Montenegro, 197–8
Moral superiority of Muslims,
in Abyssinia, 117;
in Spain, 133;
in Turkey, 171
Moriscoes, 143–4
Morocco, Christians in, 126, 127 n.3
Moses Maimonides, 421
Muʻāwiyah,
employed Christians, 63;
revenue of Egypt in reign of, 103
Mubārak Shāh, 235
Mug͟halistān, 238
Muḥammad II, Sultan of Turkey, 145–6, 176;
in Bosnia, 198–9
Muḥammad b. al-Huzayl, 74 n.3
Muḥammad b. ʻAlī al-Sanūsī, 334
Muḥammad b. Qāsim, 256 n.2, 272
Muḥammad K͟hān, K͟hān of Mug͟halistān, 237–8
Muḥammad K͟hudābandah, 234
Muḥammad Shāh, Sultan of Malacca, 372–3, 401
Muhammadan martyrs, 14–15, 38, 224
Muhammadan officials and soldiers of Christian governments, as propagandists of Islam,
in Africa, 326, 333, 345–6, 362;
in the Malay Archipelago, 369, 399, 407
Muhammadans observe Christian rites, in Albania, 181, 187
Muhammadans under Christian rule in Abyssinia, 114, 115, 117–21, 410;
Cape Colony, 350–2;
[464]Crete, 201;
Egypt, 424, 438–9;
German East Africa, 326, 345–6, 361–2, 410;
Hungary, 193–4;
India, 280, 282–91, 439;
Lagos, 340;
Lithuania, 245;
Malay Archipelago, 369–70, 371–2, 387, 393, 397–8, 399, 400–2, 405–7;
Montenegro, 197–8;
Nigeria, 325, 326;
Nubia, 110;
Russian empire, 100, 101, 247–51, 252–3, 411;
Spain, 140, 143–4
Mukkuvans, 268
Muqtadir, caliph, 75, 77, 422 n.2
Murād II, Sultan of Turkey, 148–9
Murshid Qulī K͟hān, 278
Mustaḍī, caliph, 68
Muʻtadid, caliph, 64
Muʻtaṣim, caliph, reign of, 209, 214, 272;
employs Christian officials, 63;
sends ambassadors to Nubia, 109
Mutawakkil, caliph,
fanatical measures, 8, 75, 76–7, 420 n.1;
orders recently constructed churches to be destroyed, 66
Mutesa, king of Uganda, 438
Muwallads, in Spain, 139
Nafīsah, 411
Najm al-Dīn Muk͟htār al-Zāhidī, 227 n.1
Naqshbandiyyah order, 239, 407 n.2
Naṣr b. Hārūn, Christian official, 64
Nestorian Church, under Muslim rule, 68, 77, 80, 81–2, 86
Nestorians among the Mongols, 221–2
New Guinea, 402–3
Niʻmat Allāh, Jacobite Patriarch, 86 n.2
Noanta, Christians of, become Muslims, 168–9
Nogais, 240
Nubians join Amīrg͟haniyyah order, 327
Nūr al-Dīn, al-K͟hwārazmī, maltreated at court of Kuyūk, 225–6
Nyasaland, 346
Onin, peninsula of New Guinea, 403
Org͟hana, wife of Qarā-Hūlāgū, 234–5
Ottoman Turks,
administration, 146–9;
conquests, 145, 171, 177, 192–3, 198–9, 201;
moral qualities, 169–71, 172;
oppression, 154–5;
proselytising zeal, 158, 159 n.1;
taxation, 149–54;
toleration, 155–8, 194–5
Pahlavān, saint of Khīva, 214
Pajajaran, kingdom in Java, 378, 385–6
Papuans, 402–4
Parlāk, kingdom in Sumatra, 367–8
Pechenegs, 412
Penukonda, 268
Persecution forbidden in the Qurʼān, 5–6
Persecution of Christians by Muslims, 75–9, 420 n.1;
Banū Tanūk͟h, 50;
in Albania, 183, 189;
in Armenia, 97;
in Egypt, 106–7;
in Georgia, 98–100;
in North Africa, 126;
in Persia, 232;
in Samarqand, 224;
in Spain, 142–3;
in Turkey, 150, 154
Persecution of Christians by their co-religionists,
in Bosnia, 168;
in Crete, 203;
in Cyprus, 108 n.3;
in Egypt, 69, 102, 106 n.3;
in France, 136;
in Hungary, 155;
in Persia, 68–9;
in Russia, 156;
in Servia, 196;
in Transylvania, 155;
in Turkey, 167
Persecution of Muslims,
by the Mongols, 225–6, 234;
by the Russians, 247
Persia, heretical movements in the Christian Church in, 69–70, 206, 209
Persia, spread of Islam in, 207–11, 229 sq.
