289. Certain words precede words, phrases, and whole predications which are thereby subordinated to the main sentence as absolute attributes, loosely joined.

5The syntactic relation of these words to the expressions which they introduce seems to be the peculiar one described in § 54. However, some of them are plainly joined to their phrase by na, ŋ, and others end in -ŋ or -t. Most of them merely precede the phrase, others are closely joined.

10Finally, in a few cases predications apparently not introduced by any subordinating word are used as absolute attributes.

290. bagà (§ 216), in this sense always followed by màn (§ 221), although, is less used than káhit (§ 294). See also § 317. Baga màn nakapagpasyàl si Pédro, nátira kamì sa báhay. Although 15Pedro managed to take a walk, we staid home.

291. bágo, in this use before (in point of time), has closely joined position as regards its phrase: Aŋ maŋa kabáyo ŋ ginàgámit naŋ maŋa kanyunéros naŋ gubyèrno ay pinaíinum múna, bágo pakánin. The horses used by the artillery of the government 20are watered first, before they are fed. Nagkantáhan silà bágo naguwían. They sang together before they went home. Bágo sya y sumúlat ay makipagúsap ka sa kanyà. Before he writes have a talk with him. Magísip ka bágo ka sumagòt. Think before you answer. Balatan mò aŋ maŋgà bágu mo kánin. Peel the mango 25before you eat it. maluwat pà bágo mamatày aŋ maŋkukúlam long before the sorcerer dies.

In normal constructions bágo has the sense of new, recent: aŋ bágu ŋ báhay the new house; aŋ bágo ŋ táo an unmarried man, a youth; aŋ maŋa manòk na bágo ŋ bilè the chickens just 30bought; Bágu ŋ gáliŋ sya sa sakìt. He is recently recovered from an illness.

292. hábaŋ throughout, during, while probably consists of hábaʾ length plus ŋ. Hábaŋ sya y natùtúlog ay nakaraàn aŋ susòʾ. While he was sleeping the snail passed. Hábaŋ pinagusápan 35nilà itò aŋ ikapitù ŋ bátaʾ ay nása isa ŋ bitàk naŋ baŋkòʾ. While they were discussing this, the seventh child was in a crack of the bench. Nàlùlugmok syà hábaŋ panahòn sa isa ŋ malálim na kaluŋkútan. She was sunk constantly (literally: throughout time) in a deep sadness. A short phrase with hábaŋ may be 40closely joined: Hindí nya natagalà ŋ aŋkinìn hábaŋ búhay nya aŋ birtùd na iyòn. He did not succeed in keeping this quality as his own throughout (his) life.5

293. haŋgàŋ as far as, to, until may be haŋgàn limit, end plus ŋ; instead of the absolute construction the phrase is, however, 5often in local form. For lack of aŋ in the phrase see § 68. Naghintày sya haŋgàŋ kataŋhalían. He waited till noon. Aŋ púnoʾ ay tumúboʾ haŋgàŋ sa magbúŋa. The tree grew until (it) bore fruit. Silà ay nagtakbúhan haŋgàŋ sa dumatìŋ sila sa kanila ŋ báyan. They both ran until they arrived in their town. 10As predicate: Aŋ kúlaŋ naŋ gátas ay haŋgàŋ sa leèg naŋ bóte. The lack of milk is as far as the neck of the bottle, i. e. The milk goes only up to the neck of the bottle.

294. káhit (§ 245), with or without na, in the sense of although, no matter (cf. §§ 290. 317). The subordinate word or 15phrase has usually the form of a question; when it is an entire predication the predicate stands first: Tinalaga nyà ŋ sumáma, káhit na saàn sya dalhìn. He decided to go along, no matter where he was carried. Káhit na anò aŋ iyútos nya ay sinúsunòd. No matter what it was he ordered, (it) was obeyed. Káhit na 20madilìm aŋ gabì ay nagpasyal dìn si Pédro. Though the night was dark, Pedro nevertheless took a walk. Káhit na bahagyà aŋ ulàn ay nakabasàʾ naŋ karsáda. Though the rain was scanty, it sufficed to wet the streets. Káhit ulòl aŋ áso ay áyaw nya ŋ patayìn. Although the dog was mad, he did not want to kill it.

25Note the following instance, in which káhit na precedes its phrase as a closely joined attribute: Nàramdaman kò aŋ kalabìt nya sa ákin, káhit na akò natùtúlog. I felt his touch against me, even though I was asleep.

Phrases with káhit may be closely joined to the main sentence: 30Nàpùpútol nya káhit na walá sya ŋ kasaŋkápan aŋ bákal naŋ kanya ŋ bìlaŋgúan. He managed, even though he had no tools, to cut the iron of his prison. aŋ táo káhit laláki o babáye na nagàári sa kanyà the person, man or woman, who owns it.

