[94] Naglefare: See the Catalogue.

[95] It seems to me as if the author has taken this idea from the account given in Cook’s voyages of the women of Otaheite swimming off from the shore to the ship, to look out for lovers among the sailors.

[96] I here acknowledge a plagiarism from Dryden, in his quaint translation of the Novimus et qui te in the Third Bucolic of Virgil.

[97] Alludes to Thor and his companions’ adventure related in the Second Canto.

NOTES TO THE TWENTY-EIGHTH CANTO.

The metre in the original is in couplets as follows:

Hen Loke flöd i Havet, som Orm, sli̱meṯ blaa,
Alle de faele Syner han klart paa Dybeṯ saae.
Han strakte sig med Angest, han bugṯed sig med Iil.
Paa Kysten fulgte Bonden med Oei̱et ham en Mi̱i̱l.

The metre I have adopted for the translation of this Canto is the couplet of lines of fourteen syllables occasionally interspersed with couplets of thirteen syllables. In reading the latter, a pause should be made after the seventh syllable. This metre resembles that of the original, and has much of its prosaic and familiar march. This Canto and the next are based on the chapter of the poetic Edda, called Thrymsqvida.

[98] King Hro founded the town of Roeskild, situate where Leire once stood. Roeskild is about twenty-five English miles distant W. from Copenhagen, and has a magnificent cathedral, which is the cemetery of the Danish kings.

[99] Kongebo, means royal residence or palace.

[100] Giants’ bane, in Icelandic Jótun bani, name given by the Scalds to Thor, on account of his constant enmity towards the giants.

NOTES TO THE TWENTY-NINTH CANTO.

Specimen of the metre in the original.

Ru Asaṯhor
Med Loke foer
Paa Gyldenkarm
Ti̱l Fieldets Sṯeen;
Og Loke sad
I Hierṯeṯ glad
Ved Gudens Harm,
Ti̱l Jeṯṯers Meen.
Saa reiste de frem medens Klippen skialv,
Med en gabende Klöfṯ Steenbierget sprak,
Og den Hnle saa sort kun aabned sig halv,
Og en Lue med Gni̱st gi̱ennem Mulmeṯ trak.

I have adopted for the translation of this Canto a metre, alternatively trochaic and anapestic.

[101] It was the custom, at the marriage ceremony of the ancient Scandinavians in the pagan time, for the betrothed to swear fidelity to each other, in touching the hammer of Thor. May not this account for the ceremony of marriage at Gretna-green being always performed by a blacksmith? The lowland Scots are of Scandinavian origin, and they have preserved many a custom and many a superstition of their ancestors.

[102] Respecting Hrugner and Mokkurcalf, please to consult the Alphabetical Catalogue.

The following explanation of the foregoing mythe is given by the Swedish poet Ling:

The loss of Thor’s hammer, and its remaining eight miles under ground in the hands of Thrymur the frost giant, denotes the impotence or inactivity of the electrical fluid during the eight months’ winter of the northern regions. The invitation of Thrymur to Freya typifies the struggle of nature at the approach of spring, to renew its vitality.

Stuhr’s opinion of this mythe is much the same as that of Ling. He thinks it to be a hymn in honour of spring, typified by Freya. Thor borrows Freya’s attire, i.e. in spring the electrical heat resumes its force. Thor travels with Loptur (the air) to Thrymur. They are furnished with a copious repast; i.e. at the approach of and by the influence of spring, the unfruitfulness of the earth ceases. When Asa-Lok speaks of the eight nights of longing passed by the pretended Freya, it means the progressive changes undergone by the polar atmosphere during the eight winter months, before the heat finally obtains the mastery. The immense appetite and quantity of mead drank by Thor denote the absorption of the earth’s vapours by the electrical fire of summer, and the death of Thrymur denotes the total disappearance of winter. It is scarcely necessary to remind the reader, that Miölner, the hammer of Thor, typifies, almost everywhere, thunder, or the electrical fire and its effects.

In the Greek poem of Nonnus, called the Dionysiacs, or Actions of Bacchus, we find a mythe having no doubt the same signification as that of the Thrymsqvida. Jupiter at the approach of winter loses his thunderbolts, which fall into the hands of the giant Typhon. He recovers them in spring, by means of a stratagem of Cadmus, and soon after makes use of them to discomfit and slay the giant Typhon.

NOTE TO THE THIRTIETH CANTO.

In the original this Canto is written in terza rima as follows.

Da Thor nu sti̱lle sad, og endt var Kampen,
Da steeg en langsom Rög af Jeṯṯeblodeṯ,
Og hvid og tyk oplöftede sig Dampen.
Da ski̱aelved Loke brat og tabte Modeṯ, etc.

Besides the difficulty of the terza rima, it is a metre not very well suited to the genius of the English language. I have, therefore, given my translation of this Canto in blank verse, following the example of Carey in his version of Dante.

