Chionides, an Athenian poet, supposed by some to be the inventor of comedy.

Chionis, a victor at Olympia. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 13.

Chios, now Scio, an island in the Ægean sea, between Lesbos and Samos, on the coast of Asia Minor, which receives its name, as some suppose, from Chione, or from χιων, snow, which was very frequent there. It was well inhabited, and could once equip 100 ships; and its chief town, called Chios, had a beautiful harbour, which could contain 80 ships. The wine of this island, so much celebrated by the ancients, is still in general esteem. Chios was anciently called Æthalia, Macris, and Pityasa. There was no adultery committed there for the space of 700 years. Plutarch, de Mulierum Virtutes.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 19, li. 5; bk. 1, satire 10, li. 24.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 4.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.—Strabo, bk. 2.

Chiron, a centaur, half a man and half a horse, son of Philyra and Saturn, who had changed himself into a horse, to escape the inquiries of his wife Rhea. Chiron was famous for his knowledge of music, medicine, and shooting. He taught mankind the use of plants and medicinal herbs: and he instructed in all the polite arts the greatest heroes of his age; such as Achilles, Æsculapius, Hercules, Jason, Peleus, Æneas, &c. He was wounded on the knee by a poisoned arrow, by Hercules, in his pursuit of the centaurs. Hercules flew to his assistance; but as the wound was incurable, and the cause of the most excruciating pains, Chiron begged Jupiter to deprive him of immortality. His prayers were heard, and he was placed by the god among the constellations, under the name of Sagittarius. Hesiod, Shield of Heracles.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 11.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 18; bk. 5, ch. 19; bk. 9, ch. 31.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 676.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 3, ch. 13.—Horace, epode 13.

Chloe, a surname of Ceres at Athens. Her yearly festivals, called Chloeia, were celebrated with much mirth and rejoicing, and a ram was always sacrificed to her. The name of Chloe is supposed to bear the same signification as Flava, so often applied to the goddess of corn. The name, from its signification (χλοη, herba virens), has generally been applied to women possessed of beauty and of simplicity.

Chloreus, a priest of Cybele, who came with Æneas into Italy, and was killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 768.——Another, &c.

Chloris, the goddess of flowers, who married Zephyrus. She is the same as Flora. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 5.——A daughter of Amphion, son of Jasus and Persephone, who married Neleus king of Pylos, by whom she had one daughter and 12 sons, who all, except Nestor, were killed by Hercules. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11, li. 280.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 21; bk. 9, ch. 36.——A prostitute, &c. Horace, bk. 3, ode 15.

Chlorus, a river of Cilicia. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.——Constantine, one of the Cæsars, in Diocletian’s age, who reigned two years after the emperor’s abdication, and died July 25, A.D. 306.

Choarīna, a country near India, reduced by Craterus, &c.

Choaspes, a son of Phasis, &c. Flaccus, bk. 5, li. 585.——An Indian river. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 2.——A river of Media, flowing into the Tigris, and now called Karun. Its waters are so sweet, that the kings of Persia drank no other, and in their expeditions they always had some with them which had been previously boiled. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 188.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 12, ch. 40.—Tibullus, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 141.—Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 27.

Chobus, a river of Colchis. Arrian.

Chœrades and Pharos, two islands opposite Alexandria in Egypt. Thucydides, bk. 7, ch. 33.—— Others in the Euxine sea.——An island in the Ionian sea, or near the Hellespont. Theocritus, Idylls, poem 13.

Chœrĭlus, a tragic poet of Athens, who wrote 150 tragedies, of which 13 obtained the prize.——An historian of Samos.——Two other poets, one of whom was very intimate with Herodotus. He wrote a poem on the victory which the Athenians had obtained over Xerxes, and on account of the excellence of the composition, he received a piece of gold for each verse from the Athenians, and was publicly ranked with Homer as a poet. The other was one of Alexander’s flatterers and friends. It is said the prince promised him as many pieces of gold as there should be good verses in his poetry, and as many slaps on his forehead as there were bad; and in consequence of this, scarce six of his verses in each poem were entitled to gold, while the rest were rewarded with castigation. Plutarch, Alexander.—Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 232.

Chœreæ, a place of Bœotia.

Chonnidas, a man made preceptor to Theseus, by his grandfather Pittheus king of Trœzene. The Athenians instituted sacrifices to him for the good precepts which he had inculcated into his pupil. Plutarch, Theseus.

Chonūphis, an Egyptian prophet. Plutarch, de Genio Socratis.

Chorasmi, a people of Asia near the Oxus. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 93.

Chorineus, a man killed in the Rutulian war. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 571.——Another. Æneid, bk. 12, li. 298.——A priest with Æneas. Æneid.

Chorœbus, a man of Elis, who obtained a prize the first olympiad. See: Corœbus.——A youth of Mygdonia, who was enamoured of Cassandra. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 341.

Choromnæi, a people subdued by Ninus. Diodorus, bk. 1.

Chosroes, a king of Persia, in Justinian’s reign.

Chremes, a sordid old man, mentioned in Terence’s Andria. Horace, Art of Poetry, li. 94.

Chremĕtes, a river of Libya.

Chresiphon, an architect of Diana’s temple in Ephesus. Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 14.

Chresphontes, a son of Aristomachus. See: Aristodemus.

Chrestus, an approved writer of Athens, &c. Columella, bk. 1, de Res Rustica, ch. 1.

Chromia, a daughter of Itonus. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 1.

Chromios, a son of Neleus and Chloris, who, with 10 brothers, was killed in a battle by Hercules.——A son of Priam, killed by Diomedes. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.

Chromis, a captain in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.——A young shepherd. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 6.——A Phrygian killed by Camilla. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 675.——A son of Hercules. Statius, bk. 6, li. 346.

Chromius, a son of Pterilaus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.——An Argive, who, alone with Alcenor, survived a battle between 300 of his countrymen and 300 Spartans. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 82.

Chronius, a man who built a temple of Diana at Orchomenos. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 48.

