404. k-um-a-. An active with -um- is made from ka-úsap as underlying word: Si Hwàn ay kumàkaúsap sa ákin. Juan 20was talking at me, haranguing me.

405. mag-ka- pag-ka-ka-. Actives with mag- and abstracts with pag- r from underlying words with ka- express a partial affection of the actor or of a group of actors; ka- here has its involuntary force: the actor is not a rational and voluntary agent. 25Nagkaroòn ako naŋ trabáho kanína ŋ umága, sapagkàt nagpasakày akò sa trèn naŋ maŋa kamátis naŋ tátay ko. I was kept busy this morning, for I attended to the shipping by train of my father’s tomatoes. Nagkaroòn sya naŋ gálit. He harbored ill-feeling. Nagkagulò aŋ maŋa Amerikáno sa pagdatìŋ naŋ Dòytsland. The 30Americans were surprised at the coming of the “Deutschland”. Nagkagustò sya ŋ kumáin naŋ súhaʾ. He conceived a desire of eating grape-fruit. Nagkàkalípon aŋ maŋa laŋgàm sa púto. The ants are getting all over the cake. Akò y nagkamálay pagkaraàn naŋ ilà ŋ sandalì ŋ paghihimatày. I returned to consciousness 35after a few moments’ fainting-spell. Nagkapálad si Hwàn na makaratìŋ díto ŋ maluwalhátiʾ. Juan was fortunate enough to get back here safe and sound. Aŋ pakwàn ay nagkasíraʾ. The watermelon got partly spoiled. Aŋ maŋa ságiŋ ay nagkasíraʾ sa kalaúnan naŋ pagkàtágoʾ sa lalagyàn. Some of the bananas got spoiled on 40account of the long time they were kept stored. Nása simbáhan. silà naŋ magkasúnog. They were at church when a fire occurred. Twi ŋ papasúkin ko sa kuràl aŋ maŋa kalabàw ay nagkákawalá silà. Every time I put the carabao into the corral, they get away.

So: búkol, hinòg.

406. mag-ka- (1) pag-ka-ka- (1). Accent shift in this formation serves various uses:

5(a) It may be due to the root: Si Hwàn ay nagkasakìt noo ŋ bwà ŋ nagdaàn. Juan had a sickness last month. Si Hwàn ay hindí makapútol naŋ káhoy, sapagkàt mahínà pa sya dahilàn sa pagkakasakìt. Juan cannot cut wood, because he is still weak on account of his recent illness.

10(b) It expresses plurality: Magkákaputòl aŋ maŋa tubò. The sugar-cane will get broken in numbers. Nagkaputòl aŋ maŋa tubò sa lakàs naŋ háŋin. The sugar-cane broke in quantity under the violence of the wind. Nagkákaputòl aŋ maŋa tubò sa kalakasàn naŋ háŋin. Much sugar-cane is breaking under the force of 15the wind.

So also from lúnod.

(c) The form is really a simple active with mag- from an underlying word of the form ka- (1), § 398,c; three words of this kind occur: Sila y nagkagalìt. They quarreled. aŋ pagkakagalìt 20the quarrel. Aŋ Hapòn at aŋ Tsína ay nagkasiràʾ. Japan and China had a break. Silà y nagkatalò. They played a winning-and-losing game. Nagkatalu nà aŋ maŋa nagsúsugàl. The gamblers have lost and won, have finished their winning-and-losing game.

In accordance with § 356, the underlying word is doubled with 25distributive plural meaning: Sila ŋ ápat ay nagkagá-kagalìt. The four of them all got angry at one another.

Similarly, an explicit plural with mag-si-pag- is formed (cf. § 386,b): Nagsipagkasirá silà. They had a falling out.

407. (a) mag-ka- r pag-ka-ka- r. The reduplication of the 30root expresses repeated action in a form with retraction of accent and irregular insertion of ŋ after the prefix: Sya y nagkàkaŋdadápaʾ. He kept falling on his face.

