136,
137,
141,
142,
150
Elephantine papyri,
302
Ems,
93
Epidamnus,
200
Epirus, Greek claims to,
196-198
Erzerum,
224
Erzgebirge,
141,
142
Esthonians,
104,
106-108
Euphrates,
224,
238,
239,
294,
302,
308
Europe, civilizing power of geography,
18;
eastern, sketch-map showing classification of Russians, etc., 112;
languages, classification, 346-347
Fellaheen,
308
Fennification,
102
Finland,
17,
101-103;
language and population tables, 109, 110;
languages, 103;
literature and nationality, 322-323;
Sweden and, 102, 103
Finnish,
15,
17,
101-103
Finno-Ugrian,
17
Finns,
101-103
Fiume,
88
Flammigants,
28
Flemings,
19-30;
rivalry with Walloons, 28-30
Flemish language,
19-29
Formazzo valley,
67
France, Celtic in,
56;
dialects, 9;
early distinction in languages, 9;
Flemish language in, 23;
Italian linguistic boundary, 63;
language and literature, 320;
linguistic boundary in Alsace-Lorraine, 35-49;
map showing contact of langue d’oïl and langue d’oc, 12;
nationality, 40;
racial elements, 5;
sketch-map showing mountain areas and basins, 10;
Turkey and, 237, 245-246, 263-266
François,
12
Franco-Provençal dialects,
60
Franco-Russian sphere in Turkey,
250,
266
Franks,
56
Fransquillons,
28
Frasherists,
164
French, Alsace-Lorraine,
35-49;
Belgium, 23;
boundary in Belgium and Luxemburg, 19-34;
character, 11;
character and composition, 11, 12;
dialects in Italy, 60-64;
early influence in Germany, 14;
Flemish-speaking districts of France, 24;
in Italy (map), 61;
Luxemburg, 30-34;
map showing boundary between French and Italian, 65;
origin of modern, 9;
sketch-map of Brussels and environs showing, 26;
Switzerland (with map), 49-58
French Revolution,
47,
48,
59,
148,
315,
316
Fribourg,
50,
51,
53,
54,
55
Frisian,
94
Friuli,
78
Friulian,
72,
76,
165;
definition, 73
Frontiers, France and Germany,
334-335;
linguistic factor, 314;
scientific, 332-333;
wars and, 328
Gaelic,
56
Galatae,
286
Galicia,
113,
114;
Jews, 125-126;
Poles, 130;
Poles and Ruthenians, 131
Gallipoli,
175
Gaul,
64
Gaulish,
56
Gediz valley,
249,
264
German, Alsace-Lorraine,
35-49;
area, 13;
around Bohemia, 141-142, 144;
Baltic provinces, 105, 106;
Czech and, in northern Bohemia, 144-145;
dialects, 13;
dwelling houses and language, 14;
imposition of the language in Alsace, 48;
in Italy, 66-75;
Luxemburg, 31-33;
sketch-map of areas of the three dialects, 15;
Switzerland (with map), 49-58;
transitional dialects, 14
Germanic languages,
9;
boundary in Belgium and Luxemburg, 19-34
Germanization, Alsace-Lorraine,
48;
Bohemia, 144-145;
Bosnia, 190-191;
Bukovina, 169-170;
Danish provinces, 95;
Hungary, 156-157;
Italy, 69;
Lusatia, 134;
Luxemburg, 31;
Moravia, 150;
Slovak-land, 151-152, 153;
Trentino, 75;
Upper Silesia, 126-127
Germany, clash with Slavs in Balkans,
181;
Denmark and Schleswig-Holstein problem, 93-97;
Germans and Poles in Upper Silesia, table, 139-140;
language and power, 329;
language and unity, 317;
linguistic boundary in Alsace-Lorraine, 35-49;
nationality, 40, 316;
Poles in eastern, 123;
Polish contact, 115-135;
Polish estate buying, 127-129;
Polish immigration, 121-122;
Polish provinces, table, 137-138;
Russia and, 330-332;
Turkey and, 236, 237, 241-243, 257-258, 263
Gheks,
193
Gibraltar,
236
Gipsies,
172,
289
Goths,
176
Great Britain and Turkey,
237,
238,
255-256,
263
Great Russians,
113,
136,
170
Greece,
175;
Albanian boundary, 197;
Albanian coast and, 200-201;
Bulgarian character in north, 211;
Bulgarian speech and, 207;
claims on Turkey, 247-248;
Epirus and, 196-198;
Rumanian in, 163
Greek, classical forms in Asia Minor,
277;
in Italy, 89-90;
Macedonian boundary, 205-206;
northern area, map, 203
Greeks, Asia Minor,
273-278;
blue-eyed, 176;
Dodecanesia, 247;
Mohammedan, 277;
Persians and, 227
Grimault,
326
Grusinian,
284
Guzlars,
321-322
Hai,
291
Hakem,
300
“Hakenhufen,”
133
Hamath,
302
Hamze,
300
Hanaks,
150
“Heim,”
44
“Heimatlose,”
95
Hejaz railroad,
267
Hellenism.
