350. Many roots form their active with the prefix mag- for the contingent, nag- for the actual mode; the durative is reduplicated 35before the prefix is added. The corresponding abstract of action has unaccented reduplication and prefix pag-. Thus: nagpútol, nag-pù-pútol, mag-pútol, mag-pù-pútol, pag-pu-pútol. These actives express, generally, a more deliberate action than those with -um-; often also one involving more effect on external objects than 40do those with -um-. We take up first those roots from which forms with -um- do not occur in our material:

Akò y nagáantòk. I am sleepy. Aŋ lúsoŋ kay Hwàn sa kanya ŋ pagaaráro ay nagsidatiŋ nà. The helpers for Juan in his plowing have arrived (aŋ aráro a plow). Si Pédro ay magàasáwa. Pedro is going to take a wife. Si Pédro ay magàasáwa kay Hwána. Pedro is going to marry Juana. Silà y nagàáway. They are fighting. 5magbáhay build a house. Akò y nagbastà naŋ áki ŋ damìt. I packed up my clothes. Sya y nagbáyad naŋ kanyà ŋ maŋa útaŋ. He paid off his debts. magbayò pound rice in a mortar. magbigàs hull rice (i. e. make bigàs, hulled rice, out of pálay, rice in the grain). Sya y nagbigày naŋ librò sa ákin. He gave me 10some books. Sya y nagbíhis kanína ŋ umága. She put on her good clothes this morning. Aŋ pagbibiyábo ay isa ŋ ugáli naŋ maŋa Intsèk. Swinging the feet when sitting is a habit of the Chinese. Nagbiyày si Hwàn naŋ isdàʾ sa kanya ŋ palàisdáan. Juan put some fish into his fishpond. magbuhòl tie a knot. Nagbwàl 15sila naŋ isa ŋ púno-ŋ-káhoy. They felled a tree. Aŋ ságiŋ ay nagdàdáhon. The banana-tree is putting out leaves. Aŋ paghahásaʾ naŋ paŋáhit ay mahírap. Sharpening razors is difficult. Sya y nagháhatìd naŋ maŋa laráwan sa simbáhan. He is delivering images to the church. Maghubad kà naŋ damìt. Take off your 20clothes. Sya y naghùhúgas naŋ piŋgàn. She is washing dishes. Naghuŋkòy sya. He fanned rice. magíhaw roast (something). Nagkamìt sya naŋ marámi ŋ túboʾ. He obtained much profit. Sya y nagkúkuble. He is in hiding. maglakòʾ peddle (something). Maglálarú na siyà. He is going to play after all. Naglarú na 25akò. I have played enough now. Naglálaro silà. They are playing. Naglawìt akò naŋ lúbid sa bintánaʾ. I hung a rope out of the window. maglúgaw prepare rice-broth. Naglùlúto siyà naŋ gúlay. She is cooking vegetables. Sya y magpápasyàl. He is going to take a walk. Nagpùpúnas sya naŋ sahìg. He is scrubbing 30floors. Nagpúyat akò kagabì. I staid up last night. magsáiŋ cook rice dry (with little water). Nagsampày sya naŋ damìt. She hung out some clothes. Sya y nagtábon naŋ isa ŋ húkay. He dammed up a ditch. Magtahàn ka naŋ paglalaròʾ. Stop playing. Naŋ nárinig nya iyòn ay malakì aŋ kanya ŋ nagìŋ pagtatakà. 35When he heard this, his surprise was great. Sya y nagtálì naŋ bábuy sa halíge. He tied a pig to the post. Magtúrù ka naŋ wíka ŋ Kapampáŋan sa iyo ŋ pàaralàn. Teach the Pampanga language in your school. Sya y nagtùtúroʾ. He is teaching. Támà aŋ kanya ŋ pagtutwìd. His reckoning is correct. Sya y nagusísaʾ. 40He made inquiry. Sya y nagusísa naŋ marámi ŋ bágay. He inquired into many things. Hindí ba akò nagútos sa iyò ŋ gumawá itò? Didn’t I order you to do this? Aŋ pagwawalá naŋ maŋà bíhag ay pinarùrusáhan naŋ kamàtáyan. The escaping of captives is punished with death. Sya y nagwáwalìs. She is sweeping.

