Khiva, Jews of, 435.
Khozars. See Chazars.
Kimchi, family of, 392.
Kimchi, David (Radak), grammarian and exegete, 394.
excommunicated, 531.
teacher of Hebrew to the Jews and Christians of Europe, 393.
view of, on the Talmud, 531.
zealous Maimunist, 530 f., 540 f.
Kimchi, Joseph ben Isaac, introduces Jewish-Spanish culture into southern France, 392.
writings of, 392 f.
Kimchi, Moses, 393.
Kinanah Ibn-Rabia, leader of the Chaibarites against Mahomet, 82.
Kobad, 1–5.
death of, 5.
dethroned, 2.
institutes a religious persecution, 1.
re-instated, 2.
supports Mazdak, 2.
Kohen-Zedek, Gaon of Pumbeditha, 183–200.
ambitiousness of, 192, 194.
conflict of, with the exilarch, 184 f.
Koran, introduction of, 147.
on the position of women, 92.
relation of, to Bible and Talmud, 72.
Kovad. See Kobad.
Ladislaus IV of Hungary, bigotry of, 615.
Landfried, ambassador of Charlemagne to Haroun Alrashid, 143.
Lateran Council, anti-Jewish decrees of, 400, 421 f., 498.
Lateran Council, the Fourth, 509–12.
Law, knowledge of, valued, 113.
Leo the Isaurian, why he protected the Jews, 122 f.
Leo the Philosopher, intolerant towards the Jews, 176.
Leon, teacher of Gershom, 243.
Leon (Leontini), founder of the scientific study of the Talmud in France, 242.
Letter of Sherira, 232 f.
Letter-carrying, regulations about, by Gershom, 244 f.
Liturgy and liturgical poetry, 113 ff., 132, 178, 236, 245, 260, 282, 320, 367, 376, 419.
London, Jews of: cruelties against, 643.
massacre of, 591.
persecution of, 410 f.
Louis II orders the Jews out of Italy, 174.
Louis VI, favorable to the Jews, 343.
Louis VII, as crusader, 349.
favorable to the Jews, 343, 400.
Louis IX (the Saint): Jews expelled by, 585.
Jews hated by, 519, 570.
orders of, concerning the Jew-badge, 612.
persecutes the Talmud, 578, 586.
proselytizing of, 570.
Louis the Pious, 161.
favorable to the Jews, 161 ff.
Lünel, Jewish congregation of, 396.
letter of Maimonides to, 492.
Lynn, Jews of, massacred, 411 f.
Macedonia, settlement of Jews in, 27.
Machir, learned Jew, sent by Haroun Alrashid to Charlemagne, 143.
Machuza, capital of the Jewish state in Babylonia, 4.
taken by Mebodes, 9.
Mâcon, council of, degrades the Jews, 39.
"Madda," 468, 523.
proscribed, 529.
Magharyites. See Makariyites.
"Magister Judæorum," 161.
Mahdi, 358.
Mahomet, 71–84.
breaks with the Jews, 75 f.
character of revelations of, 71.
chief opponents of, on the Jewish side, 74.
concessions of, to Judaism, 73.
confession of faith of, 71.
corruption of teachings of, 72.
death of, 84.
enters in alliance with Jewish tribes, 73.
first doctrines of, 71.
relation of, to Judaism, 71.
revelation of, against the Jews, 78.
supported by the Jews in the propagation of the Koran, 73.
teachings of, 72.
wars of, against the Jews, 76–84.
why the Jews objected to, 74.
Mahomet Alemin, 145.
Mahomet Almuktafi, caliph, re-instates the exilarch, 428.
Mahomet Alnasir, attacks Spain, 506 f.
Mahometans, divisions among, 147 f.
philosophy and theology of, 146 f.
revival of science among, 145 ff.
scepticism among, 199.
treatment of the Jews by, 88, 176.
