Caanthus, a son of Oceanus and Tethys. He was ordered by his father to seek his sister Malia, whom Apollo had carried away, and he burnt in revenge the ravisher’s temple near the ♦Isthmus. He was killed for this impiety by the god, and a monument was raised to his memory. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 10.
♦ ‘Ithmus’ replaced with ‘Isthmus’
Cabades, a king of Persia, &c.
Cabăla, a place of Sicily where the Carthaginians were conquered by Dionysius. Diodorus, bk. 15.
Cabāles, a people of Africa. Herodotus.
Cabalii, a people of Asia Minor. Herodotus.
Caballīnus, a clear fountain on mount Helicon, sacred to the muses, and called also Hippocrene, as raised from the ground by the foot of Pegasus. Persius.
Caballīnum, a town of the Ædui, now Chalons, on the Saone. Cæsar, Gallic War, ch. 42.
Caballio, a town of Gaul.
Cabarnos, a deity worshipped at Paros. His priests were called Cabarni.
Cabassus, a town of Cappadocia.——A village near Tarsus.
Cabīra, a wife of Vulcan, by whom she had three sons.——A town of Paphlagonia.
Cabīri, certain deities held in the greatest veneration at Thebes, Lemnos, Macedonia, and Phrygia, but more particularly in the islands of Samothrace and Imbros. The number of these deities is uncertain. Some say there were only two, Jupiter and Bacchus; others mention three, and some four, Aschieros, Achiochersa, Achiochersus, and Camillus. It is unknown where their worship was first established; yet Phœnicia seems to be the place according to the authority of Sanchoniathon, and from thence it was introduced into Greece by the Pelasgi. The festivals or mysteries of the Cabiri were celebrated with the greatest solemnity at Samothrace, where all the ancient heroes and princes were generally initiated, as their power seemed to be great in protecting persons from shipwreck and storms. The obscenities which prevailed in the celebration have obliged the authors of every country to pass over them in silence, and say that it was unlawful to reveal them. These deities are often confounded with the Corybantes, Anaces, Dioscuri, &c., and, according to Herodotus, Vulcan was their father. This author mentions the sacrilege which Cambyses committed in entering their temple, and turning to ridicule their sacred mysteries. They were supposed to preside over metals. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 51.—Strabo, bk. 10, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 22, &c.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 1.
Cabiria, a surname of Ceres.——The festivals of the Cabiri. See: Cabiri.
Cabūra, a fountain of Mesopotamia, where Juno bathed. Pliny, bk. 31, ch. 3.
Cabūrus, a chief of the Helvii. Cæsar.
Caca, a goddess among the Romans, sister to Cacus, who is said to have discovered to Hercules where her brother had concealed his oxen. She presided over the excrements of the body. The vestals offered sacrifices in her temple. Lactantius [Placidus], bk. 1, ch. 20.
Cachăles, a river of Phocis. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 32.
Cacus, a famous robber, son of Vulcan and Medusa, represented as a three-headed monster, and as vomiting flames. He resided in Italy, and the avenues of his cave were covered with human bones. He plundered the neighbouring country; and when Hercules returned from the conquest of Geryon, Cacus stole some of his cows, and dragged them backwards into his cave to prevent discovery. Hercules departed without perceiving the theft; but his oxen having lowed, were answered by the cows in the cave of Cacus, and the hero became acquainted with the loss he had sustained. He ran to the place, attacked Cacus, squeezed and strangled him in his arms, though vomiting fire and smoke. Hercules erected an altar to Jupiter Servator, in commemoration of his victory; and an annual festival was instituted by the inhabitants in honour of the hero, who had delivered them from such a public calamity. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 551.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 194.—Propertius, bk. 4, poem 10.—Juvenal, satire 5, li. 125.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 7.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1, ch. 9.
Cacūthis, a river of India, flowing into the Ganges. Arrian, Indica.
Cacyparis, a river of Sicily.
Cadi, a town of Phrygia. Strabo, bk. 12.——Of Lydia. Propertius, bk. 4, poem 6, li. 7.
Cadmēa, a citadel of Thebes, built by Cadmus. It is generally taken for Thebes itself, and the Thebans are often called Cadmeans. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 8, li. 601.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 5.
Cadmēis, an ancient name of Bœotia.
Cadmus, son of Agenor king of Phœnicia by Telephassa or Agriope, was ordered by his father to go in quest of his sister Europa, whom Jupiter had carried away, and he was never to return to Phœnicia if he did not bring her back. As his search proved fruitless, he consulted the oracle of Apollo, and was ordered to build a city where he should see a young heifer stop in the grass, and to call the country Bœotia. He found the heifer according to the directions of the oracle; and as he wished to thank the god by a sacrifice, he sent his companions to fetch water from a neighbouring grove. The waters were sacred to Mars, and guarded by a dragon, which devoured all the Phœnician’s attendants. Cadmus, tired of their seeming delay, went to the place, and saw the monster still feeding on their flesh. He attacked the dragon, and overcame it by the assistance of Minerva, and sowed the teeth in a plain, upon which armed men suddenly rose up from the ground. He threw a stone in the midst of them, and they instantly turned their arms one against another, till all perished except five, who assisted him in building his city. Soon after he married Hermione the daughter of Venus, with whom he lived in the greatest cordiality, and by whom he had a son Polydorus, and four daughters, Ino, Agave, Autonoe, and Semele. Juno persecuted these children; and their well-known misfortunes so distracted Cadmus and Hermione, that they retired to Illyricum, loaded with grief and infirm with age. They intreated the gods to remove them from the misfortunes of life, and they were immediately changed into serpents. Some explain the dragon’s fable, by supposing that it was a king of the country whom Cadmus conquered by war; and the armed men rising from the field, is no more than men armed with brass, according to the ambiguous signification of a Phœnician word. Cadmus was the first who introduced the use of letters into Greece; but some maintain, that the alphabet which he brought from Phœnicia, was only different from that which was used by the ancient inhabitants of Greece. This alphabet consisted only of 16 letters, to which Palamedes afterwards added four, and Simonides of Melos the same number. The worship of many of the Egyptian and Phœnician deities was also introduced by Cadmus, who is supposed to have come into Greece 1493 years before the christian era, and to have died 61 years after. According to those who believe that Thebes was built at the sound of Amphion’s lyre, Cadmus built only a small citadel which he called Cadmea, and laid the foundations of a city which was finished by one of his successors. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, fables 1, 2, &c.—Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 49; bk. 4, ch. 147.—Hyginus, fables 6, 76, 155, &c.—Diodorus, bk. 1, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 5, &c.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 937, &c.——A son of Pandion of Miletus, celebrated as an historian in the age of Crœsus, and as the writer of an account of some cities of Ionia, in four books. He is called the ancient, in contradistinction from another of the same name and place, son of Archelaus, who wrote a history of Attica in 16 books, and a treatise on love in 14 books. Diodorus, bk. 1.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 2.—Clement of Alexandria, bk. 3.—Strabo, bk. 1.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.——A Roman executioner, mentioned Horace, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 39.
