Aaron, Jacobite Bishop, 87
Abāqā K͟hān, 229
ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz b. Marwān, governor of Egypt, 63, 66
ʻAbd al-Karīm, founder of the kingdom of Wadai, 322
ʻAbd al-Malik, caliph, 63, 66, 81, 313
ʻAbd al-Masīḥ b. Isḥāq al-Kindī, 84–5, 428
ʻAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī, 271, 274, 328, 329
ʻAbd al-Raḥīm b. ʻAlī, on forcible conversion to Islam, 421
ʻAbd al-Raḥmān, head of the Imperial finances in China, 297
ʻAbd al-Raḥmān al-Sāmirī, reputed Hindu king, 265
ʻAbd Allāh, first Muslim king of Baghirmi, 322
ʻAbd Allāh b. Ismāʻīl al-Hāshimī, letter to al-Kindī, 84–5, 428–35
ʻAbd Allāh b. Masʻūd, 15
ʻAbd Allāh b. Maymūn, 211, 213
ʻAbd Allāh b. Yāsīn, 331
Abkhazes, 101
Abu’l-Faraj b. al-Jawzī, 75
Abu’l-Ḥasan Mihyār, converted, 210
Abū Nūḥ al-Anbārī, Christian secretary, 64
Abyssinia, Bilāl, the first-fruits of, 15, 29
Abyssinia, flight to, 15–16
Abyssinia, Islam in, 113–21, 410
Achin. See Atjeh
Adal, Muhammadan Kingdom, 114, 115
Adamaua, 325
Adi, island, 404
Adoptionism, in Spain, 139
Adrianople, 159
Afg͟hāns, conversion to Islam, 217;
in Bengal, 279
Africa, Church of North, 121–7, 129–30;
Islam in, 102–30, 312–62;
Partition of, facilitates spread of Islam, 333, 340, 345–6, 361–2
Ahl al-Kitāb, 207
Aḥmad, Tunjar Arab in Darfur, 322
Aḥmad b. Idrīs, 327
Aḥmad Mujaddid, 412
Aḥmad Shanūrāzah, first Muhammadan king of the Maldive Islands, 270
Aḥmad Takūdār. See Takūdār
Aḥmadu Shayk͟hu, 330
Ak͟hṭal, court poet, 63
ʻAlī Mug͟hāyat Shāh, king of Atjeh, 367
Almoravid dynasty, 142–3, 314, 316, 317
Amboina, 389
Amīrg͟hāniyyah order, 327
Amiroutzes, George, 160
Ānanda, viceroy of Kan-su, 227, 239
Antivari, 177, 180, 187, 188, 189, 191
Arab conquest of Byzantine empire, 54–6;
of Egypt, 102;
of North Africa, 121, 125–26, 312–13;
of Persia, 47–8
Arab conquests, not missionary, 45–7
Arab society in the time of Muḥammad, 31–2, 42–3
Arab traders, as proselytisers, 353
sq. See also Merchants
Arab tribes, conversion of, 32–3, 35–41
Arabic language, adoption of, a possible aid to the spread of Islam, 73, 137–9
Arabs, Christian, converted to Islam, 47–50
Arabs, in Africa:—Abyssinia, 114;
East Coast, 340–3;
Nubia, 110, 112;
Somaliland, 350;
Sudan, 320, 321, 322, 331;
Uganda, 344;—[458]
in China, 294–6, 297, 363;
in India, 255, 256, 263–6, 269–273;
in Indo-China, 376;
in Malay Archipelago, 364–5, 366, 371, 373, 376, 378, 388, 391, 397–8, 401, 404;
in Malay Peninsula, 373
Arghons, 293
Arg͟hūn, fourth Īlk͟hān, 232, 239;
persecutes Muhammadans, 226
Arianism, in Spain, 134
Armatoli, 62
Armenians, viii. n.1, 96–7, 176, 229
Arslān K͟hān b. Qadr K͟hān, 216
Ashanti, 339
Assam, 282
Athanasius, of Edessa, builds churches, 63, 66