(b) mag-ka- D pag-ka-ka- D. Doubling of the root seems a more regular expression of the same value: nagkàkaumpòg-umpòg. 35

408. Special static words with mag-ka- are simply dual collectives with mag- (§ 358,a) from underlying words with ka- (§ 398): Aŋ banìg ni Hwàn at ni Pédro ay magkaánib (or: magkasánib) sa pagkàlátag. Juan’s and Pedro’s sleeping-mats overlap 40each other as they are spread. aŋ magkabaláe a pair of persons related by intermarriage of their children (more insistent on the relational element, but practically equal to magbaláe, § 358,a). Aŋ dalawa ŋ manòk ay magkabukòd naŋ kuluŋàn. The two chickens were in separate crates. Aŋ búkid ni Hwàn at ni Pédro ay magkarátig. Juan’s field and Pedro’s border on each other. Si Pédro at si Hwàn ay magkapantày. Pedro and Juan are of the same height. aŋ magkapatìd two brothers or sisters, a brother and 5a sister. aŋ magkapútol na si Andrès at si Rafayèl the brothers Andrés and Rafael. Magkapútol kamì ni Hwàn naŋ bároʾ. Juan and I have blouses made of the same cloth. dalawà ŋ bágay na gàgawi ŋ magkasunòd two things that are to be done one after the other.

10(a) From kababáyan (§ 398,d): dalawà ŋ estudyànte ŋ magkababáyan two students from the same town.

409. mag-ka-ka. As the explicit plural corresponding to these duals reduplicates the underlying word (§ 358,b), the syllable ka- is repeated in this meaning: aŋ magkakapatìd a group of 15three or more brothers and (or) sisters; in the same meaning aŋ magkakapútol. So also from: bukòd, sáma, súnoʾ.

(a) The form magkababáyan (§ 408,a) rejects the extra reduplication, and is therefore plural as well as dual: tatlo ŋ estudyànte ŋ magkababáyan three students from the same town.

20410. mag-kà- pag-ka-kà-. The transient with mag- and abstract with pag- r from underlying words with kà- have the accidental value of the latter prefix, usually with a dual reciprocal meaning. Sa kabilà ŋ bandà mo ibwàl aŋ púno ŋ iyàn, sapagkàt kuŋ irè ay ibuwal kò y baká magkádagan aŋ dalawa ŋ púnoʾ. 25Fell your tree in the direction away from me, so that if I fell this one, the two trees won’t fall one on top of the other. Magkàkàdagàn aŋ dalawa ŋ púno ŋ itò, kapag hindí mo ibinwàl sa kabilà ŋ bandà iya ŋ pinùpútol mo. These two trees will fall one on top of the other, if you don’t make the one you are cutting down fall 30the other way. Nagkádagan aŋ dalawa ŋ bátaʾ naŋ mahúlog sila sa hagdàn. The two children landed one on top of the other when they fell from the ladder. Ilabas mò sa búkid, Kulàs, aŋ dalawa ŋ sáko ŋ pálay na nagkàkàdagàn na nása baŋàn. Nicolás, take out to the field the two bags of rice that are lying one on top of the 35other in the granary. Aŋ pagkakáiba naŋ ugáli ni Pédro at ni Hwàn ay gáya naŋ pagkakáiba naŋ túbig at naŋ apòy. The difference in character between Pedro and Juan is like the difference between water and fire. magkáhiwalày part from each other (by force of circumstances, of two people). Aŋ ikinahátì naŋ palayòk 40ay aŋ masamà ŋ pagkakálagay nitò. What caused the rice-pot to break was the bad way it was placed. magkàmáyaw harmonize. aŋ pagkakásabày the happening at the same time of two events. Sya y nagkàsála. He sinned (against the moral order, God, etc.) Aŋ pagkakàsála kay Bathálaʾ ay pinarùrusáhan sa infiyèrno. Sinning against God is punished in hell. Bìbilhin kò aŋ kabáyo ŋ iyòn, kuŋ magkàkàsya aŋ áki ŋ kwaltà. I shall buy this horse, if my 5money is sufficient. Walá sila ŋ pagkakásundòʾ. The two don’t agree on anything. aŋ pagkakátaòn the coincidence in time of one event with another, of two events. aŋ pagkakátayòʾ the standing up together (even of more than two people).

(a) Somewhat different are kuŋ magkàbihíraʾ at odd times; 10kuŋ magkágayòn when things turn out thus, when this is the state of affairs. So also, with static value: Aŋ magkábila ŋ dúlo naŋ lápis ay matúlis. Both ends of the pencil are sharpened.

411. mag-kà- D pag-ka-kà- D. With doubled root plurality is expressed: Nagkàhiwá-hiwalày aŋ maŋa dáhun naŋ librò. The 15leaves of the book came apart. Aŋ maŋa ginágawá nya ŋ paŋísip naŋ maŋa makabuluhà ŋ fétsa naŋ istòriya ay aŋ pagkakàsunòd-sunòd at pagítan nilà. He remembers the important dates of history by their sequence and their intervals.

