alhakem, caliph of Spain, death of, 239.
library of, 237.
Ali, cousin of Mahomet, 82.
supported by the Jews, 90.
Ali Halevi, principal of the Talmudic school of Bagdad, 429.
Alice of Montmorency, persecutes the Jews of Toulouse, 514.
Alides, contest of, with Ommiyyades, 92.
Alkuti, Jewish philosopher, 267.
Allegorical interpretation, adopted by Mahometans, 147.
Almalek Alashraf, captures Accho, 650.
Almamun, caliph, 147.
appealed to in internal disputes by Jews and Christians, 155.
flourishing condition of his caliphate, 146.
Almansur, regent of Andalusia, 239 ff.
Almohades, 358.
conquer Andalusia, 360.
fanaticism of, 359.
ravage Castile, 361.
Almoravides, exterminated, 357.
invade Spain, 296, 311 ff.
Almovachides. See Almohades.
Al-Mutadhil, caliph, favorable to the Jews, 183.
Al-Mutavakkil, renews Omar's laws, 176 f.
Amadia, scene of a false Messiah, 431.
Amolo, bishop of Lyons, hostility of, to the Jews, 170 f.
Amshel Oppenheimer, creditor of Rudolph of Habsburg, 634.
Amulets, 153.
Anan ben David, founder of Karaism, 128–35. See also Karaism.
contest of, for the exilarchate, 129 f.
death of, 135.
emigrates to Palestine, 130.
excommunicated, 134.
hostility of, to the Talmud, 129 f.
imprisoned, 129.
interpretation, his, of the Bible, 131, 133.
memorial prayers for, 135.
mental capacity of, 135.
recognizes Mahomet as prophet, 134.
view of, on Jesus, 133.
want of poetical and historical sense in, 133.
works of, 131.
Ananites. See Karaites.
Anatoli, Jacob, Maimunist, 629.
in favor with Frederick II, 566.
Andalusia, culture of, 234 ff.
fall of the princes of, 296.
flourishing condition of the Jews of, 234 ff.
persecution of the Jews of, by the Almohades, 361.
Andreas, king of Hungary, excommunicated for his indulgence to non-Christians, 521.
Anthropomorphism and anthropomorphists, among Jews, 152, 528, 552.
among Mahometans, 148 f.
Antioch, Jews of, murdered, 10 f.
uprise of the Jews against the Christians, 18.
Aquitania, sufferings of the Jews of, from the crusaders, 570.
Arab conquest of Persia, 10.
Arabia, Jews of, 53–85.
attitude of, to the Talmud, 58, 119 f.
become thoroughly Arabic, 56 f.
condition of, 53, 56.
congregations of, 436.
conquered by the Arabians, 67 f.
customs of, 57.
difference between those of the north and those of the south, 56 f.
divisions among, 57, 77, 80.
empire of, 51.
intercourse of, with Palestine, 59.
inspire Mahomet, 71.
king of, 12.
language of, 111.
leaders of Arabian tribes, 53.
recover their importance, 71.
relations to the Arabians, 57, 67 f.
teachers of the Arabic nation, 54, 58 f.
traditions as to their original settlements, 54.
tribes of, 55.
Arabian king converted to Judaism, 62 f.
Arabic calligraphy, 255.
Arabic language, 111.
adopted by the Jews of Spain, 110 f.
Arabic tribe converted to Christianity, 56.
Arabs, acquire the art of writing from the Jews, 58.
converted to Judaism, 56, 61 f.
descent of, 60.
teachers of the Jews, 224.
Aragon, Jews of, 497 f.
compelled to support a Christian missionary, 602.
exempted from wearing the badge, 515.
favorable condition of, 387.
miserable condition of, 596–605.
Areobindus, minister of Justinian, 15.
Argun, Grand Khan of the Mongols, 646 f.
death of, 649.
favorable to the Jews, 638.
Arianists, toleration of, 26, 44 f.
Aristotle, influence of, 448.
works of, translated, 566 f.
Arnold, bishop of Cologne, protects the Jews, 352.
Arnold of Brescia, 370.
Arnold of Citeaux, fanatical monk, 502, 507.
Ashkaba (prayer for the dead), 101.