Atjeh, 366, 367, 369, 375, 376, 394
Azhar, mosque of al-, 328, 355
Baduwis, in Java, 386
Baʼeda Māryām, king of Abyssinia, 114
Baele tribe, 335
Baganda, Islam among the, 344
Baghirmi, 322–3
Bak͟htiyār K͟hiljī, 277
Balambangan, kingdom in Java, 382
Bālāsāg͟hūn, 216
Balinese, in Lombok, 398–9
Baliyyūn, 113
Baltistan, 292–3
Bambara, 321
Bangalore, 285
Banjarmasin, kingdom in Borneo, 390–1
Banū Tag͟hlib, 49–50
Banū Tanūk͟h, 50
Baptism of Muhammadan children, 181, 187
Baraba Tatars, 253
Baraka K͟hān, 223, 224, 227–9, 239, 240
Bashkirs, in Hungary, 193–4;
in Russia, 250
Bāyazīd, Sultan of Turkey, 193
Baybars, Mamlūk Sultan of Egypt, 223, 228, 229
Baydū K͟hān, 232–3
Belgaum, 271
Belloos, 112–13
Berberah, 350
Berbers, Christianity among, 122;
Islam among, 312–16;
in the Sudan, 317, 321
Bintara, in Java, 383
Bishnois, Hindu sect, 263
Bizzi, Marco, in Albania, 180–3
Bodh Mal, Raja of Majhauli, 262
Bogomiles, 198–200
Bohra sect, 275–7
Bolaäng-Mongondou, in Celebes, 396–8
Borneo, 390–2
Borun tribe, 411
Brahmanābād, 272
Brunai, in Borneo, 391
Buckle, on Muslim missionaries, 405
Buddhism in conflict with Islam, 220, 225, 227
Buddhists, converted to Islam, 227, 233, 293, 376, 421
Bugis, in Borneo, 392;
in Celebes, 393, 395–6, 397;
in Lombok, 398
Bukām, a wealthy Christian, builds churches, 67
Buk͟hārā, conquered by Arabs, 213;
sacked by the Mongols, 218;
Saljūqs accept Islam here, 216
Bulgarians, 242–3
Burāq K͟hān, 235
Byzantine government, 53–5, 72–3;
in Africa, 104, 106, 124;
in Greece, 147–8
Calvinism and Islam, 155, 162–3
Cambodia, 296 n.3
Canton, 296
Capitation-tax in Albania, 182, 189;
in Turkey, 152–4.
See Jizyah
Catherine II, 247
Celebes, 392–8
Ceram, 404
Ceylon, Islam in, 266 n.2
Chag͟hatāy, 234
Chalcedon, Council of, 53, 102
Champa, 380
Chams, 296 n.3
Cherimiss, 250–1
Chermen, 378
Chinese, in Borneo, 392;
in Java, 379;
in Mindanao, 401 n.2
Chingīz K͟hān, 218, 220, 225, 301
Chittagong, 278
Christian Arabs, converted to Islam, 47–50;
in alliance with Muslim Arabs, 47–9, 62;
in modern times, 52;
persecuted, 50
Christian clergy converted to Islam, 84, 86–7;
in Abyssinia, 115;
in Egypt, 92;
in Spain, 134;
in Turkey, 159, 165, 166, 168 n.2, 169
Christian heresies as predisposing to conversion to Islam, 105, 134, 161, 199–200
Christian officials employed by Muhammadan governments, 62–4;
in Egypt, 107;
in Spain, 135
Christian soldiers in Muhammadan service, during the Crusades, 91, 96;
in North Africa, 129–30;
in Spain, 135;
in Turkey, 62, 151 n.2, 179;
exempted from the payment of capitation-tax, 61–2
Christianity, forced conversion to. See Conversion, forced
Christians converted to Islam, in Borneo, 392;
in Celebes, 396–8;
in India, 269;
in Sumatra, 370.