Maimonides, Moses ben Maimun (see also Maimunist controversy), 446–93, 522–45.
aim of, 450, 522.
articles of faith of, 459 f.
attitude of, to the Aristotelian philosophy, 478.
attitude of, to the Karaites, 465, 475.
averse to poetry, 449.
birth of, 447.
brothers of, 457.
character of, 449 f.
commentary of, on the Mishna, 458–61.
conception of Judaism of, 456, 459, 522.
condemned in Accho, 631.
controversy about the system of, 522 ff.
correspondence of, with Samuel Ibn-Tibbon, 490 f.
court physician of Saladin, 472 f., 489.
death of, 492 f.
descendants of, 493.
descent of, 447.
doctrine of, on immortality and resurrection, 476, 478 f., 523 f.
education of, 447 f.
effects of death of, on Judaism, 494 f.
effects of teachings of, on Judaism in southern France, 526.
epitaphs on the grave of, 493, 631.
ethical philosophy of, 533.
explanation of the ceremonial laws by, 484 f., 523.
fame of, 471, 489 ff.
feigns Islam, 451 f.
first to develop a Jewish system of belief, 459.
funeral of, 493.
"Guide of the Perplexed of," 477.
"Iggeret Teman" of, 462–4.
in Palestine, 457.
Mahometan opinion of, 488.
medical learning of, 473, 489.
mental organization of, 448, 458, 467.
"Mishne-Torah" of, 466–70.
non-Jewish elements in the system of, 487, 522 f., 526.
opponents of, 471 f., 475, 490, 522 ff.
physician, 458, 491.
religio-philosophical system of, 478 ff., 522.
settles in Cairo, 457.
supreme head of the Jews of Egypt, 474.
view of, on feigned apostasy and martyrdom, 453–6.
view of, on miracles, 483, 523.
view of, on persecution and suffering of Israel, 463.
view of, on prophecy, 482, 523.
view of, on tradition, 459, 469 f.
wanderings of, 447 f., 451, 456 f.
works of, burnt, 543.
writings of, 451 f., 458, 462, 466, 477, 488.
Maimun, father of Maimonides, 317.
Maimun Asha, Arabian poet, 70.
Maimuni. See Maimonides.
Maimunist controversy, 522–45, 623–34.
abated, 580.
Dominicans appealed to in, 542 f.
evil consequences of, 546 f.
excommunication employed in, 529, 632.
in the East, 525 f.
in Germany, 623–7.
in Italy, 628.
in southern Europe, 526 ff.
part taken in, by the Kabbala, 631 f.
Makariyites, Karaite sect, 151.
Malka bar Acha, Gaon of Pumbeditha, 137.
Maor, 389.
Mar-Aaron, 157.
Mar-Abraham ben Sherira, principal of Pumbeditha, 154 f.
Mar-Amram ben Sheshna, Gaon of Sora and compiler of a liturgical order of prayers, 178.
Mar bar Huna, principal of Sora, 10.
Mar-Chanina, grandfather of Mar-Zutra II, 3.
executed, 4.
Mar-Isaac, murdered, 3.
Mar-Isaac, first Gaon of Sora, 90, 92.
Mar-Raba, 92.
Mar-Ukba, exilarch, 184 f.
Mar-Yanka. See Natronaï.
Mar-Zemach I, first of the literary Geonim of Pumbeditha, 178.
author of an Aruch, 179.
Mar-Zutra, posthumous son of Mar-Zutra II, 4.
teacher at Tiberias, 12.
Mar-Zutra II, exilarch, 3.
executed, 4.
king of a Jewish state, 4.
leader of a Jewish insurrection, 3 f.
Marhab, Jewish hero in Chaibar, 82.
Mari bar Mar, principal of Pumbeditha, 9.
Massora, development and importance of, 112.
in Germany, 244.
Massorets, 207.
Matthew Paris, chronicler, 591.
Mauritius, Byzantine emperor, 18.
resists Chosru, 9.
Mayence, blood accusation and massacre of Jews of, 636.
during the crusades, 302 f.
rabbinical synod in, 517.
school of, 247.
Mazdak, reformer of Magianism and communist, 1 f.
Meaux, Council of, passes anti-Jewish decrees, 171 f.