Chronos, the Greek name of Saturn, or time, in whose honour festivals called Chronia were yearly celebrated by the Rhodians, and some of the Greeks.

Chryasus, a king of Argos, descended from Inachus.

Chrysa and Chryse, a town of Cilicia, famous for a temple of Apollo Smintheus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, li. 37.—Strabo, bk. 13.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 174.——A daughter of Halmus, mother of Phlegias by Mars. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 36.

Chrysăme, a Thessalian, priestess of Diana Trivia. She fed a bull with poison, which she sent to the enemies of her country, who ate the flesh, and became delirious, and were an easy conquest. Polyænus.

Chrysantas, a man who refrained from killing another, by hearing a dog bark. Plutarch, Quæstiones Romanæ.

Chrysanthius, a philosopher in the age of Julian, known for the great number of volumes which he wrote.

Chrysantis, a nymph who told Ceres, when she was at Argos with Pelagus, that her daughter had been carried away. Pausanias, bk. 1.

Chrysaor, a son of Medusa by Neptune. Some report that he sprung from the blood of Medusa, armed with a golden sword, whence his name, χρυσος ἀορ. He married Callirhoe, one of the Oceanides, by whom he had Geryon, Echidna, and the Chimæra. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 295.——A rich king of Iberia. Diodorus, bk. 4.——A son of Glaucus. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 21.

Chrysaoreus, a surname of Jupiter, from his temple at Stratonice, where all the Carians assembled upon any public emergency. Strabo, bk. 4.

Chrysaŏris, a town of Cilicia. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 2.

Crysas, a river of Sicily, falling into the Simæthus, and worshipped as a deity. Cicero, Against Verres, Speech 4, ch. 44.

Chryseis, the daughter of Chryses. See: Chryses.

Chrysermus, a Corinthian, who wrote a history of Peloponnesus and of India, besides a treatise on rivers. Plutarch, Parallela minora.

Chryses, the priest of Apollo, father of Astynome, called from him Chryseis. When Lyrnessus was taken, and the spoils divided among the conquerors, Chryseis, who was the wife of Eetion the sovereign of the place, fell to the share of Agamemnon. Chryses, upon this, went to the Grecian camp to solicit his daughter’s restoration; and when his prayers were fruitless, he implored the aid of Apollo, who visited the Greeks with a plague, and obliged them to restore Chryseis. Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, li. 11, &c.——A daughter of Minos. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 1.

Chrysippe, a daughter of Danaus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Chrysippus, a natural son of Pelops, highly favoured by his father, for which Hippodamia, his stepmother, ordered her own sons, Atreus and Thyestes, to kill him, and to throw his body into a well, on account of which they were banished. Some say that Hippodamia’s sons refused to murder Chrysippus, and that she did it herself. They further say, that Chrysippus had been carried away by Laius king of Thebes, to gratify his unnatural lusts, and that he was in his arms when Hippodamia killed him. Hyginus, fable 85.—Plato, de Leges, bk. 6.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 20.——A stoic philosopher of Tarsus, who wrote about 311 treatises. Among his curious opinions was his approbation of a parent’s marriage with his child, and his wish that dead bodies should be eaten rather than buried. He died through excess of wine, or, as others say, from laughing too much on seeing an ass eating figs on a silver plate, 207 B.C., in the 80th year of his age. Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 7.—Diodorus.—Horace, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 40. There were also others of the same name. Diogenes Laërtius.——A freedman of Cicero.

Chrysis, a mistress of Demetrius. Plutarch, Demetrius.——A priestess of Juno at Mycenæ. The temple of the goddess was burnt by the negligence of Chrysis, who fled to Tegea, to the altar of Minerva. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 17.

Chrysoaspĭdes, soldiers in the armies of Persia, whose arms were all covered with silver, to display the opulence of the prince whom they served. Justin, bk. 12, ch. 7.

Chrysogŏnus, a freedman of Sylla. Cicero, pro Sexto Roscio Amerino.——A celebrated singer in Domitian’s reign. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 74.

Chrysolāus, a tyrant of Methymna, &c. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 8.

Chrysondium, a town of Macedonia. Polybius, bk. 5.

Chrysopŏlis, a promontory and port of Asia, opposite Byzantium, now Scutari.

Chrysorhoas, a river of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 31.

Chrysorrhōæ, a people in whose country are golden streams.

Chrysostom, a bishop of Constantinople, who died A.D. 407, in his 53rd year. He was a great disciplinarian, and by severely lashing the vices of his age, he procured himself many enemies. He was banished for opposing the raising of a statue to the empress, after having displayed his abilities as an elegant preacher, a sound theologian, and a faithful interpreter of Scripture. Chrysostom’s works were nobly and correctly edited, without a Latin version, by Saville, 8 vols., folio, Etonæ, 1613. They have appeared with a translation, at Paris, editor, Benedictine Montfaucon, 13 vols., folio, 1718

Chrysothĕmis, a name given by Homer to Iphigenia daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra.——A Cretan, who first obtained the poetical prize at the Pythian games. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 7.

Chryxus, a leader of the Boii, grandson to Brennus, who took Rome. Silius Italicus, bk. 4, li. 148.

Chthonia, a daughter of Erechtheus, who married Butes. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 15.——A surname of Ceres, from a temple built to her by Chthonia, at Hermione. She had a festival there called by the same name, and celebrated every summer. During the celebration, the priests of the goddess marched in procession, accompanied by the magistrates, and a crowd of women and boys in white apparel, with garlands of flowers on their heads. Behind was dragged an untamed heifer, just taken from the herd. When they came to the temple, the victim was let loose, and four old women armed with scythes sacrificed the heifer, and killed her by cutting her throat. A second, a third, and a fourth victim were in a like manner despatched by the old women; and it was observable that they all fell on the same side. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 35.

Chthonius, a centaur, killed by Nestor in a battle at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 441.——One of the soldiers who sprang from the dragon’s teeth sown by Cadmus. Hyginus, fable 178.——A son of Ægyptus and Calliadne. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Chitrium, a name given to part of the town of Clazomenæ.