295. kaniyàʾ, kanyàʾ (§ 241) expressive of result, may with 35its phrase be subordinated. It then stands as a closely joined attribute of its phrase: Kanyá nya iníwan aŋ páyoŋ ay sapagkàt nagtígil aŋ ulàn at lumiwánag aŋ láŋit. The reason he left his umbrella (quasi-subject) was because the rain let up and the sky cleared. Accordingly we may analyze as subordinate such clauses as the following: Náupó sya sa tinìk, kanyá sya nápatindìg agàd. He sat down on a spine, so as to jump at once, i. e. that is why he jumped up at once. Cf., however, § 324.

296. The particle kapàg if, in case (of single events viewed 5as completed in the future, synonymous with pagkà, § 304), see § 300: Aŋ hiniràm nya ŋ kampìt ay iyo ŋ kúnin, kapag ipinùpútol na nyà naŋ káhoy. Take away the knife he borrowed if he uses it to cut wood.

297. kayàʾ (§ 219) is sometimes used exactly like kaniyàʾ 10(§ 295): Kayàʾ aku naparíto ay kùkúnin ku aŋ hiniràm mo ŋ librò. I am going to take the book you have borrowed, so that I have come here, i. e. I have come here to.... The act is expressed as a subordinate element, the purpose as the principal sentence. Nagpùpútol si Hwàn naŋ káhoy, kayá sya y wala ríto. 15Juan is cutting wood now, that is why he is not here.

298. The atonic particle kuŋ preceding an expression of time states the time when of repeated occurrences: Gumàgámit kamì naŋ makapàl na damìt kuŋ tagulàn. We use thick clothing in the rainy season. Nagtìtípon naŋ pagkáin aŋ maŋa 20laŋgàm kuŋ tagáraw. The ants collect food in summer. Aŋ hùníhan naŋ maŋa íbon kuŋ umága ay nakalìligáya. The chirping of the birds in the morning is gladdening. Aŋ iba ŋ táwo y mabúti pa ŋ makisáma káy sa isà ŋ kapatìd kuŋ mínsan. An unrelated person is better to associate with than a brother at 25times. So: kuŋ gabè at night, of nights, kuŋ fiyèsta naŋ báyan during the (periodic) fiesta of the town, kuŋ madilìm at dark, when it is dark, kuŋ bahàʾ at flood-times, kuŋ buwàn naŋ Húniyo in June.

Occasionally the phrase with kuŋ is closely joined: Hindí 30hasàʾ kuŋ mínsan aŋ maŋa bágu ŋ patalìm sa Filipínas. In the Philippines new cutlery is sometimes without an edge (i. e. sold without an edge, to be sharpened by the purchaser).

299. With phrases in the form of a question (minus bà § 215 or bagà § 216) kuŋ expresses indirect question. The expression 35so formed stands as quasi-subject or quasi-object (cf. §§ 157. 158) or as predicate: Naalaála nya kuŋ papáno aŋ paggawàʾ naŋ salamaŋkà. He managed to recall how the trick was done. Ipináyu nya na kuŋ sínu sa kanilà aŋ pinkamahúsay na magsalitàʾ naŋ Latìn ay siya lámaŋ kàkáin naŋ itlòg. He advised 40that whoever (kuŋ síno) among them was the best at speaking Latin should be the one who alone ate the egg. Si Pédro ay nagíisìp kuŋ saàn nya naíwan aŋ kanya ŋ páyoŋ. Pedro is trying to recall where he left his umbrella. Nàlàláman mo bà kuŋ saàn sya nároon? Do you know where he is? Aŋ maŋa táo-ŋ-báyan ay nagsiyásat kuŋ maàári sila ŋ magtayò naŋ isa ŋ mákina naŋ bìgásan sa kanila ŋ báyan. The townspeople considered whether they could put up a machine for thrashing rice in their 5town. Aŋ siyásat ni Hwàn sa kanya ŋ pagparíto ay kuŋ ilà ŋ kúra aŋ nàrìritò sa áti ŋ báyan. Juan’s inquiry when he got here was how many priests there are in our town.

300. Introducing other phrases kuŋ has the sense of if, whenever (of non-actual occurrences viewed as unreal, hypothetical, 10or repeated); compare disjunctive attributes of time (§ 192, single actual occurrence), pag (§ 303, single non-actual occurrence, simultaneous), kapàg and pagkà (§§ 296, 304, single non-actual precedent occurrence), words with prefixes in p- (§ 274, single occurrence, actual or non-actual), tuwèʾ (§ 307, repeated 15actual): Kuŋ dumatìŋ si Hwàn ay umalis kà. If Juan comes, go away. Kuŋ dumatìŋ sya ay sabíhin mo ŋ maghintày. If he comes, tell him to wait. Kuŋ úulàn ay gamítin mo aŋ kapóte. If it rains, use your raincoat. Bìbilhin kò aŋ kabáyo ŋ iyòn kuŋ máy-roon akò ŋ marámi ŋ kwaltà. I should buy this horse, if I 20had enough money. Note: Kuŋ sa pagaasáwa namàn, akò y nagkaroòn naŋ dalawà. And as to (literally if) taking a wife, I had two.

