Cydippe read the verses, and being compelled by the oath she had inadvertently made, married Acontius. Ovid, Heroides, poem 20.——A mountain of Bœotia. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.

Acontobūlus, a place of Cappadocia, under Hyppolyte queen of the Amazons. Apollonius, Argonautica, bk. 2.

Acōris, a king of Egypt, who assisted Evagoras king of Cyprus against Persia. Diodorus, bk. 15.

Acra, a town in Italy,——Eubœa,——Cyprus,——Acarnania,——Sicily,——Africa,——Sarmatia, &c.——A promontory of Calabria, now Capo di Leuca.

Acradīna, the citadel of Syracuse, taken by Marcellus the Roman consul. Plutarch, Marcellus.—Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 4.

Acræ, a mountain in Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 34.

Acræa, a daughter of the river Asterion.——A surname of Diana, from a temple built to her by Melampus, on a mountain near Argos.——A surname of Juno. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 17.

Acræphnia, a town in Bœotia; whence Apollo is called Acraæphnius. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 135.

Acragallĭdæ, a dishonest nation living anciently near Athens. Æschines, Against Ctesiphon.

Acrăgas. See: Agragas.

Acrātus, a freedman of Nero, sent into Asia to plunder the temples of the gods. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 45; bk. 16, ch. 23.

Acrias, one of Hippodamia’s suitors. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 21.——He built Acriæ, a town of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 21.

Acridophăgi, an Æthiopian nation, who fed upon locusts, and lived not beyond their 40th year. At the approach of old age swarms of winged lice attacked them, and gnawed their belly and breast, till the patient, by rubbing himself, drew blood, which increased their number, and ended in his death. Diodorus, bk. 3.—Pliny, bk. 11, ch. 29.—Strabo, bk. 16.

Acrīon, a Pythagorean philosopher of Locris. Cicero, De Finibus, bk. 5, ch. 29.

Acrisioneus, a patronymic applied to the Argives, from Acrisius, one of their ancient kings, or from Acrisione, a town of Argolis, called after a daughter of Acrisius of the same name. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 410.

Acrisioniădes, a patronymic of Perseus, from his grandfather Acrisius. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 70.

Acrisius, son of Abas king of Argos, by Ocalea daughter of Mantineus. He was born at the same birth as Prœtus, with whom it is said that he quarrelled even in his mother’s womb. After many dissensions, Prœtus was driven from Argos. Acrisius had Danae by Eurydice daughter of Lacedæmon; and being told by an oracle, that his daughter’s son would put him to death, he confined Danae in a brazen tower, to prevent her becoming a mother. She, however, became pregnant, by Jupiter changed into a golden shower; and though Acrisius ordered her, and her infant called Perseus, to be exposed on the sea, yet they were saved; and Perseus soon after became so famous for his actions, that Acrisius, anxious to see so renowned a grandson, went to Larissa. Here Perseus, wishing to show his skill in throwing a quoit, killed an old man who proved to be his grandfather, whom he knew not, and thus the oracle was unhappily fulfilled. Acrisius reigned about 31 years. Hyginus, fable 63.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, fable 16.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 16.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 2, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 16, &c.—See: Danae, Perseus, Polydectes.

Acrītas, a promontory of Messenia, in Peloponnesus. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 5.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.

Acroāthon, or Acrothoos, a town on the top of mount Athos, whose inhabitants lived to an uncommon old age. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.—Pliny, bk. 8, ch. 10.

Acroceraunium, a promontory of Epirus, with mountains called Acroceraunia, which project between the Ionian and Adriatic seas. The word comes from ἀκρος, high, and κεραυνος, thunder; because, on account of their great height, they were often struck with thunder. Lucretius, bk. 6, li. 420.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 1.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 506.—Strabo, bk. 6.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 3, li. 20.

Acrocorinthus, a lofty mountain on the isthmus of Corinth, taken by Aratus, B.C. 243. There is a temple of Venus on the top, and Corinth is built at the bottom. Strabo, bk. 8.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Plutarch, Aratus.—Statius, Thebiad, bk. 7, li. 106.

Acron, a king of Cenina, killed by Romulus in single combat, after the rape of the Sabines. His spoils were dedicated to Jupiter Feretrius. Plutarch, Romulus.——A physician of Agrigentum, B.C. 430, educated at Athens with Empedocles. He wrote physical treatises in the Doric dialect, and cured the Athenians of a plague by lighting a fire near the houses of the infected. Pliny, bk. 29, ch. 1.—Plutarch, De Iside et Osiride.——One of the friends of Æneas, killed by Mezentius. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 719.

Acropātos, one of Alexander’s officers, who obtained part of Media after the king’s death. Justin, bk. 13, ch. 4.

Acropŏlis, the citadel of Athens, built on a rock, and accessible only on one side. Minerva had a temple at the bottom. Pausanias, Atticus.

Acrotătus, son of Cleomenes king of Sparta, died before his father, leaving a son called Areus. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 13; bk. 3, ch. 6.——A son of Areus, who was greatly loved by Chelidonis wife of Cleonymus. This amour displeased her husband, who called Pyrrhus the Epirot to avenge his wrongs. When Sparta was besieged by Pyrrhus, Acrotatus was seen bravely fighting in the middle of the enemy, and commended by the multitude, who congratulated Chelidonis on being mistress to such a warlike lover. Plutarch, Pyrrhus.

Acrothoos. See: Acroathon.

Acta, or Acte, a country of Attica. This word signifies shore, and is applied to Attica, as being near the sea. It is derived by some writers from Actæus, a king, from whom the Athenians have been called Actæi. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 312.—Virgil, Eclogues, poem 2, li. 23.

Acta, a place near mount Athos, on the Ægean sea. Thucydides, bk. 4, ch. 109.

