5515. The particle sa has transient forms as follows:
(a) A normal transient: with pà-sa, pá-pà-sa, ná-sa, ná-sà-sa. Nása simbáhan silà. They are (were) at church. Násàsa simbáhan silà naŋ maŋyáre aŋ súnog. They were at church when the fire occurred. Naŋ pása simbáhan silà.... When they went to 10church.... Pápàsa simbáhan silà. They will go to church.
Plural: Naŋása simbáhan silà. They are (were) at church.
(b) An accidental passive (of movement): má-pa-sa, má-pà-pa-sa, ná-pa-sa-, ná-pà-pa-sa-; abstract: pagká-pa-sa. Naŋ mápasa simbáhan silà ay malálim nà aŋ gabì. When they got to the church, 15it was already late at night. Mápàpasa simbáhan silà sa gabì. They will strike the church at nightfall. aŋ pagkápasa simbáhan a chance coming upon the church.
516. The (transient) forms of -giŋ are ma-gìŋ, ma-gí-giŋ, na-gìŋ, na-gí-giŋ; abstract: pa-gi-gìŋ. Magpùpútol daw naŋ buhòk 20aŋ Intsèk na si Yèŋ pagigìŋ binyágan nya. The Chinaman Yeng says he will have his queue cut when he gets baptized.
517. ba- seems to appear in ba-lasìŋ.
518. hin-, with irregular nasalization of initials, in one simple 25derivative: Aŋ kanya ŋ himatày ay hindí nalaúnan. Her fainting-fit did not last long (matày). -himagsìk (bagsìk) does not occur, but underlies many derivatives, especially maghimagsìk (§ 352,c) and hìmagsíkan (§ 377,a). Many such underlying forms can be postulated from the various transients with maŋhin- 30(§ 357,b).
(a) With r: aŋ hintutúroʾ the forefinger (túroʾ).
519. kala- in aŋ kalaháteʾ a half; aŋ kalatimbàʾ dipping on the heels and rising, hands holding opposite ears (as trick or imposed as a punishment), from hátiʾ and timbàʾ a well-bucket; these 35have various further derivatives, see Index.
520. kasiŋ- having such and such a quality in common with something else; hence partly equivalent with ka-: Kasiŋkúlay naŋ áki ŋ bároʾ aŋ kanya ŋ salawàl. His trousers are of the same color as my blouse. Aŋ bóla ŋ itò ay kasiŋlakì naŋ itlòg. This ball is the same size as an egg. Si Hwàn ay kasiŋpantày ni Pédro. Juan is of the same height as Pedro.
521. mala- (Spanish ?) derogatory: aŋ malasutsòt a young lout, a half-grown boy (literally: a bad whistler).
5522. pala- expresses extreme tendency to such and such an action:
(a) pala- S -in, from oxytone roots: Sya y isa ŋ palabintáŋin. He is very distrustful. Aŋ maŋa isdà y palabùlúkin sa tagáraw. Fish easily spoil in the hot season. aŋ palaluŋkútin a 10melancholy person, palapùtákin a fowl given to cackling, palasumbúŋin tattle-tale, palasutsútin one who is always whistling, palatuntúnin one who is always trying to follow up his stolen property, palatuwáin palatwáin one who is easily amused.
From root with shifted accent: palasàkítin person who is always 15getting sick. Irregularly: palahùníhin an animal given to neighing, chirping, etc.
Lack of secondary accent: palaiyákin a cry-baby.
(b) pala- (2) -in, from barytone roots: palagalitìn a hot-head, palagisiŋìn a poor sleeper, palagutumìn one who is always 20getting hungry, palagulatìn nervous person, palahilawìn a kind of rice that is hard to cook through; Palaputulìn aŋ maŋa tiŋtìŋ naŋ walìs na ytò. The fibres of this broom are very brittle. palatakutìn a timorous person.
(c) palà- -an the place for such and such a thing: aŋ palàisdáan 25a fish-pond, palàsiŋsíŋan the ring-finger, the fourth finger, palàtuntúnan a set of rules, rules of order.
523. ta- in ta-gílid the side; with retraction of accent: -talíkod.
524. tag- in names of seasons: tagáraw, tagulàn, the two 30Philippine seasons; aŋ taglamìg cold weather, the (American) winter. With accent-shift: taginìt the hot season.
525. taga- person whose duty it is to do so and so, especially upon some particular occasion: aŋ tagaalìs naŋ gwarnisyòn naŋ kabáyo the one detailed to unharness the horses, tagabílaŋ accountant, 35counter, tagaíkid sa gawaàn naŋ lúbid the one who rolls up a rope in the rope-factory; Ikàw ay tagainùm lámaŋ. Your job here is only to drink; so: tagakáin one whose only duty is to eat. Tagapútol naŋ káhoy aŋ katuŋkúlan niyà. He is delegated to cut wood. tagasúlat the one who does the writing; tagatahèʾ one who does the 40sewing. So from: húli, sulsì.
(a) With pag-: tagapagbigày, tagapagtaŋgòl.
(b) With pag-pa- one whose duty it is to oversee the doing of so and so: aŋ tagapagpaalìs naŋ tapòn naŋ maŋa bóte head bottle-opener; tagapagpainùm sa fiyèsta bartender at a fiesta; Isa ŋ tagapagpainùm ay isa ŋ tagapagbigày naŋ inumìn sa maŋa háyop o maŋa bátaʾ. So: aŋ tagapagpakáin who gives food to animals or 5children, tagapagpalígoʾ who bathes children or horses, tagapagpasúlat head writer, tagapagpatotoò witness.
526. tara-, tra- is felt to be a prefix in: aŋ táo ŋ tarabúko, trabúko a bald-headed person, felt as derivative from búko smooth, unripe cocoanut.
10527. -éro (Spanish) as suffix of agent; final vowel (or vowel plus n or glottal stop) is lost: baŋkéro, sabuŋéro, sipéro (sipéros, plural); from derived word: Katipunéros (ka-tipún-an, § 423); from compound word: básag-uléro a brawler, ruffian (básag-úlo).
15528. The various forms of the pronouns and objectivizing particles show some regular derivation.
(a) n- with irregularities, for disjunctive forms: n-aŋ, n-i (si), n-inà n-ilà (sinà silà), n-íno (síno), n-irè, n-itò, n-iyàn, n-oòn (iyòn, yaòn); n-ità (kità), n-iyà (siyà), n-ilà (silà). From the 20prepositive form: n-átin, n-ámin, n-iniyò.
Similarly, the particle nawàʾ, root áwaʾ pity.
(b) ka- for local and prepositive forms: ka-y (si), k-inà (sinà); from the disjunctive form: ka-níno, ka-nità, ka-niyà. ka-nilà.
25(c) With si compare sí-no, with aŋ, a-nò.
(d) Local equivalents of the demonstrative pronouns (treated as separate roots): d-íne (irè), d-íto (itò), d-iyàn, d-oòn.
(e) Words of manner with ga-: ga-áno, gá-no (anò), ga-yòn (iyòn). From disjunctive forms: ga-nitò, ga-niyàn, ga-noòn. Cf. 30also gáya like.
Of similar formation: Aŋ butò naŋ haláma ŋ itò y gabútil naŋ pálay. The seed of this plant is as large as a grain of rice (bútil a kernel of grain).