Cibalæ, now Swilei, a town of Pannonia, where Licinius was defeated by Constantine. It was the birthplace of Gratian. Eutropius, bk. 10, ch. 4.—Marcellinus, bk. 30, ch. 24.

Cibarītis, a country of Asia, near the Mæander.

Cibyra, now Burun, a town of Phrygia, of which the inhabitants were dexterous hunters. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 6, li. 33.—Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 4, ch. 13.—Letters to Atticus, bk. 5, ltr. 2.——Of Caria.

Caius Cicereius, a secretary of Scipio Africanus, who obtained a triumph over the Corsicans. Livy, bks. 41 & 42.

Marcus Tullius Cicero, born at Arpinum, was son of a Roman knight, and lineally descended from the ancient kings of the Sabines. His mother’s name was Helvia. After displaying many promising abilities at school, he was taught philosophy by Philo, and law by Mutius Scævola. He acquired and perfected a taste for military knowledge under Sylla, in the Marsian war, and retired from Rome, which was divided into factions, to indulge his philosophic propensities. He was naturally of a weak and delicate constitution, and he visited Greece on account of his health; though, perhaps, the true cause of his absence from Rome might be attributed to his fear of Sylla. His friends, who were well acquainted with his superior abilities, were anxious for his return; and when at last he obeyed their solicitations, he applied himself with uncommon diligence to oratory, and was soon distinguished above all the speakers of his age in the Roman forum. When he went to Sicily as questor, he behaved with great justice and moderation; and the Sicilians remembered with gratitude the eloquence of Cicero, their common patron, who had delivered them from the tyranny and avarice of Verres. After he had passed through the offices of edile and pretor, he stood a candidate for the consulship, A.U.C. 691; and the patricians and plebeians were equally anxious to raise him to that dignity, against the efforts and bribery of Catiline. His new situation was critical, and required circumspection. Catiline, with many dissolute and desperate Romans, had conspired against their country, and combined to murder Cicero himself. In this dilemma, Cicero, in full senate, accused Catiline of treason against the state; but as his evidence was not clear, his efforts were unavailing. He, however, stood upon his guard, and by the information of his friends and the discovery of Fulvia, his life was saved from the dagger of Marcius and Cethegus, whom Catiline had sent to assassinate him. After this, Cicero commanded Catiline, in the senate, to leave the city; and this desperate conspirator marched out in triumph to meet the 20,000 men who were assembled to support his cause. The lieutenant of Caius Antony, the other consul, defeated them in Gaul; and Cicero, at Rome, punished the rest of the conspirators with death. This capital punishment, though inveighed against by Julius Cæsar as too severe, was supported by the opinion of Lutatius Catulus and Cato, and confirmed by the whole senate. After this memorable deliverance, Cicero received the thanks of all the people, and was styled The father of his country, and a second founder of Rome. The vehemence with which he had attacked Clodius proved injurious to him; and when his enemy was made tribune, Cicero was banished from Rome, though 20,000 young men were supporters of his innocence. He was not, however, deserted in his banishment. Wherever he went, he was received with the highest marks of approbation and reverence; and when the faction had subsided at Rome, the whole senate and people were unanimous for his return. After 16 months’ absence, he entered Rome with universal satisfaction; and when he was sent, with the power of proconsul, to Cilicia, his integrity and prudence made him successful against the enemy, and at his return he was honoured with a triumph which the factious prevented him to enjoy. After much hesitation during the civil commotions between Cæsar and Pompey, he joined himself to the latter, and followed him to Greece. When victory had declared in favour of Cæsar, at the battle of Pharsalia, Cicero went to Brundusium, and was reconciled to the conqueror, who treated him with great humanity. From this time Cicero retired into the country, and seldom visited Rome. When Cæsar had been stabbed in the senate, Cicero recommended a general amnesty, and was the most earnest to decree the provinces to Brutus and Cassius. But when he saw the interest of Cæsar’s murderers decrease, and Antony come into power, he retired to Athens. He soon after returned, but lived in perpetual fear of assassination. Augustus courted the approbation of Cicero, and expressed his wish to be his colleague in the consulship. But his wish was not sincere; he soon forgot his former professions of friendship; and when the two consuls had been killed at Mutina, Augustus joined his interest to that of Antony, and the triumvirate was soon after formed. The great enmity which Cicero bore to Antony was fatal to him; and Augustus, Antony, and Lepidus, the triumvirs, to destroy all cause of quarrel and each to despatch his enemies, produced their lists of proscription. About 200 were doomed to death, and Cicero was among the number upon the list of Antony. Augustus yielded a man to whom he partly owed his greatness, and Cicero was pursued by the emissaries of Antony, among whom was Popilius, whom he had defended upon an accusation of parricide. He had fled in a litter towards the sea of Caieta; and when the assassins came up to him, he put his head out of the litter, and it was severed from the body by Herennius. This memorable event happened in December, 43 B.C., after the enjoyment of life for 63 years, 11 months, and five days. The head and right hand of the orator were carried to Rome, and hung up in the Roman forum; and so inveterate was Antony’s hatred against the unfortunate man, that even Fulvia, the triumvir’s wife, wreaked her vengeance upon his head, and drew the tongue out of the mouth, and bored it through repeatedly with a gold bodkin, verifying in this act of inhumanity what Cicero had once observed, that no animal is more revengeful than a woman. Cicero has acquired more real fame by his literary compositions than by his spirited exertions as a Roman senator. The learning and the abilities which he possessed have been the admiration of every age and country, and his style has always been accounted as the true standard of pure latinity. The words nascitur poeta have been verified in his attempts to write poetry; and the satire of Martial, Carmina quod scribit musis et Apolline nullo, though severe, is true. He once formed a design to write the history of his country, but he was disappointed. He translated many of the Greek writers, poets as well as historians, for his own improvement. When he travelled into Asia, he was attended by most of the learned men of his age; and his stay at Rhodes, in the school of the famous Molo, conduced not a little to perfect his judgment. Like his countrymen he was not destitute of ambition, and the arrogant expectations with which he returned from his questorship in Sicily are well known. He was of a timid disposition; and he who shone as the father of Roman eloquence, never ascended the pulpit to harangue without feeling a secret emotion of dread. His conduct during the civil wars is far from that of a patriot; and when we view him, dubious and irresolute, sorry not to follow Pompey and yet afraid to oppose Cæsar, the judgment would almost brand him with the name of coward. In his private character, however, Cicero was of an amiable disposition; and though he was too elated with prosperity, and debased by adversity, the affability of the friend conciliated the good graces of all. He married Terentia, whom he afterwards divorced, and by whom he had a son and a daughter. He afterwards married a young woman to whom he was guardian; and because she seemed elated at the death of his daughter Tullia, he repudiated her. The works of this celebrated man, of which, according to some, the tenth part is scarce extant, have been edited by the best scholars in every country. The most valuable editions of the works complete, are that of Verburgius, 2 vols., folio, Amsterdam, 1724; that of Olivet, 9 vols., 4to, Geneva, 1758; the Oxford edition, in 10 vols., 4to, 1782; and that of Lallemand, 12mo, 14 vols., Paris apud Barbou, 1768. Plutarch, Parallel Lives.—Quintilian.—Dio Cassius.—Appian.—Florus.—Cornelius Nepo, Atticus.—Eutropius.—Cicero, &c.——Marcus, the son of Cicero, was taken by Augustus as his colleague in the consulship. He revenged his father’s death, by throwing public dishonour upon the memory of Antony. He disgraced his father’s virtues, and was so fond of drinking, that Pliny observes, he wished to deprive Antony of the honour of being the greatest drunkard in the Roman empire. Plutarch, Cicero.——Quintus, the brother of the orator, was Cæsar’s lieutenant in Gaul, and proconsul of Asia for three years. He was proscribed with his son at the same time as his brother Tully.—Plutarch, Cicero.—Appian.