Actæa, one of the Nereides. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 250.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 18, li. 41.——A surname of Ceres.——A daughter of Danaus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Actæon, a famous huntsman, son of Aristæus and Autonoe daughter of Cadmus, whence he is called Autonoeius heros. He saw Diana and her attendant, bathing near Gargaphia, for which he was changed into a stag, and devoured by his own dogs. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 2.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, fable 3.——A beautiful youth, son of Melissus of Corinth, whom Archias, one of the Heraclidæ, endeavoured to debauch and carry away. He was killed in the struggle which in consequence of this happened between his father and ravisher. Melissus complained of the insult, and drowned himself; and soon after, the country being visited by a pestilence, Archias was expelled. Plutarch, Amatoriæ narrationes.

Actæus, a powerful person who made himself master of a part of Greece, which he called Attica. His daughter Agraulos married Cecrops, whom the Athenians called their first king, though Actæus reigned before him. Pausanias, bk. 1, chs. 2 & 14.——The word is of the same signification as Atticus, an inhabitant of Attica.

Acte, a mistress of Nero, descended from Attalus. Suetonius, Nero, ch. 28.——One of the Horæ. Hyginus, fable 183.

Actia, the mother of Augustus. As she slept in the temple of Apollo, she dreamt that a dragon had lain with her. Nine months after she brought forth, having previously dreamt that her bowels were scattered all over the world. Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 94.——Games sacred to Apollo, in commemoration of the victory of Augustus over Marcus Antony at Actium. They were celebrated every third, sometimes fifth, year, with great pomp, and the Lacedæmonians had the care of them. Plutarch, Antonius.—Strabo, bk. 7.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 280; bk. 8, li. 675.——A sister of Julius Cæsar. Plutarch, Cicero.

Actis, son of Sol, went from Greece into Egypt, where he taught astrology, and founded Heliopolis. Diodorus, bk. 5.

Actisănes, a king of Æthiopia who conquered Egypt, and expelled king Amasis. He was famous for his equity, and his severe punishment of robbers, whose noses he cut off, and whom he banished to a desert place, where they were in want of all aliment, and lived only upon crows. Diodorus, bk. 1.

Actium, now Azio, a town and promontory of Epirus, famous for the naval victory which Augustus obtained over Antony and Cleopatra, the 2nd of September, B.C. 31, in honour of which the conqueror built there the town of Nicopolis, and instituted games. See: Actia. Plutarch, Antonius.—Suetonius, Augustus.——A promontory of Corcyra. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 7, ltr. 2.

Actius, a surname of Apollo, from Actium, where he had a temple. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 704.——A poet. See: Accius.——A prince of the Volsci. See: Accius.

Actius Navius, an augur, who cut a loadstone in two with a razor, before Tarquin and the Roman people, to convince them of his skill as an augur. Florus, bk. 1, ch. 5.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 36.——Labeo. See: Labeo.

Actor, a companion of Hercules in his expedition against the Amazons.——The father of Menœtius by Ægina, whence Patroclus is called Actorides. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 1, poem 8.——A man called also Aruncus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 93.——One of the friends of Æneas. Æneid, bk. 9, li. 500.——A son of Neptune by Agameda. Hyginus, fable 14.——A son of Deion and Diomede. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.——The father of Eurytus, and brother of Augeas. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.——A son of Acastus, one of the Argonauts. Hyginus, fable 14.——The father of Astyoche. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 37.——A king of Lemnos. Hyginus, fable 102.

Actorĭdes, a patronymic given to Patroclus grandson of Actor. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, fable 1.——Also to Erithus son of Actor. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, fable 3.——Two brothers so fond of each other, that in driving a chariot, one generally held the reins, and the other the whip; whence they are represented with two heads, four feet, and one body. Hercules conquered them. Pindar.

Actŏris, a maid of Ulysses. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 23.

Marcus Actorius Naso, a Roman historian. Suetonius, Julius, ch. 9.

Caius Aculeo, a Roman lawyer celebrated as much for the extent of his understanding, as for his knowledge of law. He was uncle to Cicero. Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 1, ch. 43.

Acūphis, an ambassador from India to Alexander. Plutarch, Alexander.

Acusilāus and Damagētus, two brothers of Rhodes, conquerors at the Olympic games. The Greeks strewed flowers upon Diagoras their father, and called him happy in having such worthy sons. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 7.

Acusilāus, an historian of Argos, often quoted by Josephus. He wrote on genealogies, in a style simple and destitute of all ornament. Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 2, ch. 29.—Suidas.——An Athenian who taught rhetoric at Rome under Galba.

M. Acutĭcus, an ancient comic writer whose plays were known under the names of Leones, Gemini, Anus, Bœotia, &c.

Ada, a sister of queen Artemisia, who married Hidricus. After her husband’s death, she succeeded to the throne of Caria; but being expelled by her younger brother, she retired to Alindæ, which she delivered to Alexander after adopting him as her son. Curtius, bk. 2, ch. 8.—Strabo, bk. 14.

Adad, a deity among the Assyrians, supposed to be the sun.

Adæus, a native of Mitylene, who wrote a Greek treatise on statuaries. Athenæus, bk. 13.

Adamantæa, Jupiter’s nurse in Crete, who suspended him in his cradle to a tree, that he might be found neither in the earth, the sea, nor in heaven. To drown the infant’s cries, she had drums beat and cymbals sounded around the tree. Hyginus, fable 139.

Adămas, a Trojan prince, killed by Merion. Homer, Iliad, bk. 13, li. 560.——A youth who raised a rebellion on being emasculated by Cotys king of Thrace. Aristotle, Politics, bk. 5, ch. 10.

Adamastus, a native of Ithaca, father of Achæmenides. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 614.

Adaspii, a people at the foot of mount Caucasus. Justin, bk. 12, ch. 5.

Addephagia, a goddess of the Sicilians. Ælian, bk. 1, Varia Historia, ch. 27.

Addua, now Adda, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling into the Po near Cremona. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 103.

Adelphius, a friend of Marcus Antoninus, whom he accompanied in his expedition into Parthia, of which he wrote the history. Strabo, bk. 11.

Adēmon, raised a sedition in Mauritania to avenge his master Ptolemy, whom Caligula had put to death. Suetonius, Caligula, ch. 35.

Ades, or Hades, the god of hell among the Greeks, the same as the Pluto of the Latins. The word is derived from α and ειδειν [non videre], because hell is deprived of light. It is often used for hell itself by the ancient poets.

