Henry II, emperor of Germany, persecutes the Jews, 245 f.
Henry IV, emperor of Germany, 418.
favorable to the Jews, 293, 298, 306, 308, 416.
permits converts to return to their faith, 306.
Henry I, archbishop of Mayence, protects the Jews, 352.
Heraclius, emperor, 19 ff.
forbids the Jews to enter Jerusalem, 23.
protects the Jews, 23, 47.
Hibat-Allah, apostate to Islam, 442.
Hilderic, rebels against Wamba, 104 f.
Hillel of Verona, founder of the scientific method among the Italian Jews, 629.
admirer of Maimonides, 629.
proposes a rabbinical synod to compose the Maimunist controversy, 631.
Hinkmar of Rheims, hostile to the Jews, 171 f.
Honorius III, pope, attitude of, towards the Jews, 513, 515.
Hormisdas IV, 7 ff.
compared to Nero, 8.
dethroned and assassinated, 8.
persecutes Christians and Jews, 8.
Hugh Capet, 242.
Hujej Ibn-Achtab, leader of the Benu-Nadhir against Mahomet, 78.
Hulagu, founder of the Mongol kingdom in Persia, 638.
Hungary invaded by the Mongols, 613.
Hungary, Jews of, 613–15, 520 f., 613.
commercial activity of, 613.
condition of, 520 f.
decrees of the synod of Buda against, 614.
fanaticism kindled against, by the Dominicans and Franciscans, 614.
Jew-badge of, 614.
Huns, 9, 138.
re-instate Kobad, 2.
Huna, exilarch and father of Mar-Zutra II, 3.
Hunaï, Gaon of Sora, 92.
Ibn-Abbas, Judah, poet, 318.
Ibn-Abbas, Samuel, apostate to Islam, 442.
Ibn-Abitur, 229.
contest of, with Chanoch, 229 f., 238.
poetry of, 236 f.
Ibn-Alfachar, Abraham, distinguished at the court of Alfonso VIII, 384 f.
opponent of Maimonides, 541.
Ibn-Alfayumi, Jacob, Talmudist of Yemen, 436, 462.
Ibn-Aljami, Nagid of Egypt, 443.
Ibn-Alruchi. See David Alrui.
Ibn-Balam, Jehuda, grammarian, 290.
Ibn-Chasdaï, Samuel ben Abraham, 388.
Ibn-Daud, 43.
Ibn-Daud, Abraham, religious philosopher, 363–5.
as historian, 365 f.
dies a martyr, 386.
"Seder ha-Kabbalah," 366.
Ibn-Ezra, Abraham, 366–75.
as astronomer and astrologer, 368, 371.
character of, 366 f.
commentary of, on the Pentateuch, 371, 373.
death of, 374 f.
exegete, 368, 370.
in France, 373.
in Italy, 369, 423.
in London, 373.
marks the end of the original element in the Spanish school, 381.
philosopher, 373.
poetry of, 367.
rationalism of, 372.
restlessness of, 368, 370.
"Sabbath Epistle" of, 373 f.
travels of, 369.
versatility of, 366.
wit of, 368.
Ibn Ezra, brothers of, 318–21.
Ibn-Ezra, Jehuda, 361–3.
head of the Jews of Castile, 362.
in favor with Alfonso Raimundez, 361.
persecutes the Karaites, 362 f.
protector of the Jews, 361 f.
Ibn-Ezra, Moses, 310, 314.
career of, 319 f.
compared with Gebirol, 319.
philosophical writings of, 320.
poems of, 320 f.
Ibn-Giat, Isaac ben Jehuda, poet, 284, 318.
Ibn-Janach, creator of Hebrew syntax, 261, 263.
first rational Bible critic, 263.
opposed by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 371.
philosophical writings of, 264.
Ibn-Jau, Jacob, head of the Jews of Andalusia, 238 ff.
Ibn-Malka, Jehuda, at the court of Frederick II, 565 f.
Ibn-Migash, Meïr, disciple and successor of Alfassi, 315 f.
disciples and descendants of, 317.
in Toledo, 362.
Ibn Moïsha and Maimonides, 456, 474.
Ibn-Sahal, Joseph ben Jacob, rabbi of Cordova and poet, 314.
Ibn-Sahula, writer of fables, 560.