301. In the same sense kuŋ with dìʾ (§ 237) or hindìʾ (§ 239) if not, precedes the second, positive member of a contrast: 25unless, but rather, beside, except (Cf. palà § 228): Hwag kà ŋ makàpakikáin-káin kuŋ hindí ka inàanyáhan. Don’t be taking meals with people unless you are invited. Walà ŋ ibà ŋ nagpàpahírap sa kanyà kuŋ hindí kayò. There is no one else who causes suffering to him, beside you.

30302. ŋayòn (§ 262), when subordinating, is conjunctively joined to its clause: Ŋayò ŋ áraw na yitò y dáratiŋ silà. On this very day they will arrive. Ŋayò ŋ táo ŋ iyòn ay patay nà, bákit namàn...? Now that this man is dead, why...?

303. The atonic particle pag gives the time when of a 35single non-actual occurrence; cf. § 274 and see § 300. Pag akò ay pagòd, natùtúlug akò naŋ maluwàt. When I am tired, I sleep late. Pag paputòl mo ŋ hiníwaʾ aŋ pakuwàn ay hindí màbìbilì aŋ banda ŋ púnoʾ. If you cut the watermelon crosswise, you will not be able to sell the stem-end. Magmùmurahàn sila ŋ dalawà 40pag nagkíta. The two will revile each other when they meet.

304. The particle pagkà (synonymous with kapàg, § 296) gives the time immediately after which of a single non-actual occurrence; cf. § 274 and see § 300. Pagka ikàw ay nahúlog ay masàsaktan kà. When you have taken a fall you will be hurt.

305. The particle patì including; cf. § 68. aŋ boò ŋ katawàn patì maŋa matà at taíŋa the whole body, including eyes 5and ears.

306. The particle sapagkàt (sa pagkà at ?) because, for: Sapagkàt aŋ pári ŋ itò ay nagakála ŋ maŋa walà ŋ pinagarálan aŋ kanyà ŋ sinèsèrmunan ay hindí sya nagpílit.... Because this priest thought his hearers were uneducated people, he took no 10pains.... Ipinapútol nya aŋ kanya ŋ dalíreʾ, sapagkàt tinubúan naŋ kànser. He had his finger amputated because there was a cancer on it. For a phrase with sapagkàt as predicate see example under kanyàʾ, § 241.

307. The particle tuwèʾ (§ 244) in this use tells the time 15when always of actual repeated occurrences: whenever, every time. It is conjunctively joined to its clause: Pinaghàhatdan nyà naŋ gátas aŋ báyan twì ŋ umága. He delivers milk in the town every morning. Pumàparíto aŋ médiko twi ŋ makalawà. The doctor comes every other day. Si Hwàn ay nakìkipagluksúhan 20twi ŋ idinàdáos aŋ maŋa palaròʾ kuŋ fyèsta naŋ báyan. Juan takes part in the jumping contest whenever games are held in the fiesta of the town. Twì ŋ papásuk akò sa síne sa áki ŋ kúyaŋ ay áyaw sya. Every time I ask my brother to take me to the moving-picture show, he refuses.

25308. úpaŋ in order to, so that (úpa pay, wages ?): Sila y naúupo pa lámaŋ úpaŋ manaŋháleʾ. They are just sitting down to eat the noon meal. Syà y tumayòʾ sa bubuŋàn naŋ báhay úpaŋ tanawìn aŋ súnog. He stood up on the roof of the house to watch the fire. Kantahàn ninyò aŋ máy sakit úpaŋ sya y 30malibàŋ. Sing for the sick man so that he may be cheered. Tináwag nilà aŋ isa ŋ kálaw úpaŋ siya ŋ magìŋ hukòm. They called an owl so that (it) might be the one who served as judge.

309. yámaŋ while, as: Aŋ púno naŋ uŋgò ay namatày yámaŋ aŋ sa pagòŋ ay tumúboʾ. The tree of the monkey died while 35that of the turtle grew.

310. Predications and similar phrases (impersonal or anaphoric) as absolute attributes, in the meaning of disjunctive attributes of time, are not uncommon: Madali-ŋ-áraw pa lámaŋ ay nàròroòn na silà. (When) it was still but dawn, they were 40already there. Makása-m-pu ŋ táwag nà ay walá pa syà. (At) the tenth call he was still not there. Makaraàn aŋ ila ŋ sandalìʾ ay sinábi nya sa susòʾ.... (When) a few moments had passed, he said to the snail.... May ápat na pu ŋ taòn na sya sa lúpa ŋ Katagalúgan ay hindí pa nya nàtutúhan ... (When) he had already been in the Tagalog country for about forty years, he had not yet learned.... Mínsan pumásuk sya sa simbáhan ay nárinig nya.... Once (when) he went to church, he heard.... 5Other examples at 26,₂₁. 28,₁₁. 66,₁₅. 92₁₃.