See also Christian clergy
Christians prefer Muslim to Christian rule, 155–7;
in Byzantine empire, 54–6, 96, 147–8;
in Greece under Frankish and Venetian rule, 147;
in Hungary, 155;
in Spain, 132;
in Servia, 194–5;
in Transylvania, 155
Christians under Muslim rule, condition of, 49–50, 52, 54–69, 75–84, 95–100, 103–4, 106–9, 121–2, 125–7, 129–44, 146–60, 178–84, 189, 194–7, 203–5, 207, 422.
See also D͟himmīs
Churches built in Muhammadan countries, 57 n.5, 65–8, 109, 135, 422 n.2
Chuvash, 251
Circassians, 100–1
Constantine, Tsarevitch of Kakheth, becomes Muslim, 99
Controversies between Christians and Muslims, 83–5, 108, 226, 227 n.4, 436–7
Conversion, forced, to Christianity, in Abyssinia, 114, 116, 119–20;
in Amboina, 7–8;
in Europe, 7–8, 194;
in the Galla country, 348;
in the Philippine Islands, 401
Conversion, forced, to Islam, absence of, vindicated by contemporary evidence, 81–2, 157–8, 173–4
Conversion, forced, to Islam, condemned, 5–6, 85 n.4, 158, 421–3
Conversion, forced, to Islam, in Albania, 182, 190;
in India, 254, 260–2, 268, 278;
in Kashmīr, 292;
in Morocco, 126;
in Mug͟halistān, 238;
in Tunis, 126 n.2;
in Turkey, 150, 166, 174
Conversion of Muslims to Christianity, in Crete, 201
Copts, 102–9
Crimea, Islam in the, 245
Crusaders, 88–92
Cyprus, Copts in, accept Islam, 108 n.3;
under Venetian rule, 147 n.2
Daghistan, 100
Dahanu, 271
Dahomey, 339
Danagla Arabs, 110 n.7
Daniel, Bishop of Khabur, 87
Dasavatār, sacred book of the Khojahs, 274
Daylam, 210
Deccan, merchants from the, in the Malay Archipelago, 364
D͟himmīs, 57–61, 66, 75–6, 77 n.6, 83, 207.
See also Christians under Muslim Rule, Zoroastrians
Doughty, quoted, 347, 413, 416–17
Dudekulas, 267
Dutch, in the Malay Archipelago, 369, 372, 397–8, 405–7
Dutch-speaking Muslims. See Cape Colony
Dyaks, 392
Egypt, Christians under Muslim rule, 102–4, 106–9;
churches built, 66–7, 109, 422 n.2
Egypt, Jacobite Christians of. See Copts
Felix, Bishop of Urgel, 139
Fire-temples, in Persia, 209–11
Fīrūz Shāh Tug͟hlaq, 258
Flores, 396
Fulbe, condition in eighteenth century, 323–4;
in nineteenth century, 325;
destroy Hausa records, 319;
missionary activity, [460]333, 353–4;
on West Coast of Africa, 340
Fūnj, empire of the, 111, 113, 337
Gabriel, Christian physician of Hārūn al-Rashīd, 64
Gabriel, Metropolitan of Fārs, 86
Gallas, 348–9;
in Abyssinia, 116–17, 347
Galley-slaves, 173
Gennadios, Patriarch of Constantinople, 146
George, Bishop of Baḥrayn, 86
Gerganos, 164
German East Africa, 345–6, 410
Gilolo, 390
Giri, 382
Gold Coast, 339
Grāñ. See Aḥmad Grāñ
Greece, the first-fruits of, Ṣuhayb, 26, 29
Greek Christians exempted from payment of capitation-tax, 62
Greek Church, attempt to Calvinise the, 161–4;
under Byzantine rule in fifteenth century, 159;
under Turkish rule in seventeenth century, 167, 169;
in Bosnia, 168;
in Crete, under Venetian rule, 203;
in Servia, 196