Cicerōnis villa, a place near Puteoli in Campania. Pliny, bk. 31, ch. 2.

Cichyris, a town of Epirus.

Cicŏnes, a people of Thrace near the Hebrus. Ulysses, at his return from Troy, conquered them, and plundered their chief city Ismarus because they had assisted Priam against the Greeks. They tore to pieces Orpheus for his obscene indulgencies. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 10, li. 83; bk. 15, li. 313.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 520, &c.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.

Cilūta, an old avaricious usurer. Horace, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 69.

Cĭlĭcia, a country of Asia Minor, on the sea coast, at the north of Cyprus, the south of mount Taurus, and the west of the Euphrates. The inhabitants enriched themselves by piratical excursions, till they were conquered by Pompey. The country was opulent, and was governed by kings, under some of the Roman emperors; but reduced into a province by Vespasian. Cicero presided over it as proconsul. It receives its name from Cilix the son of Agenor. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 1.—Varro, Re Rustica, bk. 2, ch. 11.—Suetonius, Vespasian, ch. 8.—Herodotus, bk. 2, chs. 17, 34.—Justin, bk. 11, ch. 11.—Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 4.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.——Part of the country between Æolia and Troas is also called Cilicia. Strabo, bk. 13, calls it Trojan, to distinguish it from the other Cilicia. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.

Cilissa, a town of Phrygia.

Cilix, a son of Phœnix, or, according to Herodotus, of Agenor, who, after seeking in vain his sister Europa, settled in a country to which he gave the name of Cilicia. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 1.—Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 91.

Cilla, a town of Africa Propria. Diodorus, bk. 20.——A town of Æolia. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 149.——Of Troas, which received its name, according to Theopompus, from a certain Cillus, who was one of Hippodamia’s suitors, and was killed by Œnomaus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, li. 38.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 174.

Cilles, a general of Ptolemy, conquered by Demetrius. Diodorus, bk. 19.

Cillus, a charioteer of Pelops, in whose honour a city was built. Strabo, bk. 13.

Cilnius, the surname of Mæcenas.

Cilo, Junius, an oppressive governor of Bithynia and Pontus. The provinces carried their complaints against him to Rome; but such was the noise of the flatterers that attended the emperor Claudius, that he was unable to hear them; and when he asked what they had said, he was told by one of Cilo’s friends that they returned thanks for his good administration; upon which the emperor said, “Let Cilo be continued two years longer in his province.” Dio Cassius, bk. 60.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 21.

Cimber, Tillius, one of Cæsar’s murderers. He laid hold of the dictator’s robe, which was a signal for the rest to strike. Plutarch, Cæsar.

Cimberius, a chief of the Suevi.

Cimbri, a people of Germany, who invaded the Roman empire with a large army, and were conquered by Marius. Florus, bk. 3, ch. 3.

Cimbrīcum bellum, was begun by the Cimbri and Teutones, by an invasion of the Roman territories, B.C. 109. These barbarians were so courageous, and even desperate, that they fastened their first ranks each to the other with cords. In the first battle they destroyed 80,000 Romans, under the consuls Manlius and Servilius Cæpo. But when Marius, in his second consulship, was chosen to carry on the war, he met the Teutones at Aquæ Sextiæ, where, after a bloody engagement, he left dead on the field of battle 20,000, and took 90,000 prisoners, B.C. 102. The Cimbri, who had formed another army, had already penetrated into Italy, where they were met, at the river Athesis, by Marius and his colleague Catulus a year after. An engagement ensued, and 140,000 of them were slain. This last battle put an end to this dreadful war, and the two consuls entered Rome in triumph. Florus, bk. 3, ch. 3.—Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 22; bk. 17, ch. 1.—Mela, bk. 3, ch. 3.—Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 12.—Plutarch, Caius Marius.

Cimĭnus, now Viterbe, a lake and mountain of Etruria. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 697.—Livy, bk. 9, ch. 36.