(a) With accent shift, from a barytone root: Nagkàputol-putòl 20aŋ katawàn naŋ táo ŋ nàsagasáan naŋ trèn. The body of the man who was run over by the train got all mangled. Nagkàkàputol-putòl aŋ katawàn naŋ bála ŋ táo ŋ màsagasáan naŋ trèn. The body of a person run over by a train is cut to pieces. Magkàkàputol-putòl aŋ túbo ŋ kristàl na iyàn kapag iyo ŋ ibinagsàk. If 25you drop that glass tube, it will break into a thousand pieces.

412. ka- (1) -in, k-in-a-. The simple direct passive is formed from an underlying derived word with ka- with normal meaning. So from ka-lában, ka-úsap.

(a) A special static word corresponding to those in § 366 is 30aŋ kinákapatìd the child of one’s godparents (from ka-patìd).

From it are derived the dual collective (§ 358,a) magkinákapatìd a pair of such, and the plural (§ 358,b) magkikinákapatìd three or more, as a group.

413. i-ka- i-k-in-a-. The instrumental passive with prefix ka- 35has a specialized meaning: it expresses transiently, an inanimate, or at least irrational and involuntary, object or circumstance which causes such and such an action: and this latter action is in turn also involuntary or out of control of the actor (as, for instance, the ability to do a thing), see § 432 ff.

40Aŋ kawalàn ni Andrès naŋ hánap-búhay sa báya ŋ itò ay sya nyà ŋ ikinaalìs. Andrés’ inability to make a living in this town is what forced him to leave. Aŋ malì ŋ anyò naŋ pulúbe ay siyà ŋ ikinaáwaʾ sa kanya ni Hwàn. The bad condition of the beggar was what made Juan pity him. Aŋ pagsasakày naŋ kutséro naŋ maŋa táo ŋ may sakìt na nakàhàháwa ay sya ŋ ikinabáwì naŋ kanya ŋ pahintúlot. The driver’s taking people with contagious 5diseases into his carriage was what caused his license to be withdrawn. Aŋ ikinaháraŋ naŋ maŋà naglálakàd ay aŋ pagkáalam naŋ maŋa tulisàn na silà y may dalà ŋ kwaltà. What caused the wayfarers to be held up was the robbers’ happening to know that they had money with them. Ikinaháte ni Hwàn sa búŋa aŋ kanya 10ŋ laséta. Juan’s knife enabled him to cut the betel fruit. Aŋ pagkasála nya sa siŋsìŋ ay aŋ hindí niya ikinakúha naŋ ganti ŋ pálaʾ. His missing the ring is what kept him from winning the prize. Yòn ay áki ŋ ikinalúluŋkòt. I am sorry, I am sorry to hear that. Aŋ paŋuŋublì naŋ maŋa sundálo ay sya nilà ŋ hindí ikinamatày. 15The soldiers’ keeping in hiding is what saved their lives. Ikinapútol naŋ yantòk na pamáloʾ aŋ pagkàpálu kay Hwàn. The caning Juan got broke the rattan that was used on him. Ikinapùpútol naŋ marámi ŋ tubò aŋ malakàs na háŋin. The strong wind is making much sugar-cane break. Ikapùpútol naŋ maŋa saŋà naŋ 20káhoy aŋ malakàs na háŋi ŋ itò. This strong wind will cause many branches of trees to break off. Ikapùpútol nya sa maŋa kawáyan aŋ paggúlaŋ nitò. The aging of the bamboo plants will force him to cut them down. Aŋ pagkalúnod naŋ Kastílaʾ ay ikinatákot naŋ tatlò ŋ magkakaybígan. The drowning of the Spaniard frightened 25the three friends. Aŋ kanyà ŋ pagmamasìd sa maŋa tálaʾ sa gabì ay sya nyà ŋ malakì ŋ ikinatútuwàʾ. His observation of the stars at night is his great source of pleasure.

Similarly, from: biŋì, búhay, búti, gálit, háŋoʾ, húlog, káya, lípat, lúgi, túloŋ, walàʾ.

30414. i-pag-ka- i-p-in-ag-ka. With pag- this instrumental passive corresponds to the active with magka- (§ 405). The reduplication of the durative forms affects the ka-.