Cadra, a hill of Asia Minor. Tacitus.
Cadūceus, a rod entwined at one end by two serpents, in the form of two equal semi-circles. It was the attribute of Mercury and the emblem of power, and it had been given him by Apollo in return for the lyre. Various interpretations have been put upon the two serpents round it. Some suppose them to be a symbol of Jupiter’s amours with Rhea, when these two deities transformed themselves into snakes. Others say that it originates from Mercury’s having appeased the fury of two serpents that were fighting, by touching them with his rod. Prudence is generally supposed to be represented by these two serpents, and the wings are the symbol of diligence; both necessary in the pursuit of business and commerce, which Mercury patronized. With it Mercury conducted to the infernal regions the souls of the dead, and could lull to sleep, and even raise to life a dead person. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 242.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 10.
Cadurci, a people of Gaul, at the east of the Garonne. Cæsar.
Cadusci, a people near the Caspian sea. Plutarch.
Cadytis, a town of Syria. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 159.
Cæa, an island of the Ægean sea among the Cyclades, called also Ceos and Cea, from Ceus the son of Titan. Ovid, poem 20. Heroides.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 14.
Cæcias, a wind blowing from the north.
Cæcĭlia, the wife of Sylla. Plutarch, Sulla.——The mother of Lucullus. Plutarch, Lucullus.——A daughter of Atticus.
Cæcilia Caia, or Tanaquil. See: Tanaquil.
Cæcilia lex, was proposed A.U.C. 693, by Cæcilius Metellus Nepos, to remove taxes from all the Italian states, and to give them free exportation.——Another, called also Didia, A.U.C. 656, by the consul Quintus Cæcilius Metellus and Titus Didius. It required that no more than one single matter should be proposed to the people in one question, lest by one word they should give their assent to a whole bill, which might contain clauses worthy to be approved, and others unworthy. It required that every law, before it was preferred, should be exposed to public view on three market-days.——Another, enacted by Cæcilius Metellus the censor, concerning fullers. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 17.——Another, A.U.C. 701, to restore to the censors their original rights and privileges, which had been lessened by Publius Clodius the tribune.——Another, called also Gabinia, A.U.C. 685, against usury.
Cæciliānus, a Latin writer before the age of Cicero.
Cæcĭlii, a plebeian family at Rome, descended from Cæcas, one of the companions of Æneas, or from Cæculus the son of Vulcan, who built Præneste. This family gave birth to many illustrious generals and patriots.
Cæcĭlius Claudius Isidorus, a man who left in his will to his heirs, 4116 slaves, 3600 yokes of oxen, 257,000 small cattle, 600,000 pounds of silver. Pliny, bk. 33, ch. 10.——Epirus, a freedman of Atticus, who opened a school at Rome, and is said to have first taught reading to Virgil and some other growing poets.——A Sicilian orator in the age of Augustus, who wrote on the Servile wars, a comparison between Demosthenes and Cicero, and an account of the orations of Demosthenes.——Metellus. See: Metellus.——Statius, a comic poet, deservedly commended by Cicero and Quintilian, though the orator, Letters to Atticus, calls him Malum Latinitatis auctorem. Above 30 of his comedies are mentioned by ancient historians, among which are his Nauclerus, Phocius, Epiclerus, Syracusæ, Fœnerator, Fallacia, Pausimachus, &c. He was a native of Gaul, and died at Rome 168 B.C., and was buried on the Janiculum. Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 1.
Cæcīna Tuscus, a son of Nero’s nurse, made governor of Egypt. Suetonius, Nero.——A Roman who wrote some physical treatises.——A citizen of Volaterræ defended by Cicero.
Cæcŭbum, a town of Campania in Italy, near the bay of Caieta, famous for the excellence and plenty of its wines. Strabo, bk. 5.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 20; bk. 2, ode 14, &c.
Cæcŭlus, a son of Vulcan, conceived, as some say, by his mother, when a spark of fire fell into her bosom. He was called Cæculus because his eyes were small. After a life spent in plundering and rapine, he built Præneste; but being unable to find inhabitants, he implored Vulcan to show whether he really was his father. Upon this a flame suddenly shone among a multitude who were assembled to see some spectacle, and they were immediately persuaded to become the subjects of Cæculus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 680, says that he was found in fire by shepherds, and on that account called son of Vulcan, who is the god of fire.
Quintus Cædicius, a consul, A.U.C. 498.——Another, A.U.C. 465.——A military tribune in Sicily, who bravely devoted himself to rescue the Roman army from the Carthaginians, B.C. 254. He escaped with his life.——A rich person, &c. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 362.——A friend of Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, lis. 7, 47.
Cælia lex, was enacted, A.U.C. 635, by Cælius, a tribune. It ordained, that in judicial proceedings before the people, in cases of treason, the votes should be given upon tablets contrary to the exception of the Cassian law.