Adgandestrius, a prince of Gaul who sent to Rome for poison to destroy Arminius, and was answered by the senate, that the Romans fought their enemies openly, and never used perfidious measures. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 88.

Adherbal, son of Micipsa, and grandson of Masinissa, was besieged at Cirta, and put to death by Jugurtha, after vainly imploring the aid of Rome, B.C. 112. Sallust, Jugurthine War.

Adherbas, the husband of Dido. See: Sichæus.

Adiante, a daughter of Danaus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 11.

Adiatōrix, a governor of Galatia, who, to gain Antony’s favour, slaughtered, in one night, all the inhabitants of the Roman colony of Heraclea, in Pontus. He was taken at Actium, led in triumph by Augustus, and strangled in prison. Strabo, bk. 12.

Adimantus, a commander of the Athenian fleet, taken by the Spartans. All the men of the fleet were put to death, except Adimantus, because he had opposed the designs of his countrymen, who intended to mutilate all the Spartans. Xenophon, Hellenica. Pausanias says, bk. 4, ch. 17; bk. 10, ch. 9, that the Spartans had bribed him.——A brother of Plato. Laërtius, bk. 3.——A Corinthian general who reproached Themistocles with his exile.——A king struck with thunder for saying that Jupiter deserved no sacrifices. Ovid, Ibis, li. 337.

Admēta, a daughter of Eurystheus, was priestess of Juno’s temple at Argos. She expressed a wish to possess the girdle of the queen of the Amazons, and Hercules obtained it for her. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 23.——One of the Oceanides. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 349.

Admētus, son of Pheres and Clymene, king of Pheræ in Thessaly, married Theone daughter of Thestor, and, after her death, Alceste daughter of Pelias. Apollo when banished from heaven, is said to have tended his flocks for nine years, and to have obtained from the Parcæ, that Admetus should never die, if another person laid down his life for him; a proof of unbounded affection, which his wife Alceste cheerfully exhibited by devoting herself voluntarily to death. Admetus was one of the Argonauts, and was at the hunt of the Calydonian boar. Pelias promised his daughter in marriage only to him who could bring him a chariot drawn by a lion and a wild boar; and Admetus effected this by the aid of Apollo, and obtained Alceste’s hand. Some say that Hercules brought him back Alceste from hell. Seneca, Medeâ.—Hyginus, fables 50, 51, & 243.—Ovid, Amores, bk. 3.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, chs. 8 & 9, &c.—Tibullus, bk. 2, poem 3.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 17.——A king of the Molossi, to whom Themistocles fled for protection. Cornelius Nepos, Themistocles, ch. 8.——An officer of Alexander, killed at the siege of Tyre. Diodorus, bk. 17.

Adōnia, festivals in honour of Adonis, first celebrated at Byblos in Phœnicia. They lasted two days, the first of which was spent in howlings and lamentations, the second in joyful clamours, as if Adonis was returned to life. In some towns of Greece and Egypt they lasted eight days; the one half of which was spent in lamentations, and the other in rejoicings. Only women were admitted, and such as did not appear were compelled to prostitute themselves for one day; and the money obtained by this shameful custom was devoted to the service of Adonis. The time of the celebration was supposed to be very unlucky. The fleet of Nicias sailed from Athens to Sicily on that day, whence many unfortunate omens were drawn. Plutarch, Nicias.—Ammianus, bk. 22, ch. 9.

Adōnis, son of Cinyras by his daughter Myrrha [See: Myrrha], was the favourite of Venus. He was fond of hunting, and was often cautioned by his mistress not to hunt wild beasts, for fear of being killed in the attempt. This advice he slighted, and at last received a mortal bite from a wild boar which he had wounded, and Venus, after shedding many tears at his death, changed him into a flower called anemone. Proserpine is said to have restored him to life, on condition that he should spend six months with her, and the rest of the year with Venus. This implies the alternate return of summer and winter. Adonis is often taken for Osiris, because the festivals of both were generally begun with mournful lamentations, and finished with a revival of joy as if they were returning to life again. Adonis had temples raised to his memory, and is said by some to have been beloved by Apollo and Bacchus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 14.—Propertius, bk. 2, poem 13, li. 53.—Virgil, Eclogues, poem 10, li. 18.—Bion, Adonis.—Hyginus, fables 58, 164, 248, &c.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 10, fable 10.—Musæus, Hero & Leander.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 20; bk. 9, ch. 41.——A river of Phœnicia, which falls into the Mediterranean, below Byblus.

Adramyttium, an Athenian colony on the sea coast of Mysia, near the Caycus. Strabo, bk. 13.—Thucydides, bk. 5, ch. 1.

Adrāna, a river in Germany. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 56.

Adrānum, a town of Sicily, near Ætna, with a river of the same name. The chief deity of the place was called Adranus, and his temple was guarded by 1000 dogs. Plutarch, Timoleon.

Adrasta, one of the Oceanides who nursed Jupiter. Hyginus, fable 182.

Adrastia, a fountain of Sicyon. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 15.——A mountain. Plutarch, Lucullus.——A country near Troy called after Adrastus, who built there a temple to Nemesis. Here Apollo had an oracle. Strabo, bk. 13.——A daughter of Jupiter and Necessity. She is called by some Nemesis, and is the punisher of injustice. The Egyptians placed her above the moon, whence she looked down upon the actions of men. Strabo, bk. 13.——A daughter of Melisseus, to whom some attribute the nursing of Jupiter. She is the same as Adrasta. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 1.

Adrastii Campi, a plain near the Granicus, where Alexander first defeated Darius. Justin, bk. 11, ch. 6.