Aŋ ipinagkagusto nyà ŋ kumáin naŋ sorbétes ay aŋ kainítan. It is the heat which makes him want to eat ices. Ipagkákamatày 35naŋ maŋa manòk aŋ masamà ŋ túbig. The bad water will make the chickens die. Aŋ kalamigàn sa tagulàn ay sya ŋ ipinagkàkamuò naŋ túbig sa ílog. The cold weather in winter is what makes the water in the river congeal. Baká ipagkawalá naŋ maŋa manòk sa kuluŋàn aŋ pagpapapások mo doòn niyà ŋ 40áso. See that your putting that dog into the enclosure doesn’t make the chickens try to get away. Ipagkákawalà naŋ bíhag aŋ pagkàbalítaʾ sa kanyà naŋ parúsa ŋ kàkamtan nyà. The captive’s being told of the punishment he will get, will make him try to escape. Ipinagkawalá nya sa kùlúŋan aŋ pagpapahírap sa kanyà. Their torturing him made him escape from his confinement. Ipinagkákawalà nya sa bìlaŋgúan aŋ masamà ŋ pagpapakáin sa kanya díto. The bad food they gave him in the jail made 5him try to escape.

415. Similarly, with accent shift this passive corresponds to the active with mag-ka- (1), § 406,b. Ipinagkàkabalèʾ (or: ipinagkàkaputòl) naŋ maŋa saŋà naŋ káhoy aŋ bagyò ŋ itò. This hurricane is breaking off many branches of trees. Naŋ ipagkaputòl naŋ 10áki ŋ maŋa tubò aŋ háŋin ay naluŋkùt akò. When the wind broke down my sugar-cane I was dismayed. Ipinagkaputòl naŋ maŋa tubò aŋ malakàs na háŋi ŋ nagdaàn. The recent strong wind broke down much sugar-cane.

Similarly: ipinagkasakìt (sákit).

15416. Special static forms with i-ka- are made from the numerals, with occasional contraction, forming ordinals and fractions: ikaánim ikánim the sixth; ikaápat ikápat the fourth, a fourth, a quarter; ikalawà the second; ikalimà the fifth; ikapitò the seventh; ikatlò the third. Cf. § 347,a.

20(a) The ordinal corresponding to isà one is however the independent root úna first; half is kalaháteʾ, § 519.

(b) From phrases, of course, the higher numbers: ikaisa-ŋ-daàn hundredth; ikaisa-ŋ-laksàʾ millionth; ikaisa-ŋ-líbo thousandth; ikasa-m-pùʾ tenth; ikalabi-ŋ-isà eleventh; ikadalawa-ŋ-pùʾ twentieth; 25ikadalawa-ŋ-pù-t-isà twenty-first.

417. i-kà- i-k-in-à-. The instrumental passive from the root with accented kà- differs from that with unaccented ka- (§ 413) in that the action or occurrence caused is not only involuntary but accidental and entirely out of the control of the actor (see 30§ 458 ff.).

Aŋ ikinàgùgusto kò sa kayibígan ko ŋ si Hwàn ay aŋ kanya ŋ mabaìt na ugáliʾ. What makes me have a liking for my friend Juan is his lovable character. Aŋ ginawá nya ŋ paggugupìt sa maŋa retáso ŋ itinàtágo naŋ kanya ŋ nánay ay sya nyà ŋ ikinàpáloʾ. 35His cutting up the patches his mother was saving is what made it necessary to thrash him. Aŋ ikinásakay nyà sa kabáyo ŋ bara-barà ay aŋ kawalàn nya naŋ iba ŋ kabáyo. What made him get on the wild horse was his lack of other horses. Ikinátahol naŋ áso aŋ pagkádapá ni Hwan. Juan’s falling down made the dog 40bark.

So also from: iyàk, pátag.

(a) Accent shift is due to the root: Aŋ pagkátahol naŋ áso ay sya ŋ ikinágisiŋ naŋ natùtúlug na bátaʾ. The barking of the dog was what made the sleeping child wake up. Ikàtàtawa nyà aŋ iyo ŋ sàsabíhin. He won’t be able to keep from laughing when you say that. Ikinàtàtawà ni Hwàn aŋ sinábi ni Pédro. What 5Pedro said makes Juan laugh in spite of himself.

418. Corresponding to primary actives with mag- contrasted with -um-, and with maŋ-, we should expect pag- and paŋ- to be retained before the root in these formations; the only example is: ikinápagtirà, corresponding to magtirà, in contrast with tumirà 10(§§ 348. 351).

419. ka- (1) -an, k-in-a- (1) -an. The local passive with ka- is used when the action is an involuntary one, especially an emotion, of a rational actor, or when the actor is inanimate or irrational.