Cælius, an orator, disciple to Cicero. He died very young. Cicero defended him when he was accused by Clodius of being accessary to Catiline’s conspiracy, and of having murdered some ambassadors from Alexandria, and carried on an illicit amour with Clodia the wife of Metellus. Pro Cælio.—Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.——A man of Tarracina, found murdered in his bed. His sons were suspected of the murder, but acquitted. Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 1.——Aurelianus, a writer about 300 years after Christ, the best edition of whose works is that of Almeloveen, Amsterdam, 1722 and 1755.——Lucius Antipater, wrote a history of Rome, which Marcus Brutus epitomized, and which Adrian preferred to the histories of Sallust. Cælius flourished 120 years B.C. Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 7.—Cicero, bk. 13, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 8.——Tubero, a man who came to life after he had been carried to the burning pile. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 52.——Vibienus, a king of Etruria, who assisted Romulus against the Cæninenses, &c.——Sabinus, a writer in the age of Vespasian, who composed a treatise on the edicts of the curule ediles.——One of the seven hills on which Rome was built. Romulus surrounded it with a ditch and rampart, and it was enclosed by walls by the succeeding kings. It received its name from Cælius, who assisted Romulus against the Sabines.
Cæmaro, a Greek, who wrote an account of India.
Cæne, a small island in the Sicilian sea.——A town on the coast of Laconia, whence Jupiter is called Cænius. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 5.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 136.
Cæneus, one of the Argonauts. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.——A Trojan killed by Turnus. Virgil.
Cænides, a patronymic of Eetion, as descended from Cæneus. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 92.
Cænīna, a town of Latium near Rome. The inhabitants, called Cæninenses, made war against the Romans when their virgins had been stolen away. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 135.—Propertius, bk. 4, poem 11, li. 9.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 9.
Cænis, a promontory of Italy, opposite to Pelorus in Sicily, a distance of about one mile and a half.
Cænis, a Thessalian woman, daughter of Elatus, who, being forcibly ravished by Neptune, obtained from the god the power to change her sex, and to become invulnerable. She also changed her name, and was called Cæneus. In the wars of the Lapithæ against the Centaurs, she offended Jupiter, and was overwhelmed with a huge pile of wood, and changed into a bird. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, lis. 172 & 479.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 448, says that she returned again to her pristine form.
Quintus Servilius Cæpio, a Roman consul, A.U.C. 648, in the Cimbrian war. He plundered a temple at Tolossa, for which he was punished by divine vengeance, &c. Justin, bk. 32, ch. 3.—Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 12.——A questor who opposed Saturninus. Cicero, Rhetorica ad Herennium.
Cæratus, a town of Crete. Strabo.——A river.
Cære, Cæres, anciently Agylla, now Cerveteri, a city of Etruria, once the capital of the whole country. It was in being in the age of Strabo. When Æneas came to Italy, Mezentius was king over the inhabitants, called Cæretes or Cærites; but they banished their prince, and assisted the Trojans. The people of Cære received with all possible hospitality the Romans who fled with the fire of Vesta, when the city was besieged by the Gauls, and for this humanity they were made citizens of Rome, but without the privilege of voting; whence Cærites tabulæ was applied to those who had no suffrage, and Cærites cera appropriated as a mark of contempt. Virgil, Æneid, bks. 8 & 10.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 2.—Strabo, bk. 5.
Cæresi, a people of Germany. Cæsar.
Cæsar, a surname given to the Julian family at Rome, either because one of them kept an elephant, which bears the same name in the Punic tongue, or because one was born with a thick head of hair. This name, after it had been dignified in the person of Julius Cæsar and of his successors, was given to the apparent heir of the empire, in the age of the Roman emperors. The 12 first Roman emperors were distinguished by the surname of Cæsar. They reigned in the following order: Julius Cæsar, Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian. In Domitian, or rather in Nero, the family of Julius Cæsar was extinguished. But after such a lapse of time, the appellation of Cæsar seemed inseparable from the imperial dignity, and therefore it was assumed by the successors of the Julian family. Suetonious has written an account of these 12 characters, in an extensive and impartial manner.——Caius Julius Cæsar, the first emperor of Rome, was son of ♦Caius Cæsar and Aurelia the daughter of Cotta. He was descended, according to some accounts, from Julus the son of Æneas. When he reached his 15th year he lost his father, and the year after he was made priest of Jupiter. Sylla was aware of his ambition, and endeavoured to remove him; but Cæsar understood his intentions, and to avoid discovery changed every day his lodgings. He was received into Sylla’s friendship some time after; and the dictator told those who solicited the advancement of young Cæsar, that they were warm in the interest of a man who would prove some day or other the ruin of their country and of their liberty. When Cæsar went to finish his studies at Rhodes, under Apollonius Molo, he was seized by pirates, who offered him his liberty for 30 talents. He gave them 40, and threatened to revenge their insults; and he no sooner was out of their power, than he armed a ship, pursued them, and crucified them all. His eloquence procured him friends at Rome; and the generous manner in which he lived equally served to promote his interest. He obtained the office of high priest at the death of Metellus; and after he had passed through the inferior employments of the state, he was appointed over Spain, where he signalized himself by his valour and intrigues. At his return to Rome, he was made consul, and soon after he effected a reconciliation between Crassus and Pompey. He was appointed for the space of five years over the Gauls, by the interest of Pompey, to whom he had given his daughter Julia in marriage. Here he enlarged the boundaries of the Roman empire by conquest, and invaded Britain, which was then unknown to the Roman people. He checked the Germans, and soon after had his government over Gaul prolonged to five other years, by means of his friends at Rome. The death of Julia and of Crassus, the corrupted state of the Roman senate, and the ambition of Cæsar and Pompey, soon became the causes of a civil war. Neither of these celebrated Romans would suffer a superior, and the smallest matters were sufficient ground for unsheathing the sword. Cæsar’s petitions were received with coldness or indifference by the Roman senate; and, by the influence of Pompey, a decree was passed to strip him of his power. Antony, who opposed it as tribune, fled to Cæsar’s camp with the news; and the ambitious general no sooner heard this, than he made it a plea of resistance. On pretence of avenging the violence which had been offered to the sacred office of tribune in the person of Antony, he crossed the