Adrastus, son of Talaus and Lysimache, was king of Argos. Polynices, being banished from Thebes by his brother Eteocles, fled to Argos, where he married Argia daughter of Adrastus. The king assisted his son-in-law, and marched against Thebes with an army headed by seven of his most famous generals. All perished in the war except Adrastus, who, with a few men saved from slaughter, fled to Athens, and implored the aid of Theseus against the Thebans, who opposed the burying of the Argives slain in battle. Theseus went to his assistance, and was victorious. Adrastus, after a long reign, died through grief, occasioned by the death of his son Ægialeus. A temple was raised to his memory at Sicyon, where a solemn festival was annually celebrated. Homer, Iliad, bk. 5.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 480.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 7.—Statius, Thebiad, bks. 4 & 5.—Hyginus, fables 68, 69, & 70.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 39; bk. 8, ch. 25; bk. 10; ch. 90.—Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 67, &c.——A peripatetic philosopher, disciple to Aristotle. It is supposed that a copy of his treatise on harmonics is preserved in the Vatican.——A Phrygian prince, who having inadvertently killed his brother, fled to Crœsus, where he was humanely received, and entrusted with the care of his son Atys. In hunting a wild boar, Adrastus slew the young prince, and in his despair, killed himself on his grave. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 35, &c.——A Lydian, who assisted the Greeks against the Persians. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 5.——A soothsayer in the Trojan war, son of Merops. Homer, Iliad, bks. 2 & 6.—The father of Eurydice, who married Ilus the Trojan. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 12.——A king of Sicyon, who reigned four years, B.C. 1215.——A son of Hercules. Hyginus, fable 242.

Adria, Adriānum, or Adriatĭcum mare, a sea lying between Illyricum and Italy, now called the gulf of Venice, first made known to the Greeks by the discoveries of the Phocæans. Herodotus, bk. 1.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 33; bk. 3, odes 3 & 9.—Catullus, poems 4, 6.

Adrianopŏlis, a town of Thrace on the Hebrus.——Another in Ætolia,——in Pisidia,——and Bithynia.

Adriānus, or Hadrianus, the 15th emperor of Rome. He is represented as an active, learned, warlike, and austere general. He came to Britain, where he built a wall between the modern towns of Carlisle and Newcastle, 80 miles long, to protect the Britons from the incursions of the Caledonians. He killed in battle 500,000 Jews who had rebelled, and built a city on the ruins of Jerusalem, which he called Ælia. His memory was so retentive, that he remembered every incident of his life, and knew all the soldiers of his army by name. He was the first emperor who wore a long beard, and this he did to hide the warts on his face. His successors followed his example, not through necessity but for ornament. Adrian went always bare-headed, and in long marches generally travelled on foot. In the beginning of his reign, he followed the virtues of his adopted father and predecessor Trajan; he remitted all arrears due to his treasury for 16 years, and publicly burnt the account-books, that his word might not be suspected. His peace with the Parthians proceeded from a wish of punishing the other enemies of Rome, more than from the effects of fear. The travels of Adrian were not for the display of imperial pride, but to see whether justice was distributed impartially: and public favour was courted by a condescending behaviour, and the meaner familiarity of bathing with the common people. It is said that he wished to enrol Christ among the gods of Rome; but his apparent lenity towards the Christians was disproved, by the erection of a statue to Jupiter on the spot where Jesus rose from the dead, and one to Venus on mount Calvary. The weight of diseases became intolerable. Adrian attempted to destroy himself; and when prevented, he exclaimed, that the lives of others were in his hands, but not his own. He wrote an account of his life, and published it under the name of one of his domestics. He died of a dysentery at Baiæ, July 10, A.D. 138, in the 72nd year of his age, after a reign of 21 years. Dio Cassius.——An officer of Lucullus. Plutarch, Lucullus.——A rhetorician of Tyre in the age of Marcus Antoninus, who wrote seven books of metamorphoses, besides other treatises now lost.

Adrimētum, a town of Africa, on the Mediterranean, built by the Phœnicians. Sallust, Jugurthine War.

Aduataca, a town of Belgic Gaul, now Tongres, on the Maese.

Adŭla, a mountain among the Rhætian Alps, near which the Rhine takes its rise, now St. Gothard.

Adulis, a town of Upper Egypt.

Adyrmachīdæ, a maritime people of Africa, near Egypt. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 168.

Æa, a huntress changed into an island of the same name by the gods, to rescue her from the pursuit of her lover, the river Phasis. It had a town called Æa, which was the capital of Colchis. Flaccus, bk. 5, li. 420.——A town of Thessaly,——of Africa.——A fountain of Macedonia near Amydon.

Æacēa, games at Ægina, in honour of Æacus.

Æacĭdas, a king of Epirus, son of Neoptolemus and brother to Olympias. He was expelled by his subjects for his continual wars with Macedonia. He left a son, Pyrrhus, only two years old, whom Chaucus king of Illyricum educated. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 11.

Æacĭdes, a patronymic of the descendants of Æacus, such as Achilles, Peleus, Telamon, Pyrrhus, &c. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 103, &c.

Æăcus, son of Jupiter by Ægina daughter of Asopus, was king of the island of Œnopia, which he called by his mother’s name. A pestilence having destroyed all his subjects, he entreated Jupiter to repeople his kingdom; and according to his desire, all the ants which were in an old oak were changed into men, and called by Æacus myrmidons, from μυρμηξ, an ant. Æăcus married Endeis, by whom he had Telamon and Peleus. He afterwards had Phocus by Psamathe, one of the Nereids. He was a man of such integrity that the ancients have made him one of the judges of hell, with Minos and Rhadamanthus. Horace, bk. 2, ode 13; bk. 4, ode 8.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 44; bk. 2, ch. 29.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, fable 25; bk. 13, li. 25.—Propertius, bk. 4, poem 12.—Plutarch, de Consolatio ad Apollonium.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.—Diodorus, bk. 4.

Ææ, Æa, or Ææa, an island of Colchis, in the Phasis. See: Æa. Apollonius, bk. 3.

Ææa, a name given to Circe, because born at Ææ. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 386.

Æantēum, a city of Troas, where Ajax was buried. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 30. ——An island near the Thracian Chersonesus. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Æantĭdes, a tyrant of Lampsacus, intimate with Darius. He married a daughter of Hippias tyrant of Athens. Thucydides, bk. 6, ch. 59.——One of the seven poets called Pleiades.

Æantis, an Athenian tribe. Plutarch, Convivium Septem Sapientium, ch. 2.