Mebodes, Persian general, massacres the Jews of Machuza, 9.
Mecca, 60.
Jews not allowed to dwell in, 436.
Medicine, practice of, by Jews among Christians, forbidden, 581 f.
Medina, becomes the lawgiver for millions, 86.
Jews not allowed to dwell in, 436.
Meïr of Rameru, Tossafist, 345.
Meïr of Rothenburg, 579.
corpse of, ransomed, 640.
dies in prison, 640.
eccentric piety of, 625,
leader of Jewish emigrants from Germany, 637–40.
"Men of Faith," 153.
Menachem ben Saruk, first grammarian and one of the founders of Judæo-Spanish culture, 215.
controversy of, with Dunash, 226 f.
death of, 227.
disciples of, 227.
relation of, to Chasdaï, 224, 226.
works of, 224 f.
Menahem ben Solomon. See David Alrui.
Merovingian kings, bigotry of, 39 f.
narrow-mindedness of, 143.
Merv, center of science, 146.
Meshullam ben Jacob, head of Lünel, 396.
Messer-Jawaih of Bassorah, Jewish physician, 111.
Messiahs, false, 120, 124, 149, 331–3, 462.
Messianic hopes, 298, 313, 360, 606, 637.
Meters, first employed in Neo-Hebraic poetry, 223.
Meturgeman in the schools, 438.
Michael ben Kaleb of Thebes, Jewish poet, 426.
Michael Scotus, astrologer of Frederick II, 566 f.
Mishna, commentary on, by Maimonides, 458 ff.
origin of, discussed, 233.
translated into Arabic, 237.
"Mishne-Torah" of Maimonides, 466 ff.
Moawiyah, contest of, with Ali, 90.
Modestus, Patriarch of Jerusalem, fanaticism of, 22.
Mongols, 646 ff.
establish a kingdom in Persia, 637.
invade Europe, 580 f.
invade Hungary, 613.
Jewish soldiers among, 581.
ravages of, in Palestine, 606.
Montanists persecuted by Leo the Isaurian, 122 f.
Montpellier, flourishing condition of the Jewish congregation of, 395.
seat of a medical college, 583.
Mordecai ben Joseph of Avignon, 612.
"Moreh Nebuchim." See "Guide of the Perplexed."
Moses the Lawgiver, distinguished character of his prophetic faculty, 483 f.
supposed synagogue of, 445.
Moses of Baalbek, founder of a Karaite sect, 158.
Moses of Coucy, 576.
itinerant preacher, 545 f.
Tossafist and Maimunist, 539.
work of, on the Law, 586.
Moses ben Chanoch, one of the founders of Judæo-Spanish culture, 208, 215.
death of, 229.
functions of, 228 f.
relation of, to Chasdaï, 228.
spreads Talmudic studies in Spain, 208 f.
Moses ben Chasdaï, fanatic opponent of Maimonides, 624 f.
Moses ben Jehuda Cohen, rabbi of Safet, 633.
Moses ben Maimun. See Maimonides.
Moses ben Nachman. See Nachmani.
Moses, son of Kalonymos, 143.
Mosul, Jewish congregation of, 429 f.
Mozarabs, 215.
Munich, Jews of, massacred, 636 f.
Musa, founder of the Akbarite sect, 157.
Mushka, fanatical Judghanite, 150.
Mutazilists (Mahometan rationalists), 147, 150.
Muza Ibn-Nosair, governor of Africa, 109.
Mysticism (see also Kabbala), 153 f., 251, 535.
in France, 160.
in Italy, 160.
Nachmani, 530–57, 598–609.
character of, 531.
commentary of, to the Bible, 607.
death of, 608.
disputation of, with Pablo Christiani, 598–601.
erudition of, 532.
exiled, 604 f.
hostile to Ibn-Ezra, 534, 608.
influence of, 609.
in Palestine, 605–7.
method of exegesis of, 562, 608.
opponent of Maimonides, 608.
part taken by, in the Maimunist
controversy, 530–6.
physician, 532.
religious system of, 533–5.
reverence of, for rabbinical tradition, 531, 557.