See Greece; Greeks
Hellenization,
205
Herzegovina,
181,
182
High German,
13
Hittites,
279,
291,
299,
301
Hochdeutsch,
13
Holland,
29,
30,
33,
329
Holstein,
94,
95.
See also Schleswig-Holstein
Homo alpinus,
323-324
Hungarian,
154-159
Hungarians,
81,
154;
Croatia, 190
Hungary,
131;
debt to Rumania, 168;
defining, 338-340;
Germanization, 156-157;
Germans in, 152;
individuality, 154;
Rumanian problem, 157, 158-159;
sketch-map of Rumanian area, 169;
Slovakian area, 152;
Slovaks, 150, 151
Huns,
176
Huss,
146,
147,
151
Huzuli,
168
Ile-de-France,
9,
11
Ill valley,
38,
40
Illyrian,
86
India,
234,
238,
239,
240,
257
“Ingen,”
36,
44
Ipek,
194,
195,
196
Isarco,
73
Ismailyehs,
298
Istria, Italian in,
77
Istrian peninsula,
76
Italian borderlands,
59-92;
Dalmatian islands, 76;
inhabitants of Italian speech in Adriatic provinces, table, 92;
Istrian region, 77;
map showing boundary between Italian and French, 65
Italic and Celtic, in France,
56
Italy,
59-92;
Austrian frontier claims (with sketch-map), 335-337;
claim on Turkey, 237, 246-247, 256;
foreign linguistic groups, 60;
German language in, 66-75;
Greeks in, 89-90;
map of Slavic colonies in the Molise group, 89;
nationality, 59, 90;
non-Italian vernaculars, table, 91;
Slavic dialects in and on borders, 78;
Slavs in, 88;
Slovene in, and on borders of, map, 81
Jablunka pass,
115
Jacobites,
305-306
Jaffa-Jerusalem railroad,
250,
265
Jagellons,
120
Janina,
198-199
Jerusalem,
301
Jews, Esthonian,
107;
Galicia, 125-126;
German Poland, 123;
Polish, 123, 126;
Polish provinces of Russia, 123;
Turkey, 301
Judea,
226
Jugoslavia,
88,
185,
338
Jura,
49,
52,
55
Jutland,
93
Kabardians,
283
Kalevala,
322-323
Karapapaks,
284
Karst land,
77-79
Kastoria,
211
Khirgiz,
174
Kiel Canal,
94
Kiev,
119
Kizilbash,
285-288
Konia,
258,
260
Kottbus,
134,
135
Kovno,
132
Kraljevitch, Marko,
321
Kurdistan Christians, table,
312-313
Kurds,
294-296
Kurland,
106
Kutzo-Vlachs,
163
Ladin,
66,
72,
165;
definition, 72-73
Ladislas,
119
Lake beds,
290
Landsmaal,
99,
100
Language, economic influences,
325-327;
formative influence, 18;
national asset, 320;
nationality and, 1, 155, 314-315;
race, nationality, and, 4;
European, classification, 346-347;
great groups in Europe, 9
Langue d’oc,
9,
12,
64
Langue d’oïl,
9,
12,
20,
328
Lassi,
149,
150
Latin,
52,
56,
320;
Belgium, 21;
Dalmatian coast, 86, 87;
introduction into France, and influence, 10;
Rome’s, 59;
Rumanian and, 159-161;
Southeastern Europe, 163
Latin-Faliscan,
56
Lazis,
284
Lebanon,
299,
300
Lemberg,
125,
130
Letts,
104-107
Liége,
28
Lingua romana,
38
Lingua teudisca,
39
Linguistic areas,
3
Lippowans,
170-171
Literature and nationality,
317-319
Lithuanians,
104-107
Little Russians,
113,
131,
136
Livonians,
107
Lombardo-Venetia,
74
Lorraine,
36-37,
326,
334.
See also Alsace-Lorraine
Lothaire,
39
Lotharii Regnum,
38
Lothringia,
29,
40
Louis the German,
38
Low German,
13,
94
Lusatia,
133
Luther,
13
Lutherans,
105,
106,
108
Luxemburg, boundary of French and Germanic languages in,
19-34;
language, 30-34
Maalstraev,
97
Macedonia,
202,
204-214;
history, 208-209;
loss to Bulgarians, 207;
physical, 203-204;
Serbian claims on, 211-212;
Slavs, 206
Macedonian,
165,
166,
206
Macedonians,
204-214;
definition, 204;
ethnic composition, 209;
groups, 205
Magyar, area,
155-156
Magyars,
151,
154,
155
Malmedy,
22,
33
Mar Shimun,
305
Maritza,
215,
219,
220
Marmora,
218-220,
244
Maronites,
299,
300-301
Masurians,
132,
133
Meander,
255-256
Mecca,
241,
267,
268
Mediterranean race,
xiv,
4,
5,
6
Mendai,
306
Meran,
73
Mesopotamia,
226,
238,
260,
261,
262,
272,
307,
308;
reclamation, 239
Metauilehs,
297-298
Metsovo,
160
Metz,
37,
43
Mezzo-Mezzos,
277
Middle German,
13
Midyad,
305
Migrations,
202;
seasonal, 162
Mindvog,
104
Mirdites,
193
Mohammedan Albanians,
194,
201
Mohammedanism,