Rubicon, which was the boundary of his province. The passage of the Rubicon was a declaration of war, and Cæsar entered Italy sword in hand. Upon this, Pompey, with all the friends of liberty, left Rome, and retired to Dyrrachium; and Cæsar, after he had subdued all Italy, in 60 days, entered Rome, and provided himself with money from the public treasury. He went to Spain, where he conquered the partisans of Pompey, under Petreius, Afranius, and Varro; and, at his return to Rome, was declared dictator, and soon after consul. When he left Rome he went in quest of Pompey, observing that he was marching against a general without troops, after having defeated troops without a general in Spain. In the plains of Pharsalia, B.C. 48, the two hostile generals engaged. Pompey was conquered, and fled into Egypt, where he was murdered. Cæsar, after he had made a noble use of victory, pursued his adversary into Egypt, where he for some time forgot his fame and character in the arms of Cleopatra, by whom he had a son. His danger was great while at Alexandria; but he extricated himself with wonderful success, and made Egypt tributary to his power. After several conquests in Africa, the defeat of Cato, Scipio, and Juba, and that of Pompey’s sons in Spain, he entered Rome, and triumphed over five different nations, Gaul, Alexandria, Pontus, Africa, and Spain, and was created perpetual dictator. But now his glory was at an end, his uncommon success created him enemies, and the chiefest of the senators, among whom was Brutus his most intimate friend, conspired against him, and stabbed him in the senate house on the ides of March. He died, pierced with 23 wounds, the 15th of March, B.C. 44, in the 56th year of his age. Casca gave him the first blow, and immediately he attempted to make some resistance; but when he saw Brutus among the conspirators, he submitted to his fate, and fell down at their feet, muffling up his mantle, and exclaiming, Tu quoque Brute! Cæsar might have escaped the sword of the conspirators if he had listened to the advice of his wife, whose dreams on the night previous to the day of his murder were alarming. He also received, as he went to the senate house, a paper from Artemidorus, which discovered the whole conspiracy to him; but he neglected the reading of what might have saved his life. When he was in his first campaign in Spain, he was observed to gaze at a statue of Alexander, and even shed tears at the recollection that that hero had conquered the world at an age in which he himself had done nothing. The learning of Cæsar deserves commendation, as well as his military character. He reformed the calendar. He wrote his commentaries on the Gallic wars, on the spot where he fought his battles; and the composition has been admired for the elegance as well as the correctness of its style. This valuable book was nearly lost; and when Cæsar saved his life in the bay of Alexandria, he was obliged to swim from his ship, with his arms in one hand and his commentaries in the other. Besides the Gallic and civil wars, he wrote other pieces, which are now lost. The history of the war in Alexandria and Spain is attributed to him by some, and by others to Hirtius. Cæsar has been blamed for his debaucheries and expenses; and the first year he had a public office, his debts were rated at 830 talents, which his friends discharged: yet, in his public character, he must be reckoned one of the few heroes that rarely make their appearance among mankind. His qualities were such that in every battle he could not but be conqueror, and in every republic, master; and to his sense of his superiority over the rest of the world, or to his ambition, we are to attribute his saying, that he wished rather to be first in a little village, than second at Rome. It was after his conquest over Pharnaces in one day, that he made use of these remarkable words, to express the celerity of his operations: Veni, vidi, vici. Conscious of the services of a man who in the intervals of peace, beautified and enriched the capital of his country with public buildings, libraries, and porticoes, the senate permitted the dictator to wear a laurel crown on his bald head; and it is said that, to reward his benevolence, they were going to give him the title of authority of king all over the Roman empire, except Italy, when he was murdered. In his private character, Cæsar has been accused of seducing one of the vestal virgins, and suspected of being privy to Catiline’s conspiracy; and it was his fondness for dissipated pleasures which made his countrymen say, that he was the husband of all the women at Rome, and the woman of all men. It is said that he conquered 300 nations, took 800 cities, and defeated three millions of men, one of which fell in the field of battle. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 25, says that he could employ at the same time, his ears to listen, his eyes to read, his hand to write, and his mind to dictate. His death was preceded, as many authors mention, by uncommon prodigies; and immediately after his death, a large comet made its appearance. The best editions of Cæsar’s commentaries, are the magnificent one by Dr. Clarke, folio, London, 1712; that of Cambridge, with a Greek translation, 4to, 1727; that of Oudendorp, 2 vols., 4to, Leiden, 1737; and that of Elzevir, 8vo, Leiden, 1635. Suetonius & Plutarch, Lives.—Dio Cassius.—Appian.—Orosius.—Diodorus, bk. 16 & fragments of bks. 31 & 37.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 466.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 782.—Marcellinus.—Florus, bks. 3 & 4.——Lucius was father to the dictator. He died suddenly, when putting on his shoes.——Octavianus. See: Augustus.——Caius, a tragic poet and orator, commended by Cicero, Brutus. His brother C. Lucius was consul, and followed, as well as himself, the party of Sylla. They were both put to death by order of Marius.——Lucius, an uncle of Marcus Antony, who followed the interest of Pompey, and was proscribed by Augustus, for which Antony proscribed Cicero the friend of Augustus. His son Lucius was put to death by Julius Cæsar in his youth.——Two sons of Agrippa bore also the name of Cæsar, Caius and Lucius. See: Agrippa.——Augusta, a town of Spain, built by Augustus, on the Iberus, and now called Saragossa.
♦ ‘L.’ replaced with ‘Caius’
Cæsarēa, a city of Cappadocia,——of Bithynia,——of Mauritania,——of Palestine. There are many small insignificant towns of that name, either built by the emperors, or called by their name, in compliment to them.
Cæsarion, the son of Julius Cæsar by queen Cleopatra, was, at the age of 13, proclaimed by Antony and his mother, king of Cyprus, Egypt, and Cœlosyria. He was put to death five years after by Augustus. Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 17, & Cæsar, ch. 52.
Cæsennius Pætus, a general sent by Nero to Armenia, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, chs. 6 & 25.
Cæsetius, a Roman who protected his children against Cæsar. Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 7.
Cæsia, a surname of Minerva.——A wood in Germany. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 50.
Cæsius, a Latin poet, whose talents were not of uncommon brilliancy. Catullus, poem 14.——A lyric and heroic poet in the reign of Nero. Persius.
Cæso, a son of Quinctius Cincinnatus, who revolted to the Volsci.
Cæsonia, a lascivious woman who married Caligula, and was murdered at the same time with her daughter Julia. Suetonius, Caligula, ch. 59.