Asia, degeneration of the Jews of, 440 ff.
under the Abbassides, 437.
Asia Minor, Jewish communities of, 123 f.
Asma, Arabian poetess, 76.
Assassins, 648.
Atel. See Itil.
Atonement Day, liturgy of, 113 ff.
Atzbaha. See Elesbaa.
Aus, Arabic tribe partly converted to Judaism, 61.
Austrasia, Jews of, 40.
Austria, favorable condition of the Jews of, 516 f., 567 f.
Averroës, 566.
Avignon, council of, prohibits the Jews from working on Sunday, 504.
Avitus, bishop of Arverna, inaugurates a persecution of the Jews in the Frankish empire, 38 f.
Azriel, Kabbalist, 548.
Baalbek, captured by the Mongols, 606.
Babylonia, supplanted by Spain as center of Judaism, 210, 228.
Babylonia, Jews of:
independent tribe of, 433 f.
organization and officials of, 96–100.
prosperous condition of, 428.
side with Ali, 90.
support the Arab conquerors, 89.
Bacharach (Germany), massacre of the Jews of, 636.
Bachiel Ibn-Alkonstantini, physician to King Jayme of Portugal and Maimunist, 536 f.
Bachya Ibn-Pakuda, moral philosopher, 271–3.
Baden (Germany), Jews of, blood-accusation against, and massacre of, 564.
Badis, king of the Berbers, bloody design of, 276 f.
Bagdad, Jews of, 156, 428.
center of science, 146.
congregation of, on the side of Maimonides, 633.
Talmudic school of, 429, 438 f.
Bahram Tshubin, Persian general, 8 f.
dethrones Hormisdas IV, 8.
Balanyiar, capital of the Chazars, 139.
Baldwin, archbishop of Canterbury, fanaticism of, against the Jews, 410.
Barcelona, center of northern Spain, 387.
prominent Jews of, 387 f.
Basilius, emperor, arranges disputations between Jews and Christians, 175 f.
Beaucaire (Belcaire), Jewish congregation of, 400.
Bedaresi, Abraham, 579.
Bedr, battle of, 76.
Bela IV of Hungary, favorable to the Jews, 613.
Belisarius, 4.
conquers the Vandals, 26.
subjects Italy, 31 f.
Ben-Asher, Massoret, 207.
poet, 223.
Benedict of York, maltreated, 411, 413.
Bene Mikra. See Karaism.
Benjamin of Canterbury, 409.
Benjamin of Tiberias, leader of a Jewish uprise in Palestine, 19, 22.
Benjamin of Tudela, traveler and historian, 388 f.
Benjamin Nahavendi, Karaite and founder of the Makariyites, 149 f.
Ben-Naphtali, 207.
Benu-Bachdal, 55.
Benu-Kainukaa, 55.
Benu-Kinanah, Arabic tribe converted to Judaism, 61.
Benu-Kuraiza, 55.
massacred by Mahomet, 80 f.
Benu-Nadhir, 55.
driven out by Mahomet, 78 f.
Benveniste, Don Isaac, physician to the king of Aragon, 508.
work of, in behalf of the Jews, 513.
Benveniste, Sheshet, diplomatist and poet, 388, 524 f.
Berachya ben Natronaï Nakdan (Crispia), writer of fables, 560.
Berbers, kingdom of, 256 ff.
Bernard of Clairvaux and the second crusade, 349.
intercedes in behalf of the Jews, 353.
Béziers, council of, prohibits the Jews from practising medicine among Christians, 582.
inhabitants of, massacred by the crusaders, 502.
Jews of, hold offices, 394 f.
Palm Sunday riots in, against the Jews, 394 f.
Bible, attacks against, 199.
Christian exposition of, 288.
Massoretic text of, 207.
oldest copy of, in Spain, 387.
study of, among Jews, 111 f., 118.
Black Jews in India, 436.
Blois, persecution of the Jews of, 378–81.
Blood-accusation, 402, 418, 499, 564, 595.
causes frequent massacres of the Jews in France and Germany, 583.
first appearance of, 378–81.
in England, 591, 643.
officially contradicted by Innocent IV, 584, 635.
Bodo (Puoto), bishop, converted to Judaism, 168 f.