Persian convert, first, 29
Persians,
in China, 297, 298;
in Indo-China, 376;
in Sumatra, 364
Peter, Metropolitan of Russian Church, 241–2
Philippine Islands, 390, 399–402
Philoxenos, Jacobite Bishop, 86
Pilgrims to Mecca. See Ḥājīs
Pīrāna, 277
Pīrs, as missionaries,
in India, 271, 274–5, 277;
under the Mongols, 239
Poles, Catholic, under Russian rule, 156
Polish-speaking Muslims, 3
Ponnani, 269
Pope Gregory II, 125
Pope Gregory IX, 130 n.4
Pope Hadrian I, 133 n.5, 136 n.3 [465]
Pope Innocent III, 130 n.4
Pope Innocent IV, 130 n.4, 198 n.2, 221
Pope Leo III, 139
Pope Leo IX, 126
Portuguese,
in Abyssinia, 116;
on East Coast of Africa, 340, 343;
in India, 266;
in the Malay Archipelago, 388, 389, 390, 393, 394
Prayer, Muslim public, impressiveness of, 417–19
Prisoners, Muslim, as Missionaries, 411–12
Pul. See Fulbe
Qādir, caliph, 86
Qādiriyyah order, 127, 328–9, 330, 332, 333, 407 n.2
Qastīliyyah, Christians in, 129
Quarquar, Vaivode of Samtskheth, becomes a Muslim, 165 n.1
Qūbīlāy K͟hān, 220, 225, 232, 298
Queda, 373–5
Raden Ḥusayn, 382–4
Raden Paku, 382–3
Raden Raḥmat, 380–3
Rainaud, 88
Rajputs,
converted to Islam, 259, 260, 281;
Muhammadan influences among, 289
Ras ʻAlī, vice-regent of Abyssinia, 118–19
Rationalism in Islam, 73–4
Ravuttans, 267
Raymund III, Count of Tripoli, 91
Religious orders, influence of the, 239, 326–35, 408
Ricoldus de Monte Crucis, on the virtues of the Saracens, 425
Robert of St. Albans, 91
Rubruck, William of, embassy to Mongol K͟hāqān, 222
Rumanians, Southern, 62, 168–9
Russia, Mongols in, 239 sqq. See also Tatars
Russian rule, Muslims under, 101, 246–53
Russians under Muslim rule, 240–4
Rustam, first Muhammadan king of Karthli, 99
Saʻd b. Abī Waqqāṣ, 13
Saʻd b. Muʻad͟h, conversion of, 23–4
Ṣadr al-Dīn, first Muhammadan king of Kashmīr, 292
Saffāḥ, caliph, 104
Saʻīd b. Ḥasan, on Muslim public prayer, 417–8
Saifa Arʻād, king of Abyssinia, 114
St. Augustine, on motives of conversion to Christianity, 423
St. John of Damascus, 83
St. Louis,
crusade of, 88, 92;
embassy to the Mongol K͟hāqān, 222;
receives Mongol embassy, 229;
on the treatment of infidels, 8
Saints, Muslim, worshipped by Hindus, 289 n.3
Saladin,
and the Crusaders, 90–1, 425;
Christians in Egypt, under rule of, 107, 421
Salawatti, island, 403
Salīm I, Sultan of Turkey, 423
Salmān, the first Persian convert, 29
Salmūyah, Christian, in service of the caliph al-Muʻtaṣim, 63
Sāmān becomes Muslim, 210
Samarqand,
Chinese embassy in, 299;
Chinese workmen in, 297 n.4;
introduction of Islam, 213, 214;
under the Mongols, 223–4
Sambawa, 398
Samsams, 376
Ṣamudu, 331–2
Sanūsiyyah order,
in Africa, 334–5, 410;
in the Malay Archipelago, 407
Sasaks, in Lombok, 398–9
Sāsānid dynasty, Christian Church, under, 68–9, 206–7
Sātūq Bug͟hrā K͟hān, 215–16
Sawo-Teheno, king of Kafa, becomes a Muhammadan, 120
Sayyid ʻAlī Akbar, Muhammadan merchant in Peking, 302, 311 n.1
Sayyid Ajall, 297–8
Sayyid Ashraf al-Dīn, 223–4