The subject of this Canto seems taken partly from some strophes in the Voluspâ, and partly from the Vaftrudnismal, which are the names of two of the most important chapters of the poetic Edda.

[103] Gugner, name of Odin’s lance.

This Canto does not require notes, but as it may amuse the reader to compare the history of the destruction and reproduction of the world with the account thereof given in the Edda, I here subjoin some extracts from the two chapters above mentioned, following Finn Magnussen’s translation. I think the reader will remark some resemblance between certain parts of this Canto and certain parts of the Apocalypse. The battle between Thor and the Serpent Jormundgard is not unlike the combat between the Archangel Michael and the great dragon; and the palace of Gimle, the future abode of the blessed, presents an image of the new Jerusalem.

EXTRACTS FROM THE VAFTRUDNISMAL
(Discourse of Vaftrudner).

The wolf (Fenris) shall swallow up
The father of time (Odin);
But Vidar shall avenge him,
And tear the monster’s jaws asunder.
A daughter shall be born
Of the old sun,[104]
Before Fenris swallows her up:
After the fall of the gods
The daughter shall travel
On the same course as her mother did.
Lif and Liftrasir
Remain conceal’d in the wood (Hoddmimer);
They are nourished by the morning dew,
And from them the new race shall spring.
When the fire (of Surtur) shall be extinguish’d,
Vidar shall construct anew
The dwellings of the gods.
Then finally shall peace
Succeed to the long strife.

[104] The sun is feminine in the Gothic languages.

EXTRACTS FROM THE VOLUSPA
(Vala’s Prophecy).

Loud howls the monster (the dog Garm)
At the cavern of Gnypa;
The wolf (Fenris) shall break his chain.
Brother shall fight with brother
And slay each other:
The bonds of affection and parentage
Shall be rent asunder:
Evil reigns in the world;
Libidinous excess triumphs;
The sword, the axe
Shall be in constant employ:
Shields shall be cloven;
Times of tempest, of wolfish ferocity,
Before the world finally ends;
No man shall spare his neighbour.
Naglefar moves forward
With keel gliding from the East;
Lok steers it.
Surtur compelling flames
Advances from the south!
The earth sinks into the deep!
The stars disappear from heaven!
Volumes of fire and smoke
Consume the all-nourishing tree (Yggdrassil)
Flames mounting on high
Consume heaven itself.
And behold arises a second time
The earth from the sea!
The Asar shall meet again
On the plains of Ida;
There shall again
Wonderful tablets of gold
Be found in the grass.
Fields unsown
Shall produce corn;
All evil vanish;
Balder return;
He and Hœdur shall dwell
In Odin’s holy abode.
A palace is seen
Brighter than the sun
Roof’d with gold
Standing on Gimle!
Therein shall dwell
Virtuous people,
And enjoy happiness
For ever and ever!

ETYMOLOGIES OMITTED IN THE CATALOGUE.

Lok from locka (to tempt).

Hofvarpur, name of the steed of Gna, from hof (hoof), hvarpa (to throw out).


CONTENTS.

Canto.Page.
1Thor sets out on an adventure with Lok1
2Spells upon the heath16
3Thor arrives in Helheim35
4Thor arrives in Utgard45
5Magic spells in Utgard57
6The spells unravelled81
7The return home92
8Thor visits the giant Hymir102
9Thor’s fishing adventure117
10Lok becomes enamoured of Sif122
11Conversation between Lok and Sif128
12Lok procures things of value from the dwarfs138
13The rape of Iduna147
14The deliverance of Iduna166
15The Vaner180
16The nuptials of Skada190
17The amour of Frey196
18Joy in Valhalla204
19The Einherier213
20Bragur’s song in honour of Gefion221
21Conversation between Skirnir and Frey227
22Frey’s plaint at the fountain242
23The journey of Skirnir244
24Gerda’s love262
25Skirnir fulfills his errand273
26The wolf Fenris and Tyr279
27The banquet of Ægir289
28Lok’s treachery313
29The hammer of Thor recovered330
30The Vala’s prophecy341

The reader, before he begins the work, is respectfully requested to correct the following

ERRATA.

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE: the errata have been corrected in this e-text.

Page.Line.
XXXVIII 4 from bottom, for he read the.
XLVI12 from top, for threwherself read threw herself.
LXIII12 from top, for incolour read in colour.
25 4 from top, for hem read them.
36 5 from top, for t oads read toads.
110 2 from top, for ofthe read of the.
129 4 from bottom, for careerpursues read career pursues.
14211 from top, for owesubmission read owe submission.
194 5 from bottom, for ts read Its.
206 6 from bottom, after bloom insert all.
25911 from top, for while read white.
326 2 from bottom, for At housand read A thousand.