15Aŋ hulihàn naŋ maŋa kinagalítan ni Patúpat ay idináos naŋ maŋa gwàrdiya-sibìl kagabè. The arrest of the people who have incurred Patupat’s anger was carried out by the gendarmes last night. Kahiyaàn mò aŋ táo ŋ matandàʾ. Reverence the aged. aŋ kinahulúgan naŋ bátaʾ the place from which the child fell. Aŋ 20bintána ŋ iyàn aŋ syà ŋ kahùhulúgan naŋ bátaʾ, pag hindí mo isinarà. The child will fall out of that window, if you don’t shut it. Baká ninyo kalunúran aŋ ílog, maŋa bátaʾ. See that you don’t get drowned in that river, children. Aŋ kanya ŋ kalùlunúran ay aŋ ílog na itò. He will get drowned in this river some day. 25aŋ báhay na kinamatayàn the house where someone died, aŋ báhay naŋ kinamatayàn the house in which someone died, the house of the bereaved family. Kinapatiràn naŋ lúbid aŋ lugàr na malápit sa dúlo-ŋ-bandà-ŋ-kaliwàʾ. The rope broke at a point near the left-hand end. Aŋ kapàpatiràn naŋ sinúlid ay malápit sa buhòl. 30The place where the thread will break is near the knot there. Kinatakútan nya aŋ báhay na pinagpatayàn sa kúraʾ. He was afraid of the house where the priest was killed. Aŋ kinatàtakútan naŋ maŋa bátaʾ ay aŋ núnoʾ. The children are afraid of the ghost. Katakútan ninyò aŋ núnoʾ. You had better be afraid of ghosts. Kinatamaràn 35ni Hwàn aŋ kanyà ŋ pagaáral. Juan became neglectful about his studying. Naŋ katamaràn ni Hwàn aŋ kanya ŋ pagaáral ay malápit na syà ŋ makatápos naŋ karéra. When Juan became lazy about his studies, he was already near the end of his course. Katàtamaran nyà aŋ kanyà ŋ pagaáral, pag binigyàn mo syà naŋ 40marámi ŋ salapèʾ. He will be lazy about his studies, if you give him too much money.

Similarly from: buwísit, íwan, kíta, walàʾ.

(a) With shifted root: Isa ŋ pulúbe aŋ kinaàawaàn ni Hwàn. It was a beggar who aroused Juan’s pity.

420. pag-ka- (1) -an, p-in-ag-ka- (1) -an; pag-ka- (2) -an, p-in-ag-ka- (2) -an. Local passives with pag- before the ka- involve 5a plurality of actors. The durative reduplication affects the ka-; barytone roots have an extra accent-shift.

Aŋ kináin naŋ usà ay malakì ŋ pinagkàkagustuhàn naŋ maŋa Ilóko. The Iloco are very fond of the contents of deers’ stomachs. Pinagkàkalipumpunàn naŋ maŋa laŋgàm aŋ púto. The ants are 10swarming all over the cake. Aŋ pinagkamatayàn naŋ maŋa kambèŋ ay aŋ lugàr na itò. This is the place where the goats perished. Hwag mò ŋ dalhìn sa bundòk aŋ maŋa manòk, sapagkàt iyò y kanilà ŋ pagkàkamatayàn. Don’t take the chickens into the hills, for they would die there.

15Barytone roots: Pinagkatakutàn nilà aŋ báhay na pinagpatayàn sa kúraʾ. They were afraid of the house where the priest was killed. Pinagkàkatakutàn nilà aŋ maŋa mababagsìk na háyop. They are afraid of wild animals. Hwag mò ŋ ipamalítaʾ aŋ nàkíta nátin díto, sapagkàt baká aŋ lugàr na itò y pagkatakutàn. 20Don’t tell what we have seen here, for this place would be feared. Pagkàkatakutàn nilà aŋ lugàr na itò, pag nàláman nilà aŋ naŋyári ŋ paghaharaŋàn díto. They will be afraid of this place when they know of the hold-ups that occurred here. aŋ pinagkatalunàn that which was the occasion of winning by many (tálo).

25421. ka- S -an. Special static words, corresponding to those with S -an (§ 377) are formed with prefix ka- from oxytone roots; in meaning they are collectives and abstracts of quality: aŋ kasàyáhan gladness; Aŋ katàmáran ni Patrísiyo ay katutúboʾ sa kanya ŋ láhiʾ. Patricio’s laziness is inborn in his family. So from the 30roots: baìt, banàl, damdàm, daŋàl, duwàg, lagày, luŋkòt, luwàŋ, mahàl, malìʾ, matày, pintàs, saŋkàp, tuŋkòl, tuwàʾ, tuwìd.

Divergent in meaning is aŋ Kapampáŋan a Pampanga, if from paŋpàŋ.

The secondary accent is lacking, irregularly, in kalayáan 35(layàʾ); with contraction in kayiláŋan, kayláŋan (beside kailáŋan, from ilàŋ).