Æas, a river of Epirus falling into the Ionian sea. In the fable of Io, Ovid describes it as falling into the Peneus, and meeting other rivers at Tempe. This some have supposed to be a geographical mistake of the poet. Lucan, bk. 6, li. 361.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 580.

Æātus, son of Philip, and brother of Polyclea, was descended from Hercules. An oracle having said that whoever of the two touched the land after crossing the Achelous, should obtain the kingdom, Polyclea pretended to be lame, and prevailed upon her brother to carry her across on his shoulders. When they came near the opposite side, Polyclea leaped ashore from her brother’s back, exclaiming that the kingdom was her own. Æatus joined her in her exclamation, and afterwards married her, and reigned conjointly with her. Their son Thessalus gave his name to Thessaly. Polyænus, bk. 8.

Æchmacŏras, a son of Hercules by Phyllone daughter of Alcimedon. When the father heard that his daughter had had a child, he exposed her and the infant in the woods to wild beasts, where Hercules, conducted by the noise of a magpie which imitated the cries of a child, found and delivered them. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 12.

Æchmis, succeeded his father Polymnestor on the throne of Arcadia, in the reign of Theopompus of Sparta. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 5.

Ædepsum, a town of Eubœa. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.—Strabo, bk. 10.

Ædessa, or Edessa, a town near Pella. Caranus king of Macedonia took it by following goats that sought shelter from the rain, and called it from that circumstance (αἰγας, capras) Ægeas. It was the burying place of the Macedonian kings; and an oracle had said, that as long as the kings were buried there, so long would their kingdom subsist. Alexander was buried in a different place; and on that account some authors have said that the kingdom became extinct. Justin, bk. 7, ch. 1.

Ædicŭla Ridiculi, a temple raised to the god of mirth, from the following circumstance: after the battle of Cannæ, Hannibal marched to Rome, whence he was driven back by the inclemency of the weather; which caused so much joy in Rome, that the Romans raised a temple to the god of mirth. This deity was worshipped at Sparta. Plutarch, Lycurgus, Agis, & Cleomenes. Pausanias also mentions a θεος γελωτος.

Ædīles, Roman magistrates, that had the care of all buildings, baths, and aqueducts, and examined the weights and measures, that nothing might be sold without its due value. There were three different sorts: the Ædiles Plebeii, or Minores; the Majores Ædiles, and the Ædiles Cereales. The plebeian ediles were two, first created with the tribunes; they presided over the more minute affairs of the state, good order, and the reparation of the streets. They procured all the provisions of the city, and executed the decrees of the people. The Majores and Cereales had greater privileges, though they at first shared in the labour of the plebeian ediles; they appeared with more pomp, and were allowed to sit publicly in ivory chairs. The office of an edile was honourable, and was always the primary step to greater dignities in the republic. The ediles were chosen from the plebeians for 127 years, till A.U.C. 338. Varro, De Lingua Latina, bk. 4, ch. 14.—Cicero, De Legibus, bk. 3.

Ædipsus, a town in Eubœa, now Dipso, abounding in hot baths.

Valerius Ædituus, a Roman poet before the age of Cicero, successful in amorous poetry and epigrams.

Ædon, daughter of Pandarus, married Zethus brother to Amphion, by whom she had a son called Itylus. She was so jealous of her sister Niobe, because she had more children than herself, that she resolved to murder the elder, who was educated with Itylus. She by mistake killed her own son, and was changed into a goldfinch as she attempted to kill herself. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 19, li. 518.

Ædui, or Hedui, a powerful nation of Celtic Gaul, known for their valour in the wars of Cæsar. When their country was invaded by this celebrated general, they were at the head of a faction in opposition to the Sequani and their partisans, and they had established their superiority in frequent battles. To support their cause, however, the Sequani obtained the assistance of Ariovistus king of Germany, and soon defeated their opponents. The arrival of Cæsar changed the face of affairs; the Ædui were restored to the sovereignty of the country, and the artful Roman, by employing one faction against the other, was enabled to conquer them all, though the insurrection of Ambiorix, and that more powerfully supported by Vercingetorix, shook for a while the dominion of Rome in Gaul, and checked the career of the conqueror. Cæsar, Gallic War.

Æēta, or Æētes, king of Colchis, son of Sol and Perseis daughter of Oceanus, was father of Medea, Absyrtus, and Chalciope, by Idya, one of the Oceanides. He killed Phryxus son of Athamas, who had fled to his court on a golden ram. This murder he committed to obtain the fleece of the golden ram. The Argonauts came against Colchis, and recovered the golden fleece by means of Medea, though it was guarded by bulls that breathed fire, and by a venomous dragon. Their expedition has been celebrated by all the ancient poets. See: Jason, Medea, and Phryxus. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, fable 1, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Justin, bk. 42, ch. 2.—Flaccus & Orpheus, Argonautica.

Æetias, a patronymic given to Medea, as daughter of Æetes. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 9.

Æga, an island of the Ægean sea, between Tenedos and Chios.

Ægēas, a town whose inhabitants are called Ægeates. See: Ædessa.

Ægæ, a city of Macedonia, the same as Ædessa. Some writers make them different, but Justin proves this to be erroneous, bk. 7, ch. 1.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 10.——A town of Eubœa, whence Neptune is called Ægæus. Strabo, bk. 9.

Ægææ, a town and seaport of Cilicia. Lucan, bk. 3, li. 227.

Ægæon, one of Lycaon’s 50 sons. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 8.——The son of Cœlus, or of Pontus and Terra, the same as Briareus. See: Briareus. It is supposed that he was a notorious pirate, chiefly residing at Æga, whence his name; and that the fable about his 100 hands arises from his having 100 men to manage his oars in his piratical excursions. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 565.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 149.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 10, li. 404.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 10.

Ægæum mare, now Archipelago, part of the Mediterranean, dividing Greece from Asia Minor. It is full of islands, some of which are called Cyclades, others Sporades, &c. The word Ægæum is derived by some from Ægæ, a town of Eubœa; or from the number of islands which it contains, that appear above the sea, as αἰγες, goats; or from the promontory Æga, or from Ægea, a queen of the Amazons; or from Ægeus, who is supposed to have drowned himself there. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 11.—Strabo, bk. 7.