Ibn-Sakbel, Solomon, poet, 318.
Ibn-Sakni, Jacob, 284 f.
awakens interest in Talmudic studies in Babylonia, 429.
Ibn-Sarjadu, Aaron, principal of Pumbeditha, 202.
Ibn-Shalbib, Amram ben Isaac, councillor to Alfonso VI, 292, 295.
killed, 295.
Ibn-Tibbon, family of, 397 f.
as physicians, 582.
Ibn-Tibbon, Judah ben Saul, translator, 397 f.
characteristics of his translations, 398.
pedantry of, 397.
Ibn-Tibbon, translator and physician, 582.
Ibn-Tibbon, Samuel ben Judah, translator and writer, 398.
correspondence of, with Maimonides, 490.
unproductiveness of, 566.
Ibn-Tumart, Abdallah, founder of the sect of the Almovachides, 357 f.
Ibn-Zadik, rabbi of Cordova and religio-philosophical writer, 314.
Illiberis, council of, prohibits the friendly intercourse between Jews and Christians, 44.
Illyria, settlement of Jews in, 27.
Image worship in the Church, conflict caused by, 122.
Immanuel Romi, poet, 630.
Immortality, teachings of the Kabbala on, 554.
Imrulkais Ibn Hojr, Arabian poet, 68.
India, Jews of, 435 f.
Innocent III, 383, 496–504.
as president of the Fourth Lateran Council, 509–12.
brings about a change of sentiment towards the Jews, 507 f.
causes the deepest misery to the Jews, 513.
censures princes for their protection of the Jews, 498 ff.
characteristic of, 405, 496.
death of, 513.
degrades the Jews, 563.
ruthless hostility of, to the Jews, 496–501.
tyranny of, 496.
Innocent IV, allows the keeping of the Talmud, 579.
contradicts the blood-accusation, 584, 596.
Inquisition established, 542.
Intermarriage between Jews and Christians, 44.
Irak, Jews of, 89.
Isaac, accompanies the embassy of Charlemagne to Haroun Alrashid, 143.
Isaac of Accho, Kabbalist, executed, 650.
Isaac the Blind, supposed originator of the Kabbala, 547.
Isaac ben Eliakim, rabbi of Würzburg and martyr, 354.
Isaac ben Jacob Halaban of Prague, Tossafist, 421.
Isaac ben Joseph of Corbeil, 587.
Isaac ben Mordecai, physician to the pope, 628.
Isaac ben Samuel of Dampierre (Ri), head of the school of Rameru and Tossafist, 403 f., 406.
Isaac, son of Abraham Ibn-Ezra, embraces Islam, 442.
Isaac the Younger (Rizba), 408.
Isaac Sanjari and Bulan, 140.
Isaacs, the five, 282 ff.
Isavites, 125.
Ishmael, founder of the Akbarite sect, 157.
Isidore of Seville, 49.
polemics of, against Judaism, 50 f.
Islam (see also Mahomet):
benefits of the dominion of, to Judaism, 85, 89.
conquests of, 86 ff., 109 ff.
divisions of, 90.
hostility of, to Judaism, 84.
influence of, on Jewish history and Judaism, 71.
intolerance of, 87.
referred to in an apocalypse, 88 f.
restrictions imposed by, on Jews and Christians, 87 f.
truths of, a victory of Judaism, 72.
Islam and Christianity in their treatment of the Jews compared, 88.
Islamic theology, 146 ff.
Ispahan, Jewish congregation of, 434.
Ispahanites. See Isavites.
Israeli, Isaac ben Suleiman, writer and physician to Ubaid-Allah, 180 f., 192, 211.
Italy becomes a province of the Byzantine empire, 32.
under the Lombards, 33.
under Ostrogothic rule, 28–32.
Italy, Jews of, 27 f.
communities of, 27, 424.
favorable condition of, 421–3.
ignorance of, 290, 369, 421–3.
Maimunist controversy among, 628.
mental awakening of, 628 f.
resistance of, to Belisarius, 31 f.
settlement of, 27.
Talmudic schools of, 212.
under the Lombards, 33.
under the Ostrogoths, 28–32.
under the Papacy, 628.
Itil (Atel), kingdom of the Chazars, 138.