Cimmĕrii, a people near the Palus Mœotis, who invaded Asia Minor, and seized upon the kingdom of Cyaxeres. After they had been masters of the country for 28 years, they were driven back by Alyattes king of Lydia. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 6, &c.; bk. 4, ch. 1, &c.——Another nation on the western coast of Italy, generally imagined to have lived in caves near the sea-shore of Campania, and there, in concealing themselves from the light of the sun, to have made their retreat the receptacle of their plunder. In consequence of this manner of living, the country which they inhabited was supposed to be so gloomy, that, to mention a great obscurity, the expression of Cimmerian darkness has proverbially been used. Homer, according to Plutarch, drew his images of hell and Pluto from this gloomy and dismal country, where also Virgil and Ovid have placed the Styx, the Phlegethon, and all the dreadful abodes of the infernal regions. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 13.—Virgil, Æneid bk. 6.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 592, &c.—Strabo, bk. 5.

Cimmĕris, a town of Troas, formerly called Edonis. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 30.

Cimmĕrium, now Crim, a town of Taurica Chersonesus, whose inhabitants are called Cimmerii. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 19.

Cimōlis and Cinolis, a town of Paphlagonia.

Cimōlus, now Argentiera, an island in the Cretan sea, producing chalk and fuller’s earth. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 463.—Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 16.

Cimon, an Athenian, son of Miltiades and Hegisipyle, famous for his debaucheries in his youth, and his reformation of his morals when arrived to years of discretion. When his father died, he was imprisoned, because unable to pay the fine levied upon him by the Athenians; but he was released from confinement by his sister and wife Elpinice. See: Elpinice. He behaved with great courage at the battle of Salamis, and rendered himself popular by his munificence and valour. He defeated the Persian fleet, and took 200 ships, and totally routed their land army, the very same day. The money that he obtained by his victories was not applied to his own private use; but with it he fortified and embellished the city. He some time after lost all his popularity, and was banished by the Athenians, who declared war against the Lacedæmonians. He was recalled from his exile, and at his return he made a reconciliation between Lacedæmon and his countrymen. He was afterwards appointed to carry on the war against Persia in Egypt, and Cyprus, with a fleet of 200 ships; and on the coast of Asia he gave battle to the enemy, and totally ruined their fleet. He died as he was besieging the town of Citium in Cyprus, B.C. 449, in the 51st year of his age. He may be called the last of the Greeks, whose spirit and boldness defeated the armies of the barbarians. He was such an inveterate enemy to the Persian power, that he formed a plan of totally destroying it; and in his wars he had so reduced the Persians, that they promised, in a treaty, not to pass the Chelidonian islands with their fleet, or to approach within a day’s journey of the Grecian seas. The munificence of Cimon has been highly extolled by his biographers, and he has been deservedly praised for leaving his gardens open to the public. Thucydides, bk. 1, chs. 100 & 112.—Justin, bk. 2, ch. 13.—Diodorus, bk. 11.—Plutarch & Cornelius Nepos, Lives.——An Athenian, father of Miltiades. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 34.——A Roman, supported in prison by the milk of his daughter.——An Athenian, who wrote an account of the war of the Amazons against his country.

Cinæthon, an ancient poet of Lacedæmon, &c. See: Cinethon.

Cinaradas, one of the descendants of Cinyras, who presided over the ceremonies of Venus at Paphos. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2, ch. 3.

Cincia lex, was enacted by Marcus Cincius tribune of the people, A.U.C. 549. By it no man was permitted to take any money as a gift or a fee in judging a cause. Livy, bk. 34, ch. 4.

Lucius Quinctius Cincinnātus, a celebrated Roman, who was informed, as he ploughed his field, that the senate had chosen him dictator. Upon this he left his ploughed land with regret, and repaired to the field of battle, where his countrymen were closely besieged by the Volsci and Æqui. He conquered the enemy and returned to Rome in triumph; and 16 days after his appointment he laid down his office, and retired back to plough his fields. In his 80th year he was again summoned against Præneste as dictator, and after a successful campaign, he resigned the absolute power he had enjoyed only 21 days, nobly disregarding the rewards that were offered him by the senate. He flourished about 460 years before Christ. Livy, bk. 3, ch. 26.—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 11.—Cicero, de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, bk. 4.—Pliny, bk. 18, ch. 3.

Lucius Cincius Alimentus, a pretor of Sicily in the second Punic war, who wrote annals in Greek. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.——Marcus a tribune of the people, A.U.C. 549, author of the Cincia lex.

Cineas, a Thessalian, minister and friend to Pyrrhus king of Epirus. He was sent to Rome by his master to sue for a peace, which he, however, could not obtain. He told Pyrrhus that the Roman senate were a venerable assembly of kings; and observed, that to fight with them was to fight against another Hydra. He was of such a retentive memory, that the day after his arrival at Rome he could salute every senator and knight by his name. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 24.—Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 9, ltr. 25.——A king of Thessaly. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 63.——An Athenian, &c. Polyænus, bk. 2, ch. 32.

Cinesias, a Greek poet of Thebes in Bœotia, who composed some dithyrambic verses. Athenæus.

Cinethon, a Spartan, who wrote genealogical poems, in one of which he asserted that Medea had a son by Jason, called Medus, and a daughter called Eriopis. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 18.

Cinga, now Cinea, a river of Spain, flowing from the Pyrenean mountains into the Iberus. Lucan, bk. 4, li. 21.—Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, ch. 48.

Cingetŏrix, a prince of Gaul, in alliance with Rome. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5, ch. 3.——A prince of Britain, who attacked Cæsar’s camp, by order of Cassivelaunus. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5, ch. 22.

Cingŭlum, now Cingoli, a town of Picenum, whose inhabitants are called Cingulani. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 13.—Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 1, ch. 15.—Silius Italicus, bk. 10, li. 34.—Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 7, ltr. 11.

Ciniātā, a place of Galatia.

Cinithii, a people of Africa.