Ægæus, a surname of Neptune, from Ægæ in Eubœa. Strabo, bk. 9.——A river of Corcyra.——A plain in Phocis.

Ægaleos, or Ægaleum, a mountain of Attica opposite Salamis, on which Xerxes sat during the engagement of his fleet with the Grecian ships in the adjacent sea. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 90.—Thucydides, bk. 2, ch. 19.

Ægan [Greek αἰγαν or αἰγαων], the Ægean sea. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 5, li. 56.

Ægas, a place of Eubœa.——Another near Daunia in Italy. Polybius, bk. 3.

Ægātes, a promontory of Æolia.——Three islands opposite Carthage, called Aræ by Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, near which the Romans under Catulus, in the first Punic war, defeated the Carthaginian fleet under Hanno, 242 B.C. Livy, bk. 21, chs. 10 & 41; bk. 22, ch. 54.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Silius Italicus, bk. 1, li. 61.

Ægēleon, a town of Macedonia taken by king Attalus. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 46.

Ægēria. See: Egeria.

Ægesta, the daughter of Hippotes, and mother of Ægestus, called Acestes. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 554.——An ancient town of Sicily near mount Eryx, destroyed by Agathocles. It was sometimes called Segesta and Acesta. Diodorus, bk. 10.

Ægeus, king of Athens, son of Pandion, being desirous of having children, went to consult the oracle, and in his return, stopped at the court of Pittheus king of Trœzene, who gave him his daughter Æthra in marriage. He left her pregnant, and told her, that if she had a son, to send him to Athens as soon as he could lift a stone under which he had concealed his sword. By this sword he was to be known to Ægeus, who did not wish to make any public discovery of a son, for fear of his nephews, the Pallantides, who expected his crown. Æthra became mother of Theseus, whom she accordingly sent to Athens with his father’s sword. At the time, Ægeus lived with Medea the divorced wife of Jason. When Theseus came to Athens, Medea attempted to poison him; but he escaped, and upon showing Ægeus the sword he wore, discovered himself to be his son. When Theseus returned from Crete after the death of the Minotaur, he forgot, agreeably to the engagement made with his father, to hoist up white sails as a signal of his success: and Ægeus, at the sight of black sails, concluding that his son was dead, threw himself from a high rock into the sea; which, from him, as some suppose, has been called the Ægean. Ægeus reigned 48 years, and died B.C. 1235. He is supposed to have first introduced into Greece the worship of Venus Urania, to render the goddess propitious to his wishes in having a son. See: Theseus, Minotaurus, and Medea. Apollodorus, bk. 1, chs. 8, 9; bk. 3, ch. 15.—Pausanias, bk. 1, chs. 5, 22, 38; bk. 4, ch. 2.—Plutarch, Theseus.—Hyginus, fables 37, 43, 79, & 173.

Ægiăle, one of Phaeton’s sisters changed into poplars, and their tears into amber. They are called Heliades.——A daughter of Adrastus, by Amphitea daughter of Pronax. She married Diomedes, in whose absence, during the Trojan war, she prostituted herself to her servants, and chiefly to Cometes, whom the king had left master of his house. At his return, Diomedes, being told of his wife’s wantonness, went to settle in Daunia. Some say that Venus implanted those vicious and lustful propensities in Ægiale, to revenge herself on Diomedes, who had wounded her in the Trojan war. Ovid, Ibis, li. 350.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 5, li. 412.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Statius, bk. 3, Sylvæ, poem 5, li. 48.

Ægiălea, an island near Peloponnesus, in the Cretan sea.——Another in the Ionian sea, near the Echinades. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.—Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 107.——The ancient name of Peloponnesus. Strabo, bk. 12.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Ægialeus, son of Adrastus by Amphitea or Demoanassa, was one of the Epigoni, i.e. one of the sons of those generals who were killed in the first Theban war. They went against the Thebans, who had refused to give burial to their fathers, and were victorious. They all returned home safe, except Ægialeus, who was killed. That expedition is called the war of the Epigoni. Pausanias, bk. 1, chs. 43, 44; bk. 2, ch. 20; bk. 9, ch. 5.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 7.——The same as Absyrtus brother to Medea. Justin, bk. 42, ch. 3.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3.—Diodorus, bk. 4.

Ægiălus, son of Phoroneus, was entrusted with the kingdom of Achaia by king Apis going to Egypt. Peloponnesus was called Ægialea from him.——A man who founded the kingdom of Sicyon, 2091 before the christian era, and reigned 52 years.

Ægialus, a name given to part of Peloponnesus. See: Achaia. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 1; bk. 7, ch. 1.——An inconsiderable town of Pontus.——A city of Asia Minor.——A city of Thrace near the river Strymon.——A mountain of Galatia.——Another in Æthiopia.

Ægīdes, a patronymic of Theseus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, li. 265.

Ægĭla, a place in Laconia, where Aristomenes was taken prisoner by a crowd of religious women whom he had attacked. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 17.

Ægilia, an island between Crete and Peloponnesus.——A place in Eubœa. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 101.

Ægimius, an old man who lived, according to Anacreon, 200 years. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 48.——A king of Doris, whom Hercules assisted to conquer the Lapithæ. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Ægimōrus, or Ægimūrus, an island near Libya, supposed by some to be the same which Virgil mentions under the name of Aræ. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 7.

Ægīna, daughter of Asopus, had Æacus by Jupiter changed into a flame of fire. She afterwards married Actor son of Myrmidon, by whom she had some children, who conspired against their father. Some say that she was changed by Jupiter into the island which bears her name. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 12.—Pausanias, bk. 2, chs. 5 & 29.——An island formerly called Œnopia, and now Engia, in a part of the Ægean sea, called Saronicus Sinus, about 22 miles in circumference. The inhabitants were once destroyed by a pestilence, and the country was repeopled by ants changed into men by Jupiter, at the prayer of king Æacus. They were once a very powerful nation by sea, but they cowardly gave themselves up to Darius when he demanded submission from all the Greeks. The Athenians under Pericles made war against them; and after taking 70 of their ships in a naval battle, they expelled them from Ægina. The fugitives settled in Peloponnesus, and after the ruin of Athens by Lysander, they returned to their country, but never after rose to their former power or consequence. Herodotus, bks. 5, 6, & 7.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 29; bk. 8, ch. 44.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 12, ch. 10.