Jacob of Orleans, head of the school in London, 409.
kills himself, 411.
Jacob ben Natronaï, Gaon of Sora, 184 ff.
Jacob ben Nissim, 211, 232 ff.
Jacob ben Samuel, pupil of Saadiah, 204.
Jacob ben Sheshet Gerundi, Kabbalist, 556.
Jacob Tam, 375–81.
character of, 376.
commentary of, to the Talmud, 376.
death of, 381.
descendant of Rashi, 375.
maltreated by the crusaders, 355.
poetry of, 376.
Tossafist, 343, 345, 375.
Jannai, poetan, introduces rhymes into Neo-Hebraic poetry, 116.
Jayme, king of Aragon, treatment of the Jews by, 536.
Jean d'Acre. See Accho.
Jehuda ben Abbas of Haleb, poet, 426.
Jehuda ben Sabbatai, poet, 559.
Jehuda Alcharisi, poet and translator, 559.
Jehuda Hadassi, Karaite controversionist, 362.
Jehuda ben Samuel Halevi, 310, 313, 315, 318, 321–43.
career of, 322 f.
character of, 321 f.
"Chozari" of, 327 f.
compared with the author of Job, 327.
disciple of Alfassi, 322.
end of life of, 342 f.
erudition of, 321 f.
evidences of Judaism by, 332 ff.
limits of philosophy set by, 331.
love poems of, 323.
national religious spirit of poetry of, 325 f.
philosopher, 326.
physician, 323 f.
pilgrimage of, to Palestine, 338–42.
power of description of, 325.
prince of poets, 321 f.
Songs of Zion of, 337 f.
subject matter of poetry of, 324 f.
view of, on poets and poetry, 324 f.
view of, on the suffering and position of Israel, 335 f.
Jephet Ibn-Ali Halevi, Karaite champion, 205 f.
Jerusalem, Jews of, 506.
during the crusades, 308.
expelled, 427.
Talmudic studies of, 249.
Jesus the son of Pantheras, 577.
Jew-badge, 511–13, 564, 595.
in England, 642.
in France, 612.
in Hungary, 614.
"Jew-roaster," 611.
Jew-tax, 281, 510, 517, 588 f., 617, 642.
Jewish children taken away from their parents, 514, 570.
Jewish communities between Worms and Mayence, 41.
Jewish diplomatists, 291 f., 294.
Jewish-Himyarite empire, 51.
Jewish history, general survey of, 382 ff., 446 f., 494 f., 563 ff., 610 ff.
scientific epoch of, 187 ff.
Jewish king of Arabia, 12.
Jewish kingdom in Arabia, 62–7.
Jewish question, at Councils, 25.
Jewish soldiers, 4.
Jews (see also under the different countries):
buy protection by money, 570 f.
compelled to trade, 418.
decay of learning and poetry of, in the post-Maimunic time, 558–62.
degradation of, 563 f.
excluded from offices of honor, 502, 510, 513, 515, 521, 567, 569, 635.
forbidden to enter Jerusalem, 23.
in service of Christian princes, 282, 291 f., 294, 312, 361 f., 384.
kill themselves to escape baptism, 404, 411, 415.
money extorted from them, 584 f., 589 ff., 634.
persecuted everywhere, 347 ff.
representatives of the commerce of the world, 142, 162.
render scientific literature accessible to Arabs and Christians, 111, 565.
scepticism among, 199.
"servi cameræ," 356 f.
slaveholders, 29.
suffering of, in the calamities of the Roman empire, 27 f.
theological controversies among, 148 ff.
treated as property, 417.
under Christian and Mahometan rule compared, 347 f., 426.
warlike, 4, 19, 384, 433, 436.
Joan, pope, 169.
Joceus, first chief rabbi of England, 588.
Joceus, of York, 413.
John Lackland, 416.
barbarities of, towards the Jews, 504 f.
death of, 516.
Jonah ben Abraham Gerundi, opponent of Maimonides, 529.
repentance of his fanaticism towards Maimonides, 580.
works of, 580.
Jonathan Cohen of Lünel, 397.
emigrates to Palestine, 505.
José bar José Hayathom, Neo-Hebraic poet, 114 f.
Joseph Amarkala Halevi, prince of an independent Jewish tribe in Arabia, 433.