Other roots so used: akálaʾ, alaskuwátro, alsà, aluwáge, aniyòʾ, 5áriʾ, balítaʾ, bantày, báŋon, bátis, baòn, bigkàs, bendisiyòn, biniyàg, bintàŋ, bunòʾ, búŋa, daàn, dalamhátiʾ, dasàl, dáos, dáyaʾ, díwaŋ, dugòʾ, dúsa, rosáriyo, hágis, handàʾ, háriʾ, hátol, hinálaʾ, hintày, hintòʾ, hírap, hiwalày, íŋat, kasàl, kúlaŋ, kumpisàl, kurùs, kuwènto, lasìŋ, libàŋ, libìŋ, ligtàs, limòs, litsòn, liwalìw, lubày, lublòb, 10mahàl, máno, masìd, milágro, mísa, mulàʾ, niŋnìŋ, pasiyènsiya, paséyo, sábi, sábog, sáboŋ, sadiyàʾ, salitàʾ, sánay, silbè, simbà, sísi, siyásat, súboʾ, sugàl, sumbòŋ, sundálo, tabáko, tadtàd, tágoʾ, tálo, talumpátiʾ, tamò, taniyàg, taŋày, taŋgòl, tígil, tindìg, trabáho, túlin, túlos, umpisà, úsap, wíkaʾ.

15351. When a root is used both with -um- and mag-, the latter form usually differs by adding another object affected (dumalà bear, bear up: magdalà carry to someone, to a place; bumalìk go back; magbalìk return to a place, to someone); in some instances the added object is the actor himself (reflexive); in others the 20mag- form expresses a general activity, that with -um- a specific act (so, in part, pútol). Examples:

Sya y nagàáral. He is studying (umáral is known as an archaic word for teach morals, instruct; aŋ áral that taught, precept, moral doctrine). Magbaluktot kà naŋ yantòk. Curve some 25pieces of rattan (bumaluktòt, § 348, intransitive or of a single specific transitive action). Magbálot ka naŋ súman, naŋ sigarìlyo. Roll up some suman, some cigarettes (more general than -um-); Magbálot ka naŋ kúmot. Wrap yourself up in a blanket (cf. -um-, § 348). Si Hwàn ay nagbigtì. Juan hanged himself; aŋ pagbibigtì 30suicide by hanging. Nagbilè si Hwána naŋ marámi ŋ sombréro. Juana sold many hats. Nagbíbile si Hwána naŋ sombréro. Juana is selling hats (bumilì buy). Siya y nagdádala naŋ túbig sa kabáyo. He is bringing water to the horse. Aŋ bátaʾ ay nagdádala naŋ káhoy. The boy is bringing wood. Hwag kà ŋ magdamdàm 35sa hindí ko pagkatupàd naŋ áki ŋ paŋákoʾ, sapagkàt iyò y hindí ko sinadyàʾ. Don’t feel bad about my not having fulfilled my promise, for I did not do it intentionally (dumamdàm feel something). Si Hwàn ay naghampàs noò ŋ Byerne-sànto ŋ nagdaàn. Juan performed flagellation last Good Friday. Maghánap 40kayò naŋ inyo ŋ ikabùbúhay. Go and find a living for yourselves. Sya y nagháraŋ naŋ púno-ŋ-káhoy sa daàn. He blocked the road with a tree. Aŋ paghaháraŋ sa daàn ay báwal. It is forbidden to make obstructions on the roads. Naghátì ako naŋ maŋa buŋa-ŋ-káhoy sa maŋa bátaʾ. I distributed fruits among the children; ... naŋ damò sa maŋa kabáyo ... grass to the horses. aŋ paghaháti naŋ maŋa búŋa-ŋ-káhoy sa maŋa bátaʾ the distribution of 5fruits to the children. Naghínà sya naŋ pagtuktòk sa pintòʾ. He made his knocking at the door gentle. Sya y nagìínit naŋ gátas. She is heating some milk. Magísip ka. Bethink yourself, Be reasonable. Si Hwàn ay nagísip na nakáwan si Pédro. Juan planned to rob Pedro. Aŋ kanya ŋ pagiísip ay matálas (mahínaʾ). His 10thinking-power is acute (weak). Silà y nagkàmáyan naŋ magkíta. They shook hands when they met. Maglabas kà naŋ maŋa sìlya. Bring out some chairs. aŋ paglalákad the drawing of something on foot; Naglákad aŋ maŋa estudyànte naŋ isà ŋ karósa. The students drew a float. Sya y naglíbot naŋ isa ŋ bandílaʾ. He 15walked about bearing a flag. Sya y naglìlínis naŋ mésa. He cleans tables. Aŋ pagnanákaw ay isa ŋ kasalána ŋ mabigàt. Thievery is a serious offense (numákaw of a single theft). Nagpìpílit sya ŋ magbukàs naŋ kaba ŋ bákal. He tries (often) to force open safes. Pagpupútol ni Hwàn naŋ búhoʾ ay pumaroòn ka t tulúŋan 20mo syà. When Juan cuts bamboo (as an occupation throughout a longer period of time), go along and help him. Magpùpútol kamì naŋ maŋa kawáya ŋ gàgamítin sa pagtatayò naŋ báhay. We shall cut bamboo for use in building houses. Magpùpútol akò naŋ kukò. I am going to cut my fingernails (reflexive). Nagpútol naŋ buhòk 25aŋ Intsèk na si Yàp. The Chinaman Yap cut his queue. Nagsakày sya sa kanya ŋ baŋkà naŋ dalawa ŋ estudyànte. He took two students into his canoe. Nagsikìp aŋ daàn. The road grew crowded (apparently equal to -um-, but cannot be used of a garment). Nagsísiksik si Hwàn naŋ bigàs sa sáko. Juan was stuffing 30rice into the sack. Sya y nagsuklày. She combed her hair. Aŋ pagtatahòl naŋ áso ŋ itò sa maŋa nagdàdàánan ay masamà ŋ ugáleʾ. This dog’s way of barking at passers-by is a bad habit. Aŋ Kastílaʾ ay nagtátanòŋ. The Spaniard was asking questions. Nagtanùŋ akò kay Hwàn kuŋ saàn aŋ daàn. I asked Juan where 35the road was (mag- with indirect questions or questions implied). Si Hwàn ay syà ŋ nagtáwag naŋ bágo ŋ léyi. It was Juan who announced (as town crier) the new law. Aŋ pagtatáwag ni Hwàn ay hindí márinig naŋ karamíhan dahilàn sa mahínà nya ŋ tinìg. Juan’s announcement was not audible to the majority, owing to 40his weak voice. Sya y nagtayó naŋ bágu ŋ báhay. He built a new house. Aŋ pagtatayó naŋ maŋa báhay díto ay lubhà ŋ mahalagà. The building of houses here is very expensive. Nagtikwàs si Pédro naŋ maŋa suléras naŋ báhay. Pedro put some of the joists of the house out of level. Aŋ pagtitipìd naŋ kwàlta ay ginágawá naŋ maráme. Many people save money. Nagtipìd si Hwàn sa kanya ŋ pananamìt. Juan was saving of his clothing. Aŋ pagtitípon naŋ maŋa àrmas ay báwal. Storing up arms is forbidden. 5Magtípun ka naŋ káhoy. Store up some wood. Sila y nagtípon naŋ káhoy sa likòd naŋ kanila ŋ báhay. They stored up wood in the rear of their house. Nagtípon siya naŋ manèʾ sa isa ŋ súlok naŋ bakúran. He kept a pile of peanuts in a corner of his yard. Sya y nagtúlak naŋ isinùsúloŋ na kahò ŋ bákal. He did the shoving 10of the iron chest that was being moved (-um- shoved at, took part in the shoving). Magúubra aŋ karitò ŋ itò sa mahírap na daàn. This wagon will be suitable for difficult roads. Nagupó sya naŋ maŋa báta sa baŋkòʾ. He seated some children on the bench.

15Similarly: balìk, bukàs, kantà, sáboy, sáma, sarà, sayàw, takbò, talòn, tánod, tirà, yáyaʾ.

352. Transients with mag- are much used with derived words; in so far as these belong to secondary groups, they will be treated below; see §§ 384. 405. 410. 427,a. 430,a.b.c. 453,a. 489. 20489,a. 513.