Cæsonius Maximus, was banished from Italy by Nero, on account of his friendship with Seneca, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 71.
Cætŭlum, a town of Spain. Strabo, bk. 2.
Cagāco, a fountain of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 24.
Caicīnus, a river of Locris. Thucydides, bk. 3, ch. 103.
Caīcus, a companion of Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 187; bk. 9, li. 35.——A river of Mysia, falling into the Ægean sea, opposite Lesbos. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 370.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 243.
Caiēta, a town, promontory, and harbour of Campania, which received its name from Caieta the nurse of Æneas, who was buried there. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 1.
Caius and Caia, a prænomen very common at Rome to both sexes. C, in its natural position, denoted the man’s name, and when reversed Ↄ it implied Cais. Quintilian, bk. 1, ch. 7.
Caius, a son of Agrippa by Julia. See: Agrippa.
Quintus Calăber, called also Smyrnæus, wrote a Greek poem in 14 books, as a continuation of Homer’s Iliad, about the beginning of the third century. The best editions of this elegant and well-written book are that of Rhodoman, 12mo, Hanover, 1604, with the notes of Dausqueius; and that of Pauw, 8vo, Leiden, 1734.
Calābria, a country of Italy in Magna Græcia. It has been called Messapia, Japygia, Salentinia, and Peucetia. The poet Ennius was born there. The country was fertile, and produced a variety of fruits, much cattle, and excellent honey. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 425.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 31; Epodes, poem 1, li. 27; bk. 1, ltr. 7, li. 14.—Strabo, bk. 6.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Pliny, bk. 8, ch. 48.
Calăbrus, a river of Calabria. Pausanias, bk. 6.
Calagurritāni, a people of Spain, who ate their wives and children rather than yield to Pompey. Valerius Maximus, bk. 7, ch. 6.
Calais and Zethes. See: Zethes.
Calagutis, a river of Spain. Florus, bk. 3, ch. 22.
Calămis, an excellent carver. Propertius, bk. 3, poem 9, li. 10.
Calămīsa, a place of Samos. Herodotus, bk. 9.
Calămos, a town of Asia, near mount Libanus. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 20.——A town of Phœnicia.——Another of Babylonia.
Calămus, a son of the river Mæander, who was tenderly attached to Carpo, &c. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 35.
Calānus, a celebrated Indian philosopher, one of the gymnosophists. He followed Alexander in his Indian expedition, and being sick, in his 83rd year, he ordered a pile to be raised, upon which he mounted, decked with flowers and garlands, to the astonishment of the king and of the army. When the pile was fired, Alexander asked him whether he had anything to say. “No,” said he, “I shall meet you again in a very short time.” Alexander died three months after in Babylon. Strabo, bk. 15.—Cicero, de Divinatione, bk. 1, ch. 23.—Arrian & Plutarch, Alexander.—Ælian, bk. 2, ch. 41; bk. 5, ch. 6.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 8.
Calaon, a river of Asia, near Colophon. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 3.
Calăris, a city of Sardinia. Florus, bk. 2, ch. 6.
Calathāna, a town of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 13.
Calathes, a town of Thrace near Tomus, on the Euxine sea. Strabo, bk. 7.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.
Calathion, a mountain of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 26.
Calathus, a son of Jupiter and Antiope.
Calātia, a town of Campania, on the Appian way. It was made a Roman colony in the age of Julius Cæsar. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 543.
Calatiæ, a people of India, who ate the flesh of their parents. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 38.
Calavii, a people of Campania. Livy, bk. 26, ch. 27.
Calavius, a magistrate of Capua, who rescued some Roman senators from death, &c. Livy, bk. 23, chs. 2 & 3.
Calaurēa and Calaurīa, an island near Trœzene in the bay of Argos. Apollo, and afterwards Neptune, was the chief deity of the place. The tomb of Demosthenes was seen there, who poisoned himself to fly from the persecutions of Antipater. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 384.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 8, &c.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.
Calbis, a river of Caria. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 16.
Calce, a city of Campania. Strabo, bk. 5.
Calchas, a celebrated soothsayer, son of Thestor. He accompanied the Greeks to Troy, in the office of high priest; and he informed them that the city could not be taken without the aid of Achilles, that their fleet could not sail from Aulis before Iphigenia was sacrificed to Diana, and that the plague could not be stopped in the Grecian army before the restoration of Chryseis to her father. He told them also that Troy could not be taken before 10 years’ siege. He had received the power of divination from Apollo. Calchas was informed that as soon as he found a man more skilled than himself in divination, he must perish; and this happened near Colophon, after the Trojan war. He was unable to tell how many figs were in the branches of a certain fig tree; and when Mopsus mentioned the exact number, Calchas died through grief. See: Mopsus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, li. 69.—Aeschylus, Agamemnon.—Euripides, Iphigeneia.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 43.
Calchedonia. See: Chalcedon.
Calchinia, a daughter of Leucippus. She had a son by Neptune, who inherited his grandfather’s kingdom of Sicyon. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 5.
Caldus Cælius, a Roman who killed himself when detained by the Germans. Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 120.
Cale (es), Cales (ium), and Calēnum, now Calvi, a town of Campania. Horace, bk. 4, ode 12.—Juvenal, satire 1, li. 69.—Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 413.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 728.
Calēdonia, a country at the north of Britain, now called Scotland. The reddish hair and lofty stature of its inhabitants seemed to denote a German extraction, according to Tacitus, Life of Agricola. It was so little known to the Romans, and its inhabitants so little civilized, that they called it Britannia Barbara, and they never penetrated into the country either for curiosity or conquest. Martial, bk. 10, ltr. 44.—Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 598.
Calēntum, a place of Spain, where it is said they made bricks so light that they swam on the surface of the water. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 14.
Calēnus, a famous soothsayer of Etruria in the age of Tarquin. Pliny, bk. 28, ch. 2.——A lieutenant of Cæsar’s army. After Cæsar’s murder, he concealed some that had been proscribed by the triumvirs, and behaved with great honour to them. Plutarch, Cæsar.
Cales. See: Cale.——A city of Bithynia on the Euxine. Arrian.