Lucius Cornelius Cinna, a Roman who oppressed the republic with his cruelties, and was banished by Octavius, for attempting to make the fugitive slaves free. He joined himself to Marius; and with him, at the head of 30 legions, he filled Rome with blood, defeated his enemies, and made himself consul even to a fourth time. He massacred so many citizens at Rome, that his name became odious; and one of his officers assassinated him at Ancona, as he was preparing war against Sylla. His daughter Cornelia married Julius Cæsar, and became mother of Julia. Plutarch, Caius Marius, Pompey, & Sulla.—Lucan, bk. 4, li. 822.—Appian, Civil Wars, bk. 1.—Florus, bk. 3, ch. 21.—Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 20, &c.—Plutarch, Cæsar.——One of Cæsar’s murderers.——Caius Helvius Cinna, a poet intimate with Cæsar. He went to attend the obsequies of Cæsar, and being mistaken by the populace for the other Cinna, he was torn to pieces. He had been eight years in composing an obscure poem called Smyrna, in which he made mention of the incest of Cinyras. Plutarch, Cæsar.——A grandson of Pompey. He conspired against Augustus, who pardoned him, and made him one of his most intimate friends. He was consul, and made Augustus his heir. Dio Cassius.—Seneca, de Clementia, ch. 9.——A town of Italy, taken by the Romans from the Samnites.

Cinnadon, a Lacedæmonian youth, who resolved to put to death the Ephori, and seize upon the sovereign power. His conspiracy was discovered, and he was put to death. Aristotle.

Cinnămus, a hair-dresser at Rome, ridiculed by Martial, bk. 7, ltr. 63.

Cinniana, a town of Lusitania, famous for the valour of its citizens. Valerius Maximus, bk. 6, ch. 4.

Cinxia, a surname of Juno, who presided over marriages, and was supposed to untie the girdles of new brides.

Cinyps and Cinyphus, a river and country of Africa near the Garamantes, whence Cinyphius. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 312.—Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 198.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 4.—Martial, bk. 7, ltr. 94.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 272; bk. 15, li. 755.—Lucan, bk. 9, li. 787.

Ciny̆ras, a king of Cyprus, son of Paphus, who married Cenchreis, by whom he had a daughter called Myrrha. Myrrha fell in love with her father; and, in the absence of her mother at the celebration of the festivals of Ceres, she introduced herself into his bed by means of her nurse. Cinyras had by her a son called Adonis; and when he knew the incest which he had committed, he attempted to stab his daughter, who escaped his pursuit and fled to Arabia, where, after she had brought forth, she was changed into a tree, which still bears her name. Cinyras, according to some, stabbed himself. He was so rich, that his opulence, like that of Crœsus, became proverbial. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 10, fable 9.—Plutarch, Parallela minora—Hyginus, fables 242, 248, &c.——A son of Laodice. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 9.——A man who brought a colony from Syria to Cyprus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 14.——A Ligurian, who assisted Æneas against Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 186.

Cios, a river of Thrace. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 32.——A commercial place of Phrygia.——The name of three cities in Bithynia.

Cippus, a noble Roman, who, as he returned home victorious, was told that if he entered the city he must reign there. Unwilling to enslave his country, he assembled the senate without the walls, and banished himself for ever from the city, and retired to live upon a single acre of ground. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 565.

Circæum, now Circello, a promontory of Latium, near a small town called Circeii, at the south of the Pontine marshes. The people were called Circeienses. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 248.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 799.—Livy, bk. 6, ch. 17.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 19.

Circe, a daughter of Sol and Perseis, celebrated for her knowledge of magic and venomous herbs. She was sister to Æetes king of Colchis, and Pasiphae the wife of Minos. She married a Sarmatian prince of Colchis, whom she murdered to obtain his kingdom. She was expelled by her subjects, and carried by her father upon the coasts of Italy, in an island called Ææa. Ulysses, at his return from the Trojan war, visited the place of her residence; and all his companions, who ran headlong into pleasure and voluptuousness, were changed by Circe’s potions into filthy swine. Ulysses, who was fortified against all enchantments by a herb called moly, which he had received from Mercury, went to Circe, and demanded, sword in hand, the restoration of his companions to their former state. She complied, and loaded the hero with pleasures and honours. In this voluptuous retreat, Ulysses had by Circe one son called Telegonus, or two according to Hesiod, called Agrius and Latinus. For one whole year Ulysses forgot his glory in Circe’s arms, and at his departure the nymph advised him to descend into hell, and consult the manes of Tiresias, concerning the fates that attended him. Circe showed herself cruel to Scylla her rival, and to Picus. See: Scylla and Picus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, fables 1 & 5.—Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 2; bk. 1, ode 17.—Virgil, Eclogues, poem 8, li. 70; Æneid, bk. 3, li. 386; bk. 7, li. 10, &c.—Hyginus, fable 125.—Apollonius, bk. 4, Argonautica.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 10, li. 136, &c.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 956.—Strabo, bk. 5.

Circenses ludi, games performed in the circus at Rome. They were dedicated to the god Consus, and were first established by Romulus at the rape of the Sabines. They were in imitation of the Olympian games among the Greeks, and, by way of eminence, were often called the great games. Their original name was Consualia, and they were first called Circensians by Tarquin the elder after he had built the Circus. They were not appropriated to one particular exhibition; but were equally celebrated for leaping, wrestling, throwing the quoit and javelin, races on foot as well as in chariots, and boxing. Like the Greeks, the Romans gave the name of Pentathlum or Quinquertium to these five exercises. The celebration continued five days, beginning on the 15th of September. All games in general that were exhibited in the Circus, were soon after called Circensian games. Some sea-fights and skirmishes, called by the Romans Naumachiæ, were afterwards exhibited in the Circus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 636.

Circius, a part of mount Taurus. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.——A rapid and tempestuous wind frequent in Gallia Narbonensis, and unknown in any other country. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 408.

Circum padani agri, the country around the river Po. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 35.