(a) From phrases: Nagmàmadali-ŋ-áraw. The day is dawning (madalì ŋ áraw proximate day, i. e. dawn, daybreak), nagmèmè-áriʾ is possessing, has mastery of (may áriʾ owner, master). naghàháti-ŋ-gabì. It is midnight (háti ŋ gabì midnight). pagtatatlo-ŋ-gabì 25the three nights’ celebration (tatlò ŋ gabì).

(b) From compound words: pagbibigày-loòb (bigày-loòb); Aŋ maghampas-lúpaʾ ay nakasìsíraʾ naŋ púri. Being a vagabond is dishonorable (hampàs-lúpaʾ); maghàhánap-búhay (hánap-búhay).

30(c) From derived words: Transients with mag- from the contingent of transients with -um- express insistent and prolonged action: Káhit na walá sya ŋ talíno ay nagpùpumílit sya ŋ màtúto. Although he has no gifts, he is trying very hard to get educated. Sya y nagpùpumílit na pumaroòn sa pìknik. He is 35trying hard to be able to go to the picnic (pumílit). Similarly, nagtùtumirà (tumirà).

From words with prefix ma- (§ 454) in the sense of making something or making (claiming) oneself to have a quality: Magmámadalì táyo naŋ paglákad, úpaŋ hwàg táyo ŋ máhuli sa trèn. 40We will hurry our pace, so as not to be late for the train (madalìʾ). Nagmámaligsì si Kulàs sa pagsunòd sa maŋa útos sa kanyà. Nicolás is quick about obeying the orders that are given him (maligsì). Nagmalwàt sya naŋ pagparíto. He took a long time coming here. Hwag kà ŋ magmaluwàt naŋ pagparíto. Don’t take too long about coming here (maluwàt). Similarly, pagmamarúnoŋ (marúnoŋ).

5From various words: Sila y naghimagsìk. They came to an armed conflict (-himagsìk § 518). Si Hwána ay naghíhimatày. Juana is fainting (himatày). Si Hwána ay nagkàkakanìn. Juana makes sweetmeats (for sale) (kakanìn, § 367,e). Sya y nagkalatimbà naŋ marámi. He did the well-bucket exercise many times 10(kala-timbàʾ, § 519).

(d) Especially common are transients with mag- from special static words with suffix -an; they express mutual or concerted action by two or more actors.

From the forms in S -an (§ 377): Nagàlísan aŋ maŋà aluwáge 15no ŋ lúnes nan hápon. The carpenters all left last Monday afternoon (àlís-an). Naglàlàbásan silà. They were all going out. Silà y nagpìtásan naŋ maŋa biyábas. They all picked guavas together. Magsìsìgáwan múna táyo bágo tapúsin aŋ mítiŋ. We will all give a yell together before we close the meeting. Aŋ maŋa áso 20sa báya ŋ itò ay nagtàhúlan kagabì. The dogs in this town all barked last night. Similarly, from: baŋkàʾ, bastà, daàn, hukòm, iyàk, kamày, kantà, salitàʾ, takbò, tampò, taniyàg, tipàn, tugtòg, uwìʾ. The form in S -an is itself from a derived word in: Naghìmagsíkan aŋ maŋà sundálo ŋ Tagálog at Kastílaʾ. The Tagalog 25and Spanish soldiers fought each other (hìmagsíkan from -himagsìk, § 518).

From the forms in S (1) -an (§ 378): Nagààwítan silà naŋ akò y dumatìŋ. They were singing in chorus when I arrived. Magìbígan kayò. Love one another. Nagììbígan si Pédro at si 30Hwána. Pedro and Juana love each other. Aŋ ginawá nya ŋ pagmumùráhan naŋ kanyà ŋ maŋà kalákal ay dahilàn sa kanya ŋ paŋaŋailáŋan naŋ kwàlta. His putting down the prices of his goods was due to his need of money. Similarly: hákot, káin.

