270. Certain words form with their attributes phrases that are used as absolute attributes, for the most part loosely joined. The phrase-forming attributes are either (A) disjunctive or (B) 5local.

271. (A) akálaʾ a thought followed by a disjunctive possessor: as so-and-so thinks: Akála ko y gamit nà aŋ sombréro ŋ itò. I think this hat has been used already, is second-hand. More commonly these phrases are used as local attribute: Aŋ haraŋà 10ŋ iyòn na naŋyári kagabè sa akála ko y paháraŋ ni Andrès. The hold-up which took place last night was, in my opinion, planned by Andrés.

272. gáya like, resembling, in the manner of; for the disjunctive attribute cf. § 177: aŋ maŋa púno-ŋ-káhoy, gáya naŋ 15tsíko trees like the custard-apple; Gáya naŋ karanyúwan inumpisahàn naŋ kúra aŋ kanya ŋ sèrmon. As usual, the priest began his sermon. Magaàn aŋ sípaʾ, hindí gáya naŋ bóla ŋ gámit sa bèsbol. The football is light, unlike the ball used in baseball. These phrases occur also as conjunctive attributes: Hindí umuwé 20si Kíko na gáya naŋ karanyúwan. Kiko did not go home as usual. Normal constructions: Aŋ húni naŋ íbo ŋ pipìt ay gáya naŋ isa ŋ sutsòt. The chirp of the humming-bird is like a whistling. aŋ maŋa gáya mo those like you, people like you.

273. kasáma (in normal constructions companion): as companion 25of, in company with: Namundok syà kasáma naŋ ilà maŋa táo-ŋ-báyan. He took the mountains along with a few fellow-townsmen.

274. Abstracts of action with prefixes in p- (see Morphology) express the time when or (so pagka- and pagkà-) the time 30immediately after which. They sometimes occur without a disjunctive modifier. Cf. § 300. Pagulàn ay gamítin mo aŋ kapóte. When it rains use your raincoat. Pagdatìŋ niya ay sabíhin mo ŋ maghintày. When he arrives tell him to wait, literally: At the arriving of him be-it-said by-you that (he) wait. Pagkasúnog 35naŋ báhay ay hinánap nilà aŋ aláhas. When the house had burned down they looked for the jewelry. Pagakpakan mò si Hwàn pagkaraàn naŋ kanyà ŋ talumpáteʾ. Applaud Juan when his speech is done.

275. pára like is followed by a conjunctive (instead of a 40disjunctive) object expression whenever an indefinite object is meant (§ 68). The phrase so formed is often a conjunctive attribute. It is closely joined: Si Pédro màn pára ni Hwàn ay nábilaŋgòʾ. Pedro too, like Juan, was put in jail. But: May katawàn sya ŋ pára ŋ táo. He has a body like a human being. Normal constructions: Pára ka ŋ kúra. You are like a priest. Aŋ lamìg naŋ kanya ŋ kamày ay pára ŋ sa patày. The coldness of 5his hand is like that of a dead person. (Cf. § 209).

276. sábi saying, that said: Sábi daw nyà ay malakì aŋ súnog. He says, I am told, that the fire was big.

277. (B) alintána despite: Nàbálot ko nà aŋ maŋa librò, alintána sa karamíhan nitò. I have managed to pack the books, 10in spite of their number.

278. áyon according to (giving the source of a statement): Áyon sa sábi naŋ marámi ay màpàpaghuli na ràw aŋ maŋa magnanákaw. According to what people say, the robbers are now near to being caught.

15279. bukòd beside, in addition to: Bukòd sa asáwa ay may dalawà sya ŋ anàk. Beside his wife, he had two children.

280. dáhil reason, cause and its derivative dahilàn, both here in the sense: on account of: Hindí nakatahòl aŋ áso dáhil sa kanya ŋ kahináan. The dog was not able to bark, on account 20of his weakness, i. e. was so weak that he could not bark. Hinúle si Hwàn naŋ pulìs dahilàn sa pagháraŋ na ginawá nya kina Andrès at kanila ŋ maŋa kaybígan. Juan was arrested by the policeman for having held up Andrés’ party and their friends. Dahilàn sa kanya ŋ pagkàgúlat ay nápaupú sya. In his surprise he 25sank down on his chair.