Æginēta Paulus, a physician born in Ægina. He flourished in the 3rd, or, according to others, the 7th century, and first deserved to be called man-midwife. He wrote De Re Medicâ, in seven books.

Ægīnētes, a king of Arcadia, in whose age Lycurgus instituted his famous laws. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 5.

Ægiŏchus, a surname of Jupiter, from his being brought up by the goat Amalthæa, and using her skin instead of a shield, in the war of the Titans. Diodorus, bk. 5.

Ægĭpan, a name of Pan, because he had goat’s feet.

Ægīra, a town between Ætolia and Peloponnesus.——A town of Achaia. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 26.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 145.

Ægiroessa, a town of Ætolia. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 149.

Ægis, the shield of Jupiter, ἀπο της αἰγος, a goat’s skin. This was the goat Amalthæa, with whose skin he covered his shield. The goat was placed among the constellations. Jupiter gave this shield to Pallas, who placed upon it Medusa’s head, which turned into stones all those who fixed their eyes upon it. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, lis. 352 & 435.

Ægisthus, king of Argos, was son of Thyestes by his daughter Pelopea. Thyestes being at variance with his brother Atreus, was told by the oracle that his wrongs could be revenged only by a son born of himself and his daughter. To avoid such an incest, Pelopea had been consecrated to the service of Minerva by her father, who some time after met her in a wood, and ravished her, without knowing who she was. Pelopea kept the sword of her ravisher, and finding it to be her father’s, exposed the child she had brought forth. The child was preserved, and when grown up presented with the sword of his mother’s ravisher. Pelopea soon after this melancholy adventure had married her uncle Atreus, who received into his house her natural son. As Thyestes had debauched the first wife of Atreus, Atreus sent Ægisthus to put him to death; but Thyestes, knowing the assassin’s sword, discovered that he was his own son, and fully to revenge his wrongs, sent him back to murder Atreus. After this murder Thyestes ascended the throne, and banished Agamemnon and Menelaus, the sons, or as others say, the grandsons of Atreus. These children fled to Polyphidus of Sicyon; but as he dreaded the power of their persecutors, he permitted the protection of them to Œneus king of Ætolia. By their marriage with the daughters of Tyndarus king of Sparta, they were empowered to recover the kingdom of Argos, to which Agamemnon succeeded, while Menelaus reigned in his father-in-law’s place. Ægisthus had been reconciled to the sons of Atreus; and when they went to the Trojan war, he was left guardian of Agamemnon’s kingdom, and of his wife Clytemnestra. Ægisthus fell in love with Clytemnestra, and lived with her. On Agamemnon’s return, these two adulterers murdered him, and, by a public marriage, strengthened themselves on the throne of Argos. Orestes, Agamemnon’s son, would have shared his father’s fate, had not his sister Electra privately sent him to his uncle Strophius king of Phocis, where he contracted the most intimate friendship with his cousin Pylades. Some time after, Orestes came to Mycenæ the residence of Ægisthus, and resolved to punish the murderers of his father, in conjunction with Electra, who lived in disguise in the tyrant’s family. To effect this more effectually, Electra publicly declared that her brother Orestes was dead; upon which Ægisthus and Clytemnestra went to the temple of Apollo to return thanks to the god for his death. Orestes, who had secretly concealed himself in the temple, attacked them, and put them both to death, after a reign of seven years. They were buried without the city walls. See: Agamemnon, Thyestes, Orestes, Clytemnestra, Pylades, and Electra. Ovid, de Remedia Amoris, li. 161; Tristia, bk. 2, li. 396.—Hyginus, fables 87 & 88.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 12, ch. 42.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 16, &c.—Sophocles, Electra.—Aeschylus & Seneca, Agamemnon.—Homer, Odyssey, bks. 3 & 11.—Lactantius [Placidus] on [Statius’] Thebaid, bk. 1, li. 684.——Pompey used to call Julius Cæsar, Ægisthus, on account of his adultery with his wife Mutia, whom he repudiated after she had borne him three children. Suetonius, Julius Cæsar, ch. 50.

Ægĭtum, a town of Æolia, on a mountain eight miles from the sea. Thucydides. Bk. 3, ch. 97.

Ægium, a town on the Corinthian isthmus, where Jupiter was said to have been fed by a goat, whence the name. Strabo, bk. 8.—Livy, bk. 28, ch. 7.

Ægle, the youngest daughter of Æsculapius and Lampetie.——A nymph, daughter of Sol and Neæra. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 6, li. 20.——A nymph, daughter of Panopeus, beloved by Theseus after he had left Ariadne. Plutarch, Theseus.——One of the Hesperides.——One of the Graces.——A prostitute. Martial, bk. 1, ltr. 95.

Ægles, a Samian wrestler, born dumb. Seeing some unlawful measures pursued in a contest, he broke the string which held his tongue, through the desire of speaking, and ever after spoke with ease. Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 8.

Æglētes, a surname of Apollo.

Æglŏge, a nurse of Nero. Suetonius, Nero, ch. 50.

Ægobolus, a surname of Bacchus at Potnia, in Bœotia.

Ægocĕros, or Capricornus, an animal into which Pan transformed himself when flying before Typhon in the war with the giants. Jupiter made him a constellation. Lucretius, bk. 1, li. 613.

Ægon, a shepherd. Virgil, Eclogues.—Theocritus, Idylls.——A promontory of Lemnos.——A name of the Ægean sea. Flaccus, bk. 1, li. 628.——A boxer of Zacynthus, who dragged a large bull by the heel from a mountain into the city. Theocritus, Idylls, poem 4.

Ægospotămos, i.e. the goat’s river, a town in the Thracian Chersonesus, with a river of the same name, where the Athenian fleet, consisting of 180 ships, was defeated by Lysander, on the 13th Dec., B.C. 405, in the last year of the Peloponnesian war. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.—Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 58.—Pausanias, bk. 3, chs. 8 & 11.