Calesius, a charioteer of Axylus, killed by Diomedes in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 16, li. 16.
Calētæ, a people of Belgic Gaul, now Pays de Caux, in Normandy. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 2, ch. 4. Their town was called Caletum.
Caletor, a Trojan prince, slain by Ajax as he was going to set fire to the ship of Protesilaus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 15, li. 419.
Calex, a river of Asia Minor, falling into the Euxine sea. Thucydides, bk. 4, ch. 75.
Caliadne, the wife of Ægyptus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.
Calicēni, a people of Macedonia.
Marcus Calidius, an orator and pretorian who died in the civil wars, &c. Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 1, ch. 2.——Lucius Julius, a man remarkable for his riches, the excellency of his character, his learning and poetical abilities. He was proscribed by Volumnius, but delivered by Atticus. Cornelius Nepos, Atticus, ch. 12.
Caius Calĭgŭla, the emperor, received this surname from his wearing in the camp the Caliga, a military covering for the leg. He was son of Germanicus by Agrippina, and grandson to Tiberius. During the first eight months of his reign, Rome experienced universal prosperity, the exiles were recalled, taxes were remitted, and profligates dismissed; but Caligula soon became proud, wanton, and cruel. He built a temple to himself, and ordered his head to be placed on the images of the gods, while he wished to imitate the thunders and powers of Jupiter. The statues of all great men were removed, as if Rome would sooner forget their virtues in their absence; and the emperor appeared in public places in the most indecent manner, encouraged roguery, committed incest with his three sisters, and established public places of prostitution. He often amused himself with putting innocent people to death; he attempted to famish Rome by a monopoly of corn; and as he was pleased with the greatest disasters which befel his subjects, he often wished the Romans had but one head, that he might have the gratification to strike it off. Wild beasts were constantly fed in his palace with human victims, and a favourite horse was made high priest and consul, and kept in marble apartments, and adorned with the most valuable trappings and pearls which the Roman empire could furnish. Caligula built a bridge upwards of three miles in the sea; and would perhaps have shown himself more tyrannical had not Chæreas, one of his servants, formed a conspiracy against his life, with others equally tired with the cruelties and the insults that were offered with impunity to the persons and feelings of the Romans. In consequence of this, the tyrant was murdered January 24th, in his 29th year, after a reign of three years and ten months, A.D. 41. It has been said that Caligula wrote a treatise on rhetoric; but his love of learning is better understood from his attempts to destroy the writings of Homer and of Virgil. Dio Cassius.—Suetonius, Lives of the Twelve Caesars.—Tacitus, Annals.
Calĭpus, a mathematician of Cyzicus, B.C. 330.
Calis, a man in Alexander’s army, tortured for conspiring against the king. Curtius, bk. 6, ch. 11.
Callæscherus, the father of Critias. Plutarch, Alcibiades.
Callaĭci, a people of Lusitania, now Gallicia, at the north of Spain. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 6, li. 461.
Callas, a general of Alexander. Diodorus, bk. 17.——Of Cassander against Polyperchon. Diodorus, bk. 19.——A river of Eubœa.
Callatēbus, a town of Caria. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 32.
Calle, a town of ancient Spain, now Oporto, at the mouth of the Douro in Portugal.
Calleteria, a town of Campania.
Callēni, a people of Campania.
Callia, a town of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 27.
Calliădes, a magistrate of Athens when Xerxes invaded Greece. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 51.
Callias, an Athenian appointed to make peace between Artaxerxes and his country. Diodorus, bk. 12.——A son of Temenus, who murdered his father with the assistance of his brothers. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 6.——A Greek poet, son of Lysimachus. His compositions are lost. He was surnamed Schœnion, from his twisting ropes (σχοινος), through poverty. Athenæus, bk. 10.——A partial historian of Syracuse. He wrote an account of the Sicilian wars, and was well rewarded by Agathocles, because he had shown him in a favourable view. Athenæus, bk. 12.—Dionysius.——An Athenian greatly revered for his patriotism. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 121.——A soothsayer.——An Athenian commander of a fleet against Philip, whose ships he took, &c.——A rich Athenian, who liberated Cimon from prison, on condition of marrying his sister and wife Elpinice. Cornelius Nepos & Plutarch, Cimon.——An historian, who wrote an explanation of the poems of Alcæus and Sappho.
Callibius, a general in the war between Mantinea and Sparta. Xenophon, Hellenica.
Callicērus, a Greek poet, some of whose epigrams are preserved in the Anthologia.
Callichŏrus, a place of Phocis, where the orgies of Bacchus were yearly celebrated.
Callĭcles, an Athenian, whose house was not searched on account of his recent marriage, when an inquiry was made after the money given by Harpalus, &c. Plutarch, Demosthenes.——A statuary of Megara.
Callicolōna, a place of Troy, near the Simois.
Callicrătes, an Athenian, who seized upon the sovereignty of Syracuse, by imposing upon Dion when he had lost his popularity. He was expelled by the sons of Dionysius, after reigning 13 months. He is called Calippus by some authors. Cornelius Nepos, Dion.——An officer entrusted with the care of the treasures of Susa by Alexander. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 2.——An artist, who made, with ivory, ants and other insects, so small that they could scarcely be seen. It is said that he engraved some of Homer’s verses upon a grain of millet. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 21.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 1, ch. 17.——An Athenian, who, by his perfidy, constrained the Athenians to submit to Rome. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 10.——A Syrian, who wrote an account of Aurelian’s life.——A brave Athenian, killed at the battle of Platæa. Herodotus, bk. 9, ch. 72.
Callicratĭdas, a Spartan, who succeeded Lysander in the command of the fleet. He took Methymna, and routed the Athenian fleet under Conon. He was defeated and killed near the Arginusæ, in a naval battle, B.C. 406. Diodorus, bk. 13.—Xenophon, Hellenica.——One of the four ambassadors sent by the Lacedæmonians to Darius, upon the rupture of their alliance with Alexander. Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 13.——A Pythagorean writer.
Callidius, a celebrated Roman orator, contemporary with Cicero, who speaks of his abilities with commendation. Cicero, Brutus, ch. 274.—Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 36.