Note especially dáhil díto, dahil díto on account of this, therefore; the omission of ay, y is especially frequent, see § 120, A, and the example there given. Dáhil díto ay nadílat aŋ kanya ŋ maŋa matà. Through this his eyes were opened.

30281. The particle káy, ké than, more than: Aŋ búŋa ŋ itò y matamìs káy sa asúkal. This fruit is sweeter than sugar. malakàs ké sa kanyà stronger than he.

The combination káy sa has so much unity that the sa is often repeated or used where unnecessary: so always before a 35proper name: Aŋ báta ŋ si Pédro ay mataàs naŋ kauntèʾ káy sa sa lamésa. Little Pedro is a bit taller than the table. lálu ŋ mabagsìk káy sa ríto more fierce than this; Aŋ báta ŋ si Pédro ay mataàs naŋ kauntèʾ káy sa kay Hwàn. Little Pedro is a bit taller than Juan. Sya y mabúte ŋ tumugtùg ké sa kay Hwána. 40She plays better than Juana. Si Hwàn ay magúlaŋ káy sa kay Pédro. Juan is older than Pedro.

Owing to the construction described at § 120 this construction may be ambiguous: Lálo ŋ malakì aŋ gálit ni Hwàn káy sa kay Pédro. Juan’s anger is greater than Pedro’s.

282. lában against: aŋ gálit lában sa kanyà anger against him, Aŋ kapaŋyaríhan ay ginàgámit nya lában sa kanya ŋ maŋa 5kaáway. He uses his power against his enemies.

283. líban except: Aŋ maŋa karumáta ŋ itò ay upahàn, líban na lámaŋ sa ilàn. These carriages are hired, except only for a few.

284. The particle mulàʾ from and its derivative magmulàʾ 10starting from: aŋ gitnàʾ mulá sa magkábila ŋ dúlo the middle from both ends; aŋ kanyà ŋ maŋa súgat mulá sa paà haŋgàŋ úlo his wounds from feet to head; mulá ríto from here. With disjunctive attribute of time instead of local attribute: mulá noòn from then on, from that time.

15285. Words of manner with prefix pa- (see Morphology): Aŋ maŋa táo ay nagsipagtakbúhan papalabàs sa simbáhan. The people ran leaving (i. e. out of) the church. Ipinatúluy nya aŋ paglalakàd papuntà sa isa ŋ báhay. He continued walking (directed) toward a certain house.

20Commonest is patúŋo directed towards, aiming for: Tumakbo syà patúŋu sa ílog. He ran towards the river.

Regular construction: Sya y papuntà sa láŋit. He was on the way to Heaven.

286. The particle parà, pára (Spanish) for, equivalent to 25úkol (§ 288): Nagbwàl sila naŋ isa ŋ báka pára sa fiyèsta. They slaughtered a cow for the fiesta. Humúkay sila naŋ malálim parà sa patày. They dug a deep pit for the corpse. Pumútol ka bà naŋ damò parà sa kabáyo? Have you cut any grass for the horse? Also as conjunctive attribute, modifying an object expression: 30Sulat nà aŋ líham na pára kay Hwána. The letter for Juana is written.

287. tuŋkòl about, concerning: Nasiyásat naŋ hukòm aŋ lahàt naŋ bágay tuŋkòl sa kanila ŋ úsap. The judge inquired into all the matters relating to their suit. Cf.: aŋ tuŋkùl sa súnog 35the details about the fire.

288. The particle úkol is synonymous with parà (§ 286) and tuŋkòl: Humúkay sila naŋ malálim úkol sa patày. This phrase as predicate: Iyò y úkol sa maŋa hírap sa infiyèrno. This was about the sufferings in Hell.