(a) This latter word underlies an active with maŋ-, an abstract with paŋ- r, and a simple direct passive: naŋàŋayiláŋan requires; aŋ paŋaŋayiláŋan need, necessity; Kàkayilaŋáni ŋ magdaàn 40si Pédro ríto bágu sya umalìs. Pedro will have to come here before he leaves.

(b) From a derived word, with the secondary accent irregularly placed: Boo ŋ báyan ay nagdíwaŋ sa kapaŋànákan ni Risàl. The whole country celebrated Rizal’s birthday; also: aŋ áraw naŋ kapaŋànákan birthday,—from paŋanàk (§ 347).

422. ka- (2) -an. Barytone roots have, in the same sense, an accent shift of two syllables, corresponding to § 379. Boò ŋ 5kabahayàn aŋ nàkíta námin sa gitnà naŋ daàn. We saw a whole set of household goods in the middle of the road; also: aŋ kabahayàn a house containing several dwellings. Marámi sa maŋa táo aŋ nakàkìkilála naŋ kanila ŋ karapatàn, dátapuwat nakalìlímot naŋ kanila ŋ katuŋkúlan. Many are the people who know their 10rights but forget their duties. Aŋ karamútan naŋ páreʾ ay nagìŋ kasabihàn. The stinginess of the priest is proverbial. Aŋ katakutàn sa Dyòs ay isa ŋ kabàítan. Fear of the Lord is a virtue. Aŋ pagbibigày naŋ sigarìlyo ay isa sa maŋa matatandà ŋ kaugaliàn sa Filipínas. Giving cigarettes is one of the old customs in the Philippines. 15aŋ kawikaàn a proverb.

So from abála, áraw, búlo, gámit, húlog, íbig, láŋit, payápaʾ, síraʾ, tápos, útos.

With contraction: kahariyàn, kaharyàn (háriʾ), and, if from táo, katawàn body.

20(a) From the latter word there is an abstract of action, with paŋ- r: aŋ paŋaŋatawàn physique (cf. pananamìt, etc., § 357).

423. ka- (1) -an. Corresponding to the formation (1) -an (§ 378), the collective-abstracts of this type with ka- have formal irregularities and, where there is any contrast (e. g. mahàl), less 25explicit and more specialized meaning than the preceding two groups.

aŋ kaalátan saltiness (of water). Sa gabì ŋ itò aŋ kabilúgan naŋ buwàn. The fullness of the moon is tonight. Aŋ kadalamhatían ay isa ŋ damdámi ŋ hindí nàràrápat sa táo. Grief is an 30emotion not becoming to a man or woman. aŋ karunúŋan wisdom. aŋ kahaŋalàn foolishness (aŋ haŋàl a fool). aŋ kaibhàn the difference. aŋ kalinísan cleanness, cleanliness. aŋ kamatsiŋàn monkey-tricks, naughtiness. aŋ kamuráhan cheapness. Sawìʾ aŋ kanya ŋ kapaláran. His luck is bad. Sa kapanayàn naŋ ulàn kuŋ tagulàn 35ay hindí masiglà aŋ báyan. The town is not cheerful during the unabated rains of the rainy season. Aŋ maŋa táo y marámi ŋ kasalánan. People have many sins. aŋ kasamaàn badness. kasawiàn poor position, awkwardness. kasinuŋalíŋan falsehood, a lie. kasipágan diligence. Aŋ desgrásya ŋ naŋyári kay Hwàn ay isa ŋ 40hampàs naŋ katalagahàn. The misfortune which has come to Juan is a blow of fate. Aŋ kanila ŋ pagílag ay hindí katapáŋan. Their fleeing was not a brave act. aŋ boò ŋ kataúhan all mankind. aŋ katipúnan a meeting, Katipúnan a secret society organized against the Spaniards; a member of this. kayabáŋan pride.

So from: bábaʾ, bábaw, bigàt, buháŋin, búhay, búti, dalàs, dámi, dámot, dániw (if karaniyúwan is so to be analyzed), dilìm, 5ginháwa, gúbat, hábaʾ, hínaʾ, hírap, iklìʾ, ínit, lakàs, lakì, lamìg, lápad, láon, liìt, lóko, lúnod, lupìt, mahàl, maŋmàŋ, páraŋ, fiyèsta, pulòʾ, sakìm, salàt, salbáhi, salúkoy, taàs, Tagálog, tahímik, tákaw, tákot, talíno, tampalásan, taŋháliʾ, túlin, túnay, totoò, ulòl, walàʾ, yáman.