Callidrŏmus, a place near Thermopylæ. Thucydides, bk. 8, ch. 6.
Calligētus, a man of Megara, received in his banishment by Pharnabazus. Thucydides, bk. 8, ch. 6.
Callĭmăchus, an historian and poet of Cyrene, son of Battus and Mesatma, and pupil to Hermocrates the grammarian. He had, in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus, kept a school at Alexandria, and had Apollonius of Rhodes among his pupils, whose ingratitude obliged Callimachus to lash him severely in a satirical poem, under the name of Ibis. See: Apollonius. The Ibis of Ovid is in imitation of this piece. He wrote a work, in 120 books, on famous men, besides treatises on birds; but of all his numerous compositions, only 31 epigrams, an elegy, and some hymns on the gods, are extant; the best editions of which are that of Ernestus, 2 vols., 8vo, Leiden, 1761, and that of Vulcanius, 12mo, Antwerp, 1584. Propertius styled himself the Roman Callimachus. The precise time of his death, as well as of his birth, is unknown. Propertius, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 65.—Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputations, bk. 1, ch. 84.—Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 2, li. 109.—Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.——An Athenian general killed in the battle of Marathon. His body was found in an erect posture, all covered with wounds. Plutarch.——A Colophonian, who wrote the life of Homer. Plutarch.
Callimĕdon, a partisan of Phocion, at Athens, condemned by the populace.
Callimĕles, a youth ordered to be killed and served up as meat by Apollodorus of Cassandrea. Polyænus, bk. 6, ch. 7.
Callinus, an orator, who is said to have first invented elegiac poetry, B.C. 776. Some of his verses are to be found in Stobæus. Athenæus.—Strabo, bk. 13.
Calliŏpe, one of the Muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, who presided over eloquence and heroic poetry. She is said to be the mother of Orpheus by Apollo, and Horace supposes her able to play on any musical instrument. She was represented with a trumpet in her right hand, and with books in the other, which signified that her office was to take notice of the famous actions of heroes, as Clio was employed in celebrating them; and she held the three most famous epic poems of antiquity, and appeared generally crowned with laurels. She settled the dispute between Venus and Proserpine, concerning Adonis, whose company these two goddesses wished both perpetually to enjoy. Hesiod, Theogony.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 3.—Horace, Odes.
Callipatīra, daughter of Diagoras and wife of Callianax the athlete, went disguised in man’s clothes with her son Pisidorus to the Olympic games. When Pisidorus was declared victor, she discovered her sex through excess of joy, and was arrested, as women were not permitted to appear there on pain of death. The victory of her son obtained her release; and a law was instantly made, which forbade any wrestlers to appear but naked. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 6; bk. 6, ch. 7.
Callĭphon, a painter of Samos, famous for his historical pieces. Pliny, bk. 10, ch. 26.——A philosopher who made the summum bonum consist in pleasure joined to the love of honesty. This system was opposed by Cicero. Academic Questions, bk. 4, chs. 131 & 139; De Officiis, bk. 3, ch. 119.
Callĭphron, a celebrated dancing master, who had Epaminondas among his pupils. Cornelius Nepos, Epaminondas.
Callipĭdæ, a people of Scythia. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 17.
Callipŏlis, a city of Thrace on the Hellespont. Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 250.——A town of Sicily near Ætna.——A city of Calabria on the coast of Tarentum, on a rocky island, joined by a bridge to the continent. It is now called Gallipoli, and contains 6000 inhabitants, who trade in oil and cotton.
Callĭpus, or Calippus, an Athenian, disciple to Plato. He destroyed Dion, &c. See: Callicrates. Cornelius Nepos, Dion.——A Corinthian, who wrote a history of Orchomenos. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 20.——A philosopher. Diogenes Laërtius, Zeno.——A general of the Athenians, when the Gauls invaded Greece by Thermopylæ. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 3.
Callipyges, a surname of Venus.
Callirhoe, a daughter of the Scamander, who married Tros, by whom she had Ilus, Ganymede, and Assaracus.——A fountain of Attica where Callirhoe killed herself. See: Coresus. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 21.—Statius, bk. 12, Thebiad, li. 629.——A daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, mother of Echidna, Orthus, and Cerberus by Chrysaor. Hesiod.——A daughter of Lycus tyrant of Libya, who kindly received Diomedes at his return from Troy. He abandoned her, upon which she killed herself.——A daughter of the Achelous, who married Alcmæon. See: Alcmæon. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 24.——A daughter of Phocus the Bœotian, whose beauty procured her many admirers. Her father behaved with such coldness to her lovers that they murdered him. Callirhoe avenged his death with the assistance of the Bœotians. Plutarch, Amatoriæ narrationes.——A daughter of Piras and Niobe. Hyginus, fable 145.
Calliste, an island of the Ægean sea, called afterwards Thera. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 1.—Its chief town was founded 1150 years before the christian era, by Theras.
Callisteia, a festival at Lesbos, during which all the women presented themselves in the temple of Juno, and the fairest was rewarded in a public manner. There was also an institution of the same kind among the Parrhasians, first made by Cypselus, whose wife was honoured with the first prize. The Eleans had one also, in which the fairest man received as a prize a complete suit of armour, which he dedicated to Minerva.
Callisthĕnes, a Greek who wrote a history of his own country in 10 books, beginning from the peace between Artaxerxes and Greece, down to the plundering of the temple of Delphi by Philomelus. Diodorus, bk. 14.——A man who with others attempted to expel the garrison of Demetrius from Athens. Polyænus, bk. 5, ch. 17.——A philosopher of Olynthus, intimate with Alexander, whom he accompanied in his oriental expedition in the capacity of a preceptor, and to whom he had been recommended by his friend and master Aristotle. He refused to pay divine honours to the king, for which he was accused of conspiracy, mutilated and exposed to wild beasts, dragged about in chains, till Lysimachus gave him poison, which ended together his tortures and his life, B.C. 328. None of his compositions are extant. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 6.—Plutarch, Alexander.—Arrian, bk. 4.—Justin, bk. 12, chs. 6 & 7.——A writer of Sybaris.——A freedman of Lucullus. It is said that he gave poison to his master. Plutarch, Lucullus.