Joseph bar Abba, mystic and principal of Pumbeditha, 154.
Joseph ben Chasdaï, poet, 273.
Joseph ben Chiya, principal of Pumbeditha, 155.
"Joseph ben Gorion," 180.
Joseph ben Sabara, poet, 559.
Joseph ben Satia, principal of Sora, 202.
Joseph Ezobi, poet, 561.
Joseph Ibn-Aknin, favorite disciple of Maimonides, 477 f., 526.
Joseph Ibn-Shoshan, distinguished at the court of Alfonso VIII, 384.
Joseph Kara, Tossafist and exegete, 345 f.
Josephus' writings in favor with Christians, 162.
"Josippon," 180.
Judæo-Spanish culture, founders of, 215.
Judah, minister of finance in Portugal, 618.
Judah of Melun, disputation of, with Nicholas Donin, 577 f.
Judah the Blind, Gaon of Sora, 129.
Talmudic compendium of, 136.
Judah Judghan, founder of a sect, 149 f.
Judah Sir Leon ben Isaac of Paris, 408.
disciples of, 409.
Judaism: d philosophy, 327 ff., 455, 467, 478, 487, 522 f.
assumes a European character, 188.
compared with Christianity and Islam, 328 f., 332 f., 393, 463.
conversions to, 21, 640 f.
divisions of, 494 ff., 522 ff., 557 f.
religious duties of, 365.
venerated by Christians, 162.
Judghanites, 150.
Judith, empress, friendly to Judaism, 162.
Julian, king of the Samaritans, 16.
Julian, metropolitan of Toledo, 107.
Justin I, severe towards the Jews, 10.
Justin II, 26.
oppresses the Samaritans, 17 f.
Justinian, 12–17.
anti-Jewish laws of, 12 f.
closes the schools of philosophy in Greece, 7.
forbids the Confession of Faith (Shema), 15.
interferes in matters of conscience, 12 ff.
ordinances of, for the service of the synagogue, 14 f.
severity of, towards the Samaritans, 13, 16.
Kaab, leader of the Benu-Kuraiza against Mahomet, 80 f.
Kabbala, 547–57.
origin of, 535, 547.
part played by, in the religious controversies, 623, 626, 631.
principles of, 550–55.
teachings of, on the coming of the Messiah, 555.
teachings of, on the importance of prayer, 553.
teachings of, on the life after death, 554.
teachings of, on the signification of the ceremonial laws, 553.
transplanted to Palestine, 607.
what favored rise of, 549.
Kabbalists, desecrate Maimonides' grave, 631.
Kachtanites and Ishmaelites, 61.
"Kadish," 95.
Kafnaï, exilarch, 10.
Kainukaa, driven out from Arabia by Mahomet, 76 f.
Kairuan, center of Judaism and science, 146, 210.
school of, 248 ff.
Kaliri. See Eleazar ben Kalir.
Kalonymos, learned Jew, 143.
Kalonymos, Italian Jew in the retinue of Otto II, 243.
Kalonymos ben Todros, head of the congregation of Narbonne, 392.
Kameoth. See Cameos.
Kamus, fortress in Chaibar, 82.
Karaism, 127–37.
alterations made by, 131.
causes discord in the Talmudic schools, 155 ff.
character of, 133.
divisions of, 136, 157.
effect of, on the authority of the exilarch, 137.
emphasizes freedom of inquiry, 157.
explanation of name of, 130.
gives impetus to the study of the Bible, 133, 136.
inconsistencies of, 131, 133, 159, 443.
increases the religious duties, 131.
instability of, 133.
marriage laws of, 132, 158 f.
principal dogma of, 157.
regulations of, about festivals, 131, 158 f.
spread of, 182, 207.
Karaites:
asceticism of, 181 f., 204, 437.
controversies of, with the Rabbanites, 134, 182, 203, 362 f.
cultivate Biblical philology and exegesis, 180 f., 204, 206.
in Cairo, 444.
in Crimea, 435.
in Palestine, 607.
narrow-mindedness of, 206.
polemical writings of, 191.
productive in Biblical literature, 136.
proselytism of, 203.
rigorous observance of the Sabbath, 132.
severity and gloominess of religious life of, 132 f.
superficiality of, 204, 206.