From forms in (2) -an (§ 379): Hwag kayò ŋ magmurahàn 35sa daàn. Don’t abuse each other on the street. Nagmùmurahàn silà. They were engaged in an abusive quarrel. Aŋ kàgalítan ni Pétra at ni Kulása ay natápus sa hàyága ŋ pagmumurahàn. The hostility between Petra and Nicolasa ended in an abusive quarrel in public. Nagpurihàn aŋ dalawa ŋ magkaybígan sa kanila ŋ pagtatalumpáteʾ. 40The two friends praised each other in their speeches. Nagpùpurihàn aŋ maŋa kaybíga ŋ itò sa pàhayágan. This group of friends praise each other in the newspapers. Si Hwána at si Maryà ay nagputulàn naŋ kukò. Juana and Maria cut their fingernails. Silà y nagsàgasaàn. They all jostled one another. Aŋ pagsasàgasaàn naŋ maŋa táo ay lubhà ŋ magulò. The jostling of all the people was most confused. Nagsugatàn silà. They inflicted wounds on one another. magtaanàn flee. Aŋ kanila ŋ pagtutuluŋàn 5ay hindí nátulòy. Their plan to help each other was not carried out. Similarly: ágaw, balítaʾ, dáhil, hánap, haráŋ, lában.

From diminutives in D -an (§ 381): Magàaswaŋ-aswáŋan daw si Pédro sa karnabàl. Pedro says he will dress up as a bogey-man for the carnival. Hwag kà ŋ magaswàŋ-aswáŋan. Don’t 10play bogey-man. Nagmanòk-manúkan si Hwàn sa karnabàl. Juan masqueraded as a rooster at the carnival. Silà y nagùuŋgú-uŋgúan. They are playing at being monkeys. Nagusà-usáhan siyà. He pretended he was a deer. So also: dapàʾ. From (1) D -an: Sya y nagbabá-babayíhan. He went dressed as a woman. 15So also from tákot.

353. Transients with accent shift and mag- may owe the shift to the root; so from ábot (§ 337): Nagáabòt si Hwàn naŋ sigarìlyo sa kanya ŋ maŋa kaybígan. Juan is passing cigarettes to his friends. Aŋ pagaabòt naŋ sigarìlyo ay isa ŋ ugáli ŋ magálaŋ. 20Passing cigarettes is a polite custom (umabòt, § 348,c, does not involve a person to whom). So also múra.

In the great majority of instances, however, the accent shift is not peculiar to the root, but constitutes a special formation, which expresses a more plentiful and diverse action than the transient 25with -um- or simple mag-. Silà y nagbábabàg. They are fighting each other. Magbarú ka. Get dressed, Put on your clothes. Sya y nagbunòt naŋ damò. He plucked up a lot of grass. Maghanàp kayò naŋ maŋa bulaklàk sa páraŋ. Go and look for flowers in the woods. Pabayaàn nawá ninyò na sya y maghanàp. 30Please allow him to make an inspection. Naghatí ako naŋ maŋa itlòg na pinatigasàn ni Hwána. I halved a quantity of eggs which Juana had hard-boiled. aŋ paghahatè naŋ maŋa mansánas the halving of the apples. Magisip kà naŋ maŋa lugàr na maàári ŋ kinaiwánan mo naŋ iyò ŋ librò. Think of the various places where 35you may have left your book. Si Hwàn ay nagíisip naŋ maŋa iháhandá nya sa fiyèsta. Juan is thinking of what things he will serve at the fiesta. Hwag kà ŋ magputòl naŋ abakà, Hwàn. Don’t cut up any hemp, Juan. Magpúputol kamì naŋ búhoʾ, yantòk, at bayúgin, pagdatìŋ námin doòn. We shall cut slender bamboo, rattan, 40and thick bamboo when we get there. Nagputòl si Hwàn naŋ tubò sa pinások nya ŋ tubúhan. Juan cut down a lot of sugar-cane in the cane-field he got into. Nagpúputol naŋ kawáyan na hindí nya árì si Hwàn. Juan cuts down bamboo that does not belong to him. Nagpuyàt akò sa maŋa gabì ŋ nagdaàn. I have repeatedly staid up late the last few nights. Hindí ko màputúlan naŋ tahìd aŋ kátyaw, sapagkàt itò y nagsísikàd. I couldn’t cut the rooster’s spur, because it kept struggling with its feet. Sya y 5nagsísinuŋalìŋ. He is telling lies. Pagsusulàt nya naŋ maŋa súlat ay pumaroòn ka t linísin mo aŋ kanyà ŋ aralàn. While he is writing all his letters, go and clean his study. Aŋ paŋinoò y nagtawàg naŋ maŋa alílaʾ. The master called various servants. Nagtátawag syà naŋ maŋa kitèʾ, naŋ ákin sya ŋ datnàn sa bakúran. 10She was calling to a lot of little chicks when I came upon her in the yard. Aŋ pagtatawag nyà sa maŋa kitèʾ at aŋ maŋa pùtákan naŋ maŋa manòk ay nakabíbiŋì. Her constant calling to the chicks and the clucking of all the hens made a deafening noise. Aŋ báta y nagtúturó naŋ kanyà ŋ gustò. The child points at the various 15things it wants. Hwag kà ŋ magutàŋ. Don’t go about asking for credit. Aŋ magutàŋ sa marámi ŋ tindáhan ay hindí maínam na ugáleʾ. Buying on credit in many shops is a bad habit. Similarly from: bálot, íŋay, lákad, láyag, líbot, tágoʾ.