Circus, a large and elegant building at Rome, where plays and shows were exhibited. There were about eight at Rome; the first, called Maximus Circus, was the grandest, raised and embellished by Tarquin Priscus. Its figure was oblong, and it was filled all round with benches, and could contain, as some report, about 300,000 spectators. It was about 2187 feet long and 960 broad. All the emperors vied in beautifying it, and Julius Cæsar introduced in it large canals of water, which, on a sudden, could be covered with an infinite number of vessels, and represent a sea-fight.

Ciris, the name of Scylla daughter of Nisus, who was changed into a bird of the same name. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 151.

Cirræatum, a place near Arpinum, where Caius Marius lived when young. Plutarch, Caius Marius.

Cirrha and Cyrrha, a town of Phocis, at the foot of Parnassus, where Apollo was worshipped. Lucan, bk. 3, li. 172.

Cirtha and Cirta, a town of Numidia. Strabo, bk. 7.

Cisalpīna Gallia, a part of Gaul, called also Citerior and Togata. Its furthest boundary was near the Rubicon, and it touched the Alps on the Italian side.

Cispadāna Gallia, part of ancient Gaul, south of the Po.

Cisrhenāni, part of the Germans who lived nearest Rome, on the west of the Rhine. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 6, ch. 2.

Cissa, a river of Pontus.——An island near Istria.

Cissēis, a patronymic given to Hecuba as daughter of Cisseus.

Cissēus, a king of Thrace, father to Hecuba, according to some authors. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 320.——A son of Melampus, killed by Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 317.——A son of Ægyptus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Cissia, a country of Susiana, of which Susa was the capital. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 49.

Cissiæ, some gates in Babylon. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 155.

Cissides, a general of Dionysius, sent with nine galleys to assist the Spartans, &c. Diodorus, bk. 15.

Cissoessa, a fountain of Bœotia. Plutarch.

Cissus, a mountain of Macedonia.——A city of Thrace.——A man who acquainted Alexander with the flight of Harpalus. Plutarch, Alexander.

Cissusa, a fountain where Bacchus was washed when young. Plutarch, Lysander.

Cistenæ, a town of Æolia.——A town of Lycia. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 18.

Cithæron, a king who gave his name to a mountain of Bœotia, situate at the south of the river Asopus, and sacred to Jupiter and the Muses. Actæon was torn to pieces by his own dogs on this mountain, and Hercules killed there an immense lion. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 303.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Strabo, bk. 9.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 1, &c.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.—Ptolemy, bk. 3, ch. 15.

Citharista, a promontory of Gaul.

Citium, now Chitti, a town of Cyprus, where Cimon died in his expedition against Egypt Plutarch, Cimon.—Thucydides, bk. 1, ch. 112.

Cius, a town of Mysia. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.

Julius Civīlis, a powerful Batavian, who raised a sedition against Galba, &c. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 1, ch. 59.

Cizycum, a city of Asia in the Propontis, the same as Cyzicus. See: ♦Cyzicus.

♦ ‘Cizycus’ replaced with ‘Cyzicus’.

Cladeus, a river of Elis, passing near Olympia, and honoured next to the Alpheus. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 7.

Clanes, a river falling into the Ister.

Clanis, a centaur killed by Theseus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 379.

Clanius, or Clanis, a river of Campania. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 225.——Of Etruria, now Chiana. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 454.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 79.

Clarus, or Claros, a town of Iona, famous for an oracle of Apollo. It was built by Manto daughter of Tiresias, who fled from Thebes, after it had been destroyed by the Epigoni. She was so afflicted with her misfortunes, that a lake was formed with her tears, where she first founded the oracle. Apollo was from thence surnamed Clarius. Strabo, bk. 14.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 3.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 7.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 516.——An island of the Ægean, between Tenedos and Scios. Thucydides, bk. 3, ch. 33.——One of the companions of Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 126.

Clastidium, now Schiatezzo, a town of Liguria. Strabo, bk. 5.—Livy, bk. 32, ch. 29.——A village of Gaul. Plutarch, Marcellus.

Claudia, a patrician family at Rome, descended from Clausus, a king of the Sabines. It gave birth to many illustrious patriots in the republic; and it was particularly recorded that there were not less than 28 of that family who were invested with the consulship, five with the office of dictator, and seven with that of censor, besides the honour of six triumphs. Suetonius, Tiberius, ch. 1.

Claudia, a vestal virgin accused of incontinence. To show her innocence, she offered to remove a ship which had brought the image of Vesta to Rome, and had stuck in one of the shallow places of the river. This had already baffled the efforts of a number of men; and Claudia, after addressing her prayers to the goddess, untied her girdle, and with it easily dragged after her the ship to shore, and by this action was honourably acquitted. Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 4.—Propertius, bk. 4, poem 12, li. 52.—Silius Italicus, bk. 17, li. 34.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 315; ex Ponto, bk. 1, ltr. 2, li. 144.——A step-daughter of Marcus Antony, whom Augustus married. He dismissed her undefiled, immediately after the contract of marriage, on account of a sudden quarrel with her mother Fulvia. Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 62.——The wife of the poet Statius. Statius, bk. 3, Sylvæ, poem 5.——A daughter of Appius Claudius, betrothed to Tiberias Gracchus.——The wife of Metellus Celer, sister to Publius Clodius and to Appius Claudius.——An inconsiderable town of Noricum. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 14.——A Roman road, which led from the Milvian bridge to the Flaminian way. Ovid, bk. 1, ex Ponto, poem 8, li. 44.——A tribe which received its name from Appius Claudius, who came to settle at Rome with a large body of attendants. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 16.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 5.——Quinta, a daughter of Appius Cæcus, whose statue in the vestibulum of Cybele’s temple was unhurt when that edifice was reduced to ashes. Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 8.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 64.——Pulchra, a cousin of Agrippina, accused of adultery and criminal designs against Tiberius. She was condemned. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 52.——Antonia, a daughter of the emperor Claudius, married Cnaeus Pompey, whom Messalina caused to be put to death. Her second husband, Sylla Faustus, by whom she had a son, was called Nero, and she shared his fate, when she refused to marry his murderer.