Ægosāgæ, an Asiatic nation under Attalus, with whom he conquered Asia, and to whom he gave a settlement near the Hellespont. Polybius, bk. 5.

Ægus and Roscillus, two brothers amongst the Allobroges, who deserted from Cæsar to Pompey. Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 3, ch. 59.

Ægūsa, the middle island of the Ægates, near Sicily.

Ægy, a town near Sparta, destroyed because its inhabitants were suspected by the Spartans of favouring the Arcadians. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 2.

Ægypānes, a nation in the middle of Africa, whose body is human above the waist, and that of a goat below. Mela, bk. 1, chs. 4 & 8.

Ægypsus, a town of the Getæ, near the Danube. Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 1, ltr. 8; bk. 4, ltr. 7.

Ægypta, a freedman of Cicero. Letters to Atticus, bk. 8.

Ægyptii, the inhabitants of Egypt. See: Ægyptus.

Ægyptium mare, that part of the Mediterranean sea which is on the coast of Egypt.

Ægyptus, son of Belus, and brother to Danaus, gave his 50 sons in marriage to the 50 daughters of his brother. Danaus, who had established himself at Argos, and was jealous of his brother, who, by following him from Egypt into Greece, seemed envious of his prosperity, obliged all his daughters to murder their husbands the first night of their nuptials. This was executed; but Hypermnestra alone spared her husband Lynceus. Even Ægyptus was killed by his niece Polyxena. See: Danaus, Danaides, Lynceus. Ægyptus was king, after his father, of a part of Africa, which from him has been called Ægyptus. Hyginus, fables 168, 170.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.—Ovid, Heroides, poem 14.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 21.——An extensive country of Africa, watered by the Nile, bounded on the east by Arabia, and on the west by Libya. Its name is derived from Ægyptus brother to Danaus. Its extent, according to modern calculation, is 180 leagues from north to south, and it measures 120 leagues on the shore of the Mediterranean; but at the distance of 50 leagues from the sea, it diminishes so much as scarce to measure seven or eight leagues between the mountains on the east and west. It is divided into lower, which lies near the Mediterranean, and upper, which is towards the south. Upper Egypt was famous for the town of Thebes, but Lower Egypt was the most peopled, and contained the Delta, a number of large islands, which, from their form, have been called after the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet. This country has been the mother of arts and sciences. The greatest part of Lower Egypt has been formed by the mud and sand carried down by the Nile. The Egyptians reckoned themselves the most ancient nation in the universe [See: Psammetichus], but some authors make them of Æthiopian origin. They were remarkable for their superstition; they paid as much honour to the cat, the crocodile, the bull, and even to onions, as to Isis. Rain never or seldom falls in this country; the fertility of the soil originates in the yearly inundations of the Nile, which rises about 25 feet above the surface of the earth, and exhibits a large plain of waters, in which are scattered here and there the towns and villages, as the Cyclades in the Ægean sea. The air is not wholesome, but the population is great, and the cattle very prolific. It is said that Egypt once contained 20,000 cities, the most remarkable of which were Thebes, Memphis, Alexandria, Pelusium, Coptos, Arsinoe, &c. It was governed by kings who have immortalized themselves by the pyramids they have raised and the canals they have opened. The priests traced the existence of the country for many thousand years, and fondly imagined that the gods were their first sovereigns, and that their monarchy had lasted 11,340 years according to Herodotus. According to the calculation of Constantine Manasses, the kingdom of Egypt lasted 1663 years from its beginning under Misraim the son of Ham, 2188 B.C., to the conquest of Cambyses, 525 B.C. Egypt revolted afterwards from the Persian power, B.C. 414, and Amyrtæus then became king. After him succeeded Psammetichus, whose reign began 408 B.C.: Nephereus, 396: Acoris, 389: Psammuthis, 376: Nepherites, 4 months, and Nectanebis, 375: Tachos, or Teos, 363: Nectanebus, 361. It was conquered by Ochus, 350 B.C.; and after the conquest of Persia by Alexander, Ptolemy refounded the kingdom, and began to reign 323 B.C.: Philadelphus, 284: Evergetes, 246: Philopater, 221: Epiphanes, 204: Philomater, 180 and 169, conjointly with Evergetes II. or Physcon, for six years: Evergetes II. 145: Lathurus Soter, and his mother Cleopatra, 116: Alexander of Cyprus, and Cleopatra, 106: Lathurus Soter restored, 88: Cleopatra II. six months, with Alexander II. 19 days, 81: Ptolemy, surnamed Alexander III. 80: Dionysius, surnamed Auletes, 65: Dionysius II. with Cleopatra III. 51: Cleopatra III. with young Ptolemy, 46, and in 30 B.C. it was reduced by Augustus into a Roman province. The history of Egypt, therefore, can be divided into three epochas: the first beginning with the foundation of the empire, to the conquest of Cambyses; the second ends at the death of Alexander; and the third comprehends the reign of the Ptolemies, and ends at the death of Cleopatra, in the age of Augustus.—Justin, bk. 1.—Hirtius, Alexandrine War, ch. 24.—Macrobius, Somnium Scipionis, bk. 1, chs. 19 & 21.—Herodian, bk. 4, ch. 9.—Strabo, bk. 17.—Herodotus, bks. 2, 3, & 7.—Theocritus, Idylls, poem 17, li. 79.—Polybius, bk. 15.—Diodorus, bk. 1.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 1; bk. 14, ch. 7.—Marcellinus, bk. 22, ch. 40.—Justin, bk. 1.—Cornelius Nepos, Pausanias, bk. 3; Iphicrates; Datames, ch. 3.—Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 1.—Juvenal, satire 15, li. 175.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 14.—Plutarch, de Facie in Orbe Lunæ; de Iside et Osiride; Ptolemy, Alexander.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, chs. 1 & 5.——A minister of Mausolus king of Caria. Polyænus, bk. 6.——The ancient name of the Nile. Homer, Odyssey, ♦bk. 14, li. 258.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 40.