(a) When transients with mag- are made from derived words, 20the accent of the underlying word is occasionally shifted, apparently without change of meaning: Sya y nagmayabàŋ. He boasted (mayábaŋ, § 454). Similarly: magkákalahatèʾ (kalahátiʾ § 519).

(b) In one such case there is not only accent shift, but also secondary accent on the first syllable of the underlying word: Sya 25y nagmápuri. He praised himself. Sya y nagmàmàpurì. He is praising himself. Aŋ pagmamápuri ay hindí magandà ŋ ugáliʾ. Praising oneself is not a becoming habit (ma-púri, § 454).

354. The corresponding form from oxytone roots is made with unaccented reduplication of the underlying word: mag-si-sigàw, 30mag-si-si-sigàw, nag-si-sigàw, nag-sí-si-sigàw; the abstract, however, lacks the extra reduplication, coinciding with that of §§ 350. 351: pag-si-sigàw.

Sya y naggugupìt naŋ maŋa papèl. He cut some pieces of paper into bits. Sya y naggúgugupìt naŋ maŋa papèl. He is cutting 35up some pieces of paper. Aŋ báta ŋ si Hwàn, kuŋ walà ŋ mágawaʾ, ay sya ŋ nagháhahampàs sa maŋa púnu-ŋ-ságiŋ. It is little Juan who goes whipping at the banana-trees when he can’t find anything to do. Hwag kà ŋ magpupukòl naŋ batò, sapagkàt baká mo tamáan aŋ bintána ŋ salamìn. Don’t be always throwing 40stones; you might break a window. Nagpúpuputàk aŋ inahì ŋ manòk na nása kuluŋàn. The hen in the crate keeps up a constant cackling. Ilágan mo aŋ dumáratiŋ na kabáyo na nagtátatakbò. Look out for the horse that’s coming there; it’s a run-away. Nagúuupú sya sa damò. He always sits on the grass. So also: dugòʾ, inòm, lundàg, sigàw, tagpòʾ.

(a) In one instance a barytone root has this reduplication 5with explicit plural meaning: magkikíta see one another, meet (of more than two people, cf. magkíta).

355. Accent shift and reduplication of the root appear in barytone roots in the same sense as accent-shift alone, with perhaps a somewhat greater intensity of the action: Nagpúpuputòl 10naŋ retáso aŋ bátaʾ. The child was cutting some rags into small bits. Aŋ kátyaw ay nagsísisikàd. The rooster kept struggling with its legs. Sya y nagtátatawàg naŋ maŋa kitèʾ. She kept calling to the chickens.

356. With doubling of the root, transients in mag- express 15either action repeated at intervals or reciprocal action of explicitly more than two actors: Nagisà-isà aŋ maŋa bátaʾ naŋ paglápit sa ákin. The children came to me one by one. So from: duklày, hiwalày, úlit.

(a) In one instance the root has accent shift: Naguna-unà 20aŋ maŋa bátaʾ naŋ paglápit sa ákin. The children vied with each other for the first place in coming to me.