Claudia lex, de comitiis, was enacted by Marcus Claudius Marcellus, A.U.C. 702. It ordained, that at public elections of magistrates, no notice should be taken of the votes of such as were absent.——Another, de usurâ, which forbade people to lend money to minors on condition of payment after the decease of their parents.——Another, de negotiatione, by Quintus Claudius the tribune, A.U.C. 535. It forbade any senator, or father of a senator, to have any vessel containing above 300 amphoræ, for fear of their engaging themselves in commercial schemes. The same law also forbade the same thing to the scribes and the attendants of the questors, as it was naturally supposed that people who had any commercial connections could not be faithful to their trust, nor promote the interest of the state.——Another, A.U.C. 576, to permit the allies to return to their respective cities, after their names were enrolled. Livy, bk. 41, ch. 9.——Another, to take away the freedom of the city of Rome from the colonists, which Cæsar had carried to Novicomum. Suetonius, Julius, ch. 28.

Claudiæ aquæ, the first water brought to Rome by means of an aqueduct of 11 miles, erected by the censor Appius Claudius, A.U.C. 441. Eutropius, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Livy, bk. 9, ch. 29.

Claudiānus, a celebrated poet, born at Alexandria in Egypt, in the age of Honorius and Arcadius, who seems to possess all the majesty of Virgil, without being a slave to the corrupt style which prevailed in his age. Scaliger observes that he has supplied the poverty of his matter by the purity of his language, the happiness of his expressions, and the melody of his numbers. As he was the favourite of Stilicho, he removed from the court when his patron was disgraced, and passed the rest of his life in retirement and learned ease. His poems of Rufinus and Eutropius seem to be the best of his compositions. The best editions of his works are those of Burman, 4to, 2 vols., Amsterdam, 1760, and that of Gesner, 2 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1758.

Claudiopŏlis, a town of Cappadocia. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 24.

Claudius I. (Tiberius Drusus Nero), son of Drusus, Livia’s second son, succeeded as emperor of Rome, after the murder of Caligula, whose memory he endeavoured to annihilate. He made himself popular for a while, by taking particular care of the city, and by adorning and beautifying it with buildings. He passed over into Britain, and obtained a triumph for victories which his generals had won, and suffered himself to be governed by favourites, whose licentiousness and avarice plundered the state and distracted the provinces. He married four wives, one of whom, called Messalina, he put to death on account of her lust and debauchery. He was at last poisoned by another called Agrippina, who wished to raise her son Nero to the throne. The poison was conveyed in mushrooms; but as it did not operate fast enough, his physician, by order of the empress, made him swallow a poisoned feather. He died in the 63rd year of his age, 13 October, A.D. 54, after a reign of 13 years; distinguished neither by humanity nor courage, but debased by weakness and irresolution. He was succeeded by Nero. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 11, &c.—Dio Cassius, bk. 60.—Juvenal, satire 6, li. 619.—Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars.——The second emperor of that name was a Dalmatian, who succeeded Gallienus. He conquered the Goths, Scythians, and Heruli, and killed no less than 300,000 in a battle; and after a reign of about two years, died of the plague in Pannonia. The excellence of his character, marked with bravery, and tempered with justice and benevolence, is well known by these words of the senate, addressed to him: Claudi Auguste, tu frater, tu pater, tu amicus, tu bonus senator, tu vere princeps.——Nero, a consul, with Livius Salinator, who defeated and killed Asdrubal, near the river Metaurum, as he was passing from Spain into Italy, to go to the assistance of his brother Annibal. Livy, bk. 27, &c.—Horace, bk. 4, ode 4, li. 37.—Suetonius, Tiberias.——The father of the emperor Tiberius, questor to Cæsar in the wars of Alexandria.——Pollos, an historian. Pliny the Younger, bk. 7, ltr. 51.——Pontius, a general of the Samnites, who conquered the Roman at Furcæ Caudinæ, and made them pass under the yoke. Livy, bk. 9, ch. 1, &c.——Petilius, a dictator, A.U.C. 442.——Appius, an orator. Cicero, Brutus. See: Appius.——Appius Cæcus, a Roman censor, who built an aqueduct, A.U.C. 441, which brought water to Rome from Tusculum, at the distance of seven or eight miles. The water was called Appia, and it was the first that was brought to the city from the country. Before his age the Romans were satisfied with the waters of the Tiber, or of the fountains and wells in the city. See: Appius. Livy, bk. 9, ch. 29.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 6, li. 203.—Cicero, de Senectute, ch. 6.——A pretor of Sicily.——Publius, a great enemy to Cicero. See: Clodius.——Marcellus. See: Marcellus.——Pulcher, a consul, who, when consulting the sacred chickens, ordered them to be dipped in water because they would not eat. Livy, bk. 19. He was unsuccessful in his expedition against the Carthaginians in Sicily, and disgraced on his return to Rome.——Tiberius Nero, was elder brother of Drusus and son of Livia Drusilla, who married Augustus, after his divorce of Scribonia. He married Livia, the emperor’s daughter by Scribonia and succeeded in the empire by the name of Tiberius. See: Tiberius. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 3, li. 2.——The name of Claudius is common to many Roman consuls, and other officers of state; but nothing is recorded of them, and their name is but barely mentioned. Livy.

Claviēnus, an obscure poet in Juvenal’s age. Bk. 1, li. 8.

Clavĭger, a surname of Janus, from his being represented with a key. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 228.——Hercules received also that surname, as he was armed with a club. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 284.

Clausius, or Clusius, a surname of Janus.

Clausus, or Claudius, a king of the Sabines, who assisted Turnus against Æneas. He was the progenitor of that Appius Claudius, who migrated to Rome, and became the founder of the Claudian family. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 707; bk. 10, li. 345.

Clazŏmĕnæ and Clazŏmĕna, now Vourla, a city of Ionia, on the coasts of the Ægean sea, between Smyrna and Chios. It was founded A.U.C. 98, by the Ionians, and gave birth to Anaxagoras and other illustrious men. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 17.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.—Strabo, bk. 14.—Livy, bk. 38, ch. 39.