Bohemia, Jews of, 305.
during the crusades, 305, 356.
plundered, 307.
Talmudic center, 420 f.
Bologna, Jews of, expelled, 421.
Bonastruc de Porta. See Nachmani.
"Book of the Pious," 408.
Boppard (Germany), massacre of the Jews of, 637, 639.
Boso, king of Burgundy, presents the Jews as a gift to the church, 175.
Bostanaï, exilarch, 10.
descendants of, 91.
marries a daughter of Chosru, 89.
recognized by the Mahometans, 89.
Bray, massacre of the Jews of, 404.
Bribery in the Church, 578, 584, 591.
Buda, synod of, excludes the Jews from Christian society, 614.
Bulan, king of the Chazars, 139.
Burgundy, Jews of, oppressed, 37.
Byzantine empire, Jews of, 10–23.
communities of, 424–7.
culture of, 425 f.
occupations of, 175.
oppression of, 122, 425.
Cabades. See Kobad.
Cæsarea, betrayed to the Arabs, 87.
riot of Jews and Samaritans against the Christians, 17.
Cairo, Jewish congregation of, 444.
Caliphate, condition of Jews under, 176 f., 183.
Cambridge, Jews expelled from, 641.
Cameos among Jews, 153.
Carenton, massacre of Jews of, 355.
Carlovingians, feeble rule of, 241.
Cassiodorus, minister of Theodoric, 30.
invectives of, against the Jews, 31.
Castile, civil war of, 363.
Castile, Jews of, 361 ff., 592–6, 615–17.
admitted to honors, 293, 384, 593.
congregations of, 617.
oppressed by Alfonso X, 616.
favorable condition of, 361 ff.
fight of, against the Almohades, 386 f.
first persecution of, 507.
Catalonia, Jews of, 389.
Censorship of the Talmud, 602 f.
Ceremonial laws explained, 484 f., 523, 553.
Ceylon, Jews of, enjoy liberty, 436.
Chagan, title of the king of the Chazars, 138.
Chaibar (Arabia), 55.
Jews of, defeated by Mahomet, 81–3.
Jews of, driven out by Omar, 85.
Jews of, warlike, 437.
Chaldean Christians support the Arabs, 89.
Chanan of Iskia, principal of Pumbeditha, 9.
Chananel of Kairuan, 248 ff.
Chananya (Achunaï), exilarch, 129, 137.
Chananya, principal of Sora, 10.
Chaninaï, exilarch, 10.
Chaninaï, principal of Pumbeditha, 10.
Chaninaï Kahana ben Huna, Gaon of Sora, 137.
Chanoch, head of the Jews of Andalusia, 229 f., 236.
contest of, with Ibn-Abitur, 229, 238.
death of, 241.
Chariot-races occasions of bloodshed, 11, 17.
Charlemagne, elevates the position of the Jews in Europe, 141 f.
embassy of, to Haroun Alrashid, 143.
imposes an oath on the Jews, 144.
regenerator of Europe, 141 f.
Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, 628.
Charles the Bald protects the Jews against the clergy, 172.
Charles the Simple grants Jewish property to the church, 175.
Chasdaï, exilarch, 92.
Chasdaï, Ibn-Shaprut, 215–30.
ambassador, 218 f.
character of, 215.
correspondence of, with the Jewish king of the Chazars, 219 ff.
death of, 230.
deliverer of his people, 217.
descent of, 215.
gives Jewish history a European character, 216.
in the service of Abdul-Rahman III, 216.
patron of learning, 223, 234.
promotes the study of the Talmud, 227.
representative of a Judæo-European culture, 188.
statesman, 187.
Chayuj, father of Hebrew philology, 237, 255.
Chazanuth, 118.
Chazaria, 138.
Chazars, 123 ff., 327 f.
army of, 221.
embrace Judaism, 138–41.
hospitality of, to Jews, 123 f.
Jewish kingdom of, 219 ff.
motive of conversion of, 139 f.
origin of, 138.
original religion of, 139.
tolerance of, 141.
wars of, 138.
Chazraj, Arabic tribe partly converted to Judaism, 61.
Cherem. See Excommunication.
Chess, invention of, 7.
Childebert I of Paris, intolerance of, 37.
Children, introduction of, to the Law, 572.