Sayyid Sulaymān, Chinese Muslim, 307, 309, 311
Scanderbeg, 177
Scutari, 184
Servia, 192–7
Shāfiʻiyyah sect, in Malay Archipelago, 364
Shanars, become Muslims, 289
Sharīf al-Riḍā, 210
Shayk͟h Jalāl al-Dīn Tabrīzī, 282
Shayk͟h Yūsuf, 350 n.6
Shīʻahs, in Africa, 341;
in India, [466]274–6;
in Kashmīr, 292;
in Java and Sumatra, 364;
in Persia, 209, 211;
in Turkey, 423
Shihāb family, in Mount Lebanon, 176–7
Siam, Islam in, 376
Siberia, 251–3
Sierra Leone, 338
Silhaṭ, 282
Sind, 272–5
Sindān, 272
Slavery,
under the Muslims, 416–17;
under the Turks, 172–6
Slave-trade, suppression of, facilitates spread of Islam, 345–6
Slave-traders, not propagandists of Islam, 343–4
Soba, mosque built in, 110
Sokoto, 325
Somalis, 349–50
Sophronius, Metropolitan of Athens, 164
Spain, Islam in, 131–44
Spaniards, in the Malay Archipelago, 387, 388, 390, 400–1, 402
Spanish Muslims, missionary activity of, 127
Ṣuhayb, the first-fruits of Greece, 26, 29
Sukadana, kingdom in Borneo, 391
Sulu Islands, 401–2
Survivals of Christian usages among Muhammadans, 129 n.2, 181, 187, 197
Swahilis, as propagandists of Islam, 345
Sword of Islam, 5, 8, 46, 85 n.4, 256, 405
Tabaristān, 210
Takūdār, first Muslim Īlk͟hān, 229–32, 238–9
Tallo, in Celebes, 395
Tartars. See Tatars
Tatars,
in Lithuania, 3, 245;
in Russia, 244–5, 247–51;
in Siberia, 251–3
Ternate, 388–90
Theodisclus, Archbishop of Seville, adopts Islam, 134
Theodore Abū Qurrah, 84
Theodore, Nestorian Bishop, 86
Tibesti, 335
Tibet, 293
Tidor, 388
Tijāniyyah order, 325, 328–30, 333
Tilok Chand, 259–60
Timotheus, Nestorian Patriarch, 67, 84
Tinnevelli, 288
Tīpū Sulṭān, 8, 254, 261–2, 268
Tiyans, 268
Toleration enjoined upon Muslims, 5–6, 77 n.6, 420
Toleration towards the Christians,
in Egypt, 102–3;
in K͟hurāsān, 82;
in North Africa, 130;
in Russia, 241–2;
in Spain, 135, 143–4;
in Syria and Palestine, 56–7, 95;
in Turkey, 146–7, 156–7, 178–9, 191
Tosks in Southern Albania, 192
Traders, Muslim. See Merchants
Tribute of Christian children, 150–2, 155
Tūbū, 410
Tunis, 129–30
Tūqluq Tīmūr K͟hān, king of Kāshgar, 235–7
Turks,
converted to Islam, 214–16;
in China, 297, 298, 304, 310;
in the Mongol armies, 226 n.3.
See also Ottoman Turks, Saljūq Turks
Uch, 281
Uganda, 344
Uljāytū, 234
ʻUmar b. ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz,
and Egypt, 103;
and North Africa, 314;
and Sind, 272;
and Transoxania, 214;
orders recently-constructed churches to be destroyed, 66;
prayed for by Christian historian, 424;
revenue of Egypt, in reign of, 103;
zeal for Islam, 82–3
ʻUmar b. al-K͟haṭṭāb,
and the Banū Tag͟hlib, 49;
conversion of, 17;
ordinance of, 57–8, 76;
and the propagation of Islam, 51, 81, 82–3;
submission of Jerusalem, 56–7
ʻUmar b. Yūsuf, Christian governor of Anbar, 64
ʻUmar Shams al-Dīn. See Sayyid Ajall
Usāma b. Munqid͟h, 90
Usambara, 346
Usayd b. Ḥuḍayr, conversion of, 23
ʻUt͟hmān, conversion, 13;
relations with China, 295;
revenue of Egypt, in reign of, 103