Talmudic works of, 532.
view of, on Agada, 599.
votary of the Kabbala, 535, 556.
Nachshon ben Zadok, Gaon of Sora, 179.
Nagid, Egyptian exilarch, 443.
Nagrela, Joseph, son of Samuel, vizir and Nagid in Granada, 274.
indiscretion of, 275.
killed, 278.
Nagrela, Samuel, head of the Jews of Andalusia, 254–65.
career of, 255.
characteristics of, 254 f.
compiles a methodology of the
Talmud, 259.
death of, 274.
diplomatist, 257.
friend of Gebirol, 268, 274.
philosopher, 261.
poet, 259 f.
supports learning, 260.
vizir, 256.
writings of, 259 f.
Nakdan, 560.
Naples, favorable condition of the Jews of, 422.
Narbonne, 45.
principal Jewish congregation of
southern France, 392–4.
Talmudic school of, 143, 242.
Nathan ben Isaac Kohen, 208, 242.
Nathan ben Yechiel of Rome, author of the Aruch, 290, 421.
Natronaï II, Gaon of Sora, 178.
Natronaï ben Chasdaï, 137.
Natronaï ben Nehemiah, principal of Pumbeditha, 121 f.
Nazareth, inhabited by Jews, 12.
Neapolis (Shechem), capital of the Samaritans, 12.
Nechunya ben ha-Kana, Kabbalistic manuscript attributed to him, 556.
Neo-Hebraic poetry, 112, 317 f.
artistic form of, 223.
compared with that of the Bible, 113.
decline of, 558 f.
didactic element of, 113.
effect of, on the divine service, 117 f.
introduction of rhyme into, 116.
last poets of, 559 f.
liturgical character of, 113.
meters employed in, 223.
subject matter of, 113.
Nestorian Christians, persecuted by the Sassanian princes, 89.
Nevers, Count, favorable to the Jews, 500.
New Misr. See Cairo.
New Nineveh, Jews of, ignorant, 430.
New Year celebrated for two days, 428.
liturgy of, 113 ff.
Nice, Council of, 25.
Nicholas III, 594.
Nicholas Donin, apostate, 572–8.
accuses the Talmud, 573.
disputation of, 576–8.
instigates a persecution of the Jews, 573.
Nilus the Younger, Abbot of Rossana, relations of, to Donnolo, 213.
Nissi Naharvani, reconciles the Exilarchate and Gaonate, 186.
Nissim of Kairuan, 248 ff.
Northampton, blood-accusation of, 643.
Norwich, Jews of, massacred, 412.
Nureddin, attacks the Christians in Asia, 349.
Oath imposed on the Jews by Charlemagne, 144.
Obadiah, Jewish king of the Chazars, 140 f.
Obaiah Abu-Isa ben Ishah, pseudo-precursor of the Messiah and leader of a rebellion, 124 f.
Oberwesel (Germany), Jews of, massacred, 637, 639.
Odo, bishop of Paris, forbids intercourse between Jews and Christians, 407.
Offices of honor, Jews excluded from, 502, 510, 513, 515, 521, 567, 569, 635.
Omar, bestows rewards on Jews and Christians, 89.
captures Jerusalem, 87.
"covenant" of, 87, 145.
death of, 90.
fanaticism of, 84 f.
repelled by the Jews, 82.
restrictions imposed by, on Jews
and Christians, 87 f.
Omar II, bigotry of, 120.
Ommiyyades and Alides, 92, 100.
caliphs of, 110.
empire of, broken up into small principalities, 255 f.
last, 125.
Opposition in history, its mission, 127.
Orleans, Council of, enacts severe measures against the Jews, 37.
Osius, bishop of Cordova, 44.
Othman, killed, 90.
Oxford, Council of, passes hostile resolutions against the Jews, 516.
Pablo Christiani, apostate, 597 ff.
denounces the Talmud, 602.
disputation of, with Nachmani, 597 ff.
inspires action against the Jews, 612.