10(a) From a phrase: Iyò y kawala-ŋ-hyaàn ni Pédro. That was a shameless action of Pedro’s (walà ŋ hiyàʾ).

(b) From derived words: aŋ Kakapampaŋánan the Pampanga country (Kapampáŋan, § 421).

aŋ boò ŋ kamaganákan nina Krùs, Bantòg, at iba pà the whole 15relationship of the Cruz’s, Bantogs, and so on; aŋ boò ŋ kamaganákan ni Pédro Vyóla the whole family of Pedro Viola (magának, § 358,a).

aŋ kapaŋyaríhan power (-paŋyári, as though by § 347).

424. ka- r (1) -an, ka- r (2) -an. With reduplication of the 20root and accent shift of one syllable for an oxytone root, of two in barytone roots, ka- and -an form special static words denoting something surprising or provocative of such and such an emotion.

Itù y kagagawàn ni Hwàn! This is some of Juan’s work! cf. Itù y gawá ni Hwàn. Juan did this, made this. Aŋ pagkáupo 25ni Pédro sa sùgálan ay kagagawàn naŋ isa nyà ŋ kaybígan. Pedro’s sitting at the gaming-table was the work of one of his fine friends. Aŋ pàtáya ŋ naŋyári kagabì ay kagagawàn ni Pédro. The killing which occurred last night was some of Pedro’s doing. So: katuturàn a correct outcome (tuwìd).

30Barytone roots: Aŋ katatakutàn naŋ bátaʾ ay aŋ núnoʾ. The thing that arouses the child’s fear is a ghost. Aŋ kanya ŋ katatawanàn ay aŋ uŋgòʾ. His source of laughter is the monkey. aŋ salità ŋ katatawanàn a jest-word, a funny expression.

425. With secondary accent on the first syllable of the underlying 35word, ka- and -an form also words denoting one of two reciprocal actors. This is the form for oxytone roots, aŋ kabìgáyan a person with whom one exchanges gifts. Si Hwána ay siya ŋ kabùlúŋan ni Maryà. Juana is the one Maria whispers with. aŋ kahampásan one of two who perform mutual flagellation, kahìráman 40one of two who borrow from each other. kaìnúman person one drinks with. kakàlabítan one of two who touch each other. Aŋ kapàtáyan ni Hwàn ay si Pédro. Juan is engaged in a mortal conflict with Pedro. Aŋ kapàtíran ni Hwána naŋ sinúlid ay aŋ kanya ŋ kaybíga ŋ si Maryà. Juana cuts thread with her friend Maria. aŋ kasàlitáan the person with whom one converses. Si Hwàn ay kaùlúlan ni Pédro. Juan and Pedro fool each other. aŋ kaùpúan one of two who sit together.

5426. Barytone roots add accent shift of one syllable. Aŋ kahùlúgan nya naŋ súhaʾ ay aŋ kanyà ŋ kapatìd. The one with whom he takes turns at dropping down grape-fruit from the tree is his brother. aŋ kahùníhan one of two birds that chirp at each other. aŋ kaìbígan one of two who love each other. aŋ kakàínan 10one of two who eat together. Si Hwána ay siya ŋ kapùtúlan ni Maryà naŋ kukò. Juana and Maria cut each other’s fingernails. aŋ kasùlátan one’s correspondent. aŋ katàlúnan one’s opponent in a dispute.

(a) The shift is due to the root in: Si Maryà ay syà ŋ kaàbútan 15ni Hwána naŋ maŋa mabaŋù ŋ bulaklàk. Maria and Juana hand each other fragrant flowers (as in some ceremony or game).

(b) With contraction and lack of secondary accent: aŋ kayibígan, kaybígan a friend (contrast kaìbígan above).

(c) In a few instances barytone roots have accent shift of 20two syllables without secondary accent. Si Maryáno ay kahatakàn ni Kulàs naŋ lúbid. Mariano is pulling at the rope against Nicolás. aŋ kamurahàn one of two who curse at each other (with meaning ordinarily peculiar to the shifted root, § 337). Sumúloŋ at Kasamahàn Sumulong and Company. kasulatàn one’s correspondent 25(equal to kasùlátan, above). Aŋ katuruàn ni Pédro ay aŋ báta ŋ si Hwàn. Pedro and little Juan are pointing at each other.

427. These formations serve as underlying words of a few derivatives:

(a) Active with mag- and abstract with pag- r (§ 352): aŋ 30pagkakayibígan the joining in friendship of two people.

(b) Secondary active with maki- from the preceding: makipagkayibígan win one’s way into someone’s friendship, become friends with someone.