Callisto and Calisto, called also Helice, was daughter of Lycaon king of Arcadia, and one of Diana’s attendants. Jupiter saw her, and seduced her after he had assumed the shape of Diana. Her pregnancy was discovered as she bathed with Diana; and the fruit of her amour with Jupiter called Arcas, was hid in the woods and preserved. Juno, who was jealous of Jupiter, changed Calisto into a bear; but the god, apprehensive of her being hurt by the huntsmen, made her a constellation of heaven, with her son Arcas, under the name of the bear. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, fable 4, &c.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 8.—Hyginus, fable 176 & 177.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 3.
Callistonicus, a celebrated statuary at Thebes. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 16.
Callistrătus, an Athenian, appointed general with Timotheus and Chabrias against Lacedæmon. Diodorus, bk. 15.——An orator of Aphidna, in the time of Epaminondas, the most eloquent of his age.——An Athenian orator with whom Demosthenes made an intimate acquaintance after he had heard him plead. Xenophon.——A Greek historian praised by Dionysius of Halicarnassus.——A comic poet, rival of Aristophanes.——A statuary. Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 8.——A secretary of Mithridates. Plutarch, Lucullus.——A grammarian, who made the alphabet of the Samians consist of 24 letters. Some suppose that he wrote a treatise on courtesans.
Callixĕna, a courtesan of Thessaly, whose company Alexander refused, though requested by his mother Olympias. This was attributed by the Athenians to other causes than chastity, and therefore the prince’s ambition was ridiculed.
Callixĕnus, a general who perished by famine.——An Athenian imprisoned for passing sentence of death upon some prisoners. Diodorus, bk. 13.
Calon, a statuary. Quintilian, bk. 12, ch. 10.—Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 8.
Calor, now Calore, a river in Italy near Beneventum. Livy, bk. 24, ch. 14.
Calpe, a lofty mountain in the most southern parts of Spain, opposite to mount Abyla on the African coast. These two mountains were called the pillars of Hercules. Calpe is now called Gibraltar.
Calphurnia, a daughter of Lucius Piso, who was Julius Cæsar’s fourth wife. The night previous to her husband’s murder, she dreamed that the roof of her house had fallen, and that he had been stabbed in her arms; and on that account she attempted, but in vain, to detain him at home. After Cæsar’s murder she placed herself under the patronage of Marcus Antony. Suetonius, Julius.
Calphurnius Bestia, a noble Roman bribed by Jugurtha. It is said that he murdered his wives when asleep. Pliny, bk. 27, ch. 2.——Crassus, a patrician who went with Regulus against the Massyli. He was seized by the enemy as he attempted to plunder one of their towns, and he was ordered to be sacrificed to Neptune. Bisaltia the king’s daughter fell in love with him, and gave him an opportunity of escaping and conquering her father. Calphurnius returned victorious, and Bisaltia destroyed herself.——A man who conspired against the emperor Nerva.——Galerianus, son of Piso, put to death, &c. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 4, ch. 11.——Piso, condemned for using seditious words against Tiberius. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 4, ch. 21.——Another, famous for his abstinence. Valerius Maximus, bk. 4, ch. 3.——Titus, a Latin poet, born in Sicily in the age of Diocletian, seven of whose eclogues are extant, and generally found with the works of the poets who have written on hunting. Though abounding in many beautiful lines, they are, however, greatly inferior to the elegance and simplicity of Virgil. The best edition is that of Kempher, 4to, Leiden, 1728.——A man surnamed Frugi, who composed annals, B.C. 130.
Calpurnia, or Calphurnia, a noble family in Rome, derived from Calpus son of Numa. It branched into the families of the Pisones, Bibuli, Flammæ, Cæsennini, Asprenates, &c. ♦Plutarch, Numa.
♦ ‘Pliny’ replaced with ‘Plutarch’
Calpurnia and Calphurnia lex, was enacted A.U.C. 604, severely to punish such as were guilty of using bribes, &c. Cicero, De Officiis, bk. 2.——A daughter of Marius, sacrificed to the gods by her father, who was advised to do it, in a dream, if he wished to conquer the Cimbri. Plutarch, Parallela minora.——A woman who killed herself when she heard that her husband was murdered in the civil wars of Marius. Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 26.——The wife of Julius Cæsar. See: Calphurnia.——A favourite of the emperor Claudius, &c. Tacitus, Annals.——A woman ruined by Agrippina on account of her beauty, &c. Tacitus.
Calvia, a female minister of Nero’s lusts. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 1, ch. 3.
Calvīna, a prostitute in Juvenal’s age. Bk. 3, li. 133.
Calvisius, a friend of Augustus. Plutarch, Antonius.——An officer whose wife prostituted herself in his camp by night, &c. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 1, ch. 48.
Calumnia and Impudentia, two deities worshipped at Athens. Calumnia was ingeniously represented in a painting by Apelles.
Calusidius, a soldier in the army of Germanicus. When this general wished to stab ♦himself with his own sword, Calusidius offered him his own, observing that it was sharper. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 35.
♦ ‘himslf’ replaced with ‘himself’
Calusium, a town of Etruria.
Calvus Cornelius Licinius, a famous orator, equally known for writing iambics. As he was both factious and satirical, he did not fail to excite attention by his animadversions upon Cæsar and Pompey, and, from his eloquence, to dispute the palm of eloquence with Cicero. Cicero, Letters.—Horace, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 19.
Caly̆be, a town of Thrace. Strabo, bk. 17.——The mother of Bucolion by Laomedon. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.——An old woman, priestess in the temple which Juno had at Ardea. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 419.
Calycadnus, a river of Cilicia.
Caly̆ce, a daughter of Æolus son of Helenus and Enaretta, daughter of Deimachus. She had Endymion king of Elis, by Æthlius the son of Jupiter. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 1.——A Grecian girl, who fell in love with a youth called Evathlus. As she was unable to gain the object of her love, she threw herself from a precipice. This tragical story was made into a song by Stesichorus, and was still extant in the age of Athenæus, bk. 14.——A daughter of Hecaton mother of Cycnus. Hyginus, fable 157.