(c) Dual collective with mag- (§ 358,a): Si Pédro at si Hwàn 35ay magkahìráman naŋ sambalílo at sandàlyas. Pedro and Juan lend each other hats and sandals. magkaìbígan a pair of lovers. magkaybígan a pair of friends.

(d) Where the dual value of the underlying form is weak, explicit plurals of the preceding with mag- r (§ 358,b) occur: aŋ 40magkakaybígan a group of three or more friends. aŋ magkakasamahà ŋ si Pédro, si Hwàn, at si Andrès the party consisting of Pedro, Juan, and Andrés. aŋ magkakasamahà ŋ sina Pédro the party of Pedro and his followers. Aŋ magkakasamahà ŋ nagsipagpasyàl ay sina Maryà, Hwána, Pédro, at Kulàs. The party that went for a walk consisted of Maria, Juana, Pedro, and Nicolás. Aŋ magkakasamahà ŋ napasa húloʾ at napaluwásan ay sinà 5Mariyáno, Pépe, at Kulàs at sina Pédro, Húlyo, at Andrès. The groups that went upstream and downstream were, respectively, Mariano, Pepe, and Nicolás and Pedro, Julio, and Andrès. Aŋ tatlo ŋ manòk na ytò y magkakasamahà ŋ inihatid díto, aŋ ibà y magkakabukòd. These three chickens were brought here together, 10the others each by itself.

428. kà- (1) -an, k-in-à- (1) -an. Local passives with kà- denote the place where someone or something happens to be. Hwag kà ŋ kumibòʾ sa iyò ŋ kinàdòroonàn. Don’t stir from the spot (where you happen to be). Sa alì ŋ bandà aŋ kinàdòroonàn naŋ 15báya-ŋ-Kamálig?—Sa bandà ŋ kaliwàʾ. In which direction is the town of Camalig?—Toward the left. Aŋ báya-ŋ-Balíwag ay aŋ kinàmahalà ŋ úna ŋ úna naŋ pálay. The town of Baliuag was the first place where rice got dear. Aŋ kàpàpatayàn sa táo ŋ iyàn ay aŋ bigtíhan. This man will end on the gallows. Aŋ báya-ŋ-Balíwag 20aŋ iyu ŋ kàtùtuŋúhan pag tinuntùn mo aŋ landàs na iyàn. You will get to the town of Baliuag if you follow that path.

Similarly from: bíŋit, búrol, kulòŋ, lagày, tágoʾ, tayòʾ, tirà, upòʾ.

Divergent in meaning are kinàbukásan (§ 260) and, from a 25phrase, kinàháti-ŋ-gabihàn (§ 260, háti ŋ gabì).

429. pag-kà- (1) -an, p-in-ag-kà- (1) -an. Local passives of this type with pag- reduplicate the kà-; they refer to other local passive relations than place in which; so: pagkàkilanlàn be the occasion of showing something; pagkàsyahàn be the container of 30something that fits in; pagkàsunduwàn, pagkàsunduàn be agreed upon.

430. Special static words with kà- and -an are few and differ in meaning.

(a) Aŋ kàgalítan nila Andrès, Hwàn, at Mariyáno ay napáwì 35na. The quarrel between Andrés, Juan, and Mariano has been appeased; this is no doubt merely a plural with S -an (§ 377,a) from the underlying word kagalìt (§ 398,c).

It forms the underlying word of a simple active with mag- and abstract with pag- r: aŋ pagkakàgalítan a quarrel (of two or more 40people).

(b) Si Pédro ay kàibígan ni Maryà. Pedro is liked by Maria. Sina Pédro, Kulàs, at Hwàn ay sya ŋ maŋa kàibígan ni Mariyáno. Pedro, Nicolàs, and Juan are the ones whom Mariano likes. This is probably a real special static word corresponding to the transient with kà- (1) -an (§ 428).

Derived active with mag-: Nagkàkàibígan si Pédro at si 5Hwána. Pedro and Juana are in love with each other, have come to like each other.

(c) Aŋ kàtwáan ay náhintòʾ sa pagdatìŋ naŋ isa ŋ magnanákaw. The rejoicing was stopped by the coming of a robber. This is, in form at least, a plural with S -an from an underlying -katuwàʾ, 10which is not known.

Derived active with mag-: magkàtwáan rejoice together, be merry together.

The same form is seen in kàliŋkíŋan; little finger, fifth finger; if this is from a root -liŋkìŋ.

15431. ka- (1) D -an. With doubling of the root and radical accent shift: Kàunà-unáha ŋ dumatìŋ si Hwàn. Juan got there the very first. So: kàhulì-hulíhan the very last.