♦ ‘ξ’ replaced with ‘bk. 14’

Ægys. See: Ægy.

Ægysthus. See: Ægisthus.

Ælia, the wife of Sylla. Plutarch, Sulla.——The name of some towns built or repaired by the emperor Adrian.

Ælia lex, enacted by Ælius Tubero the tribune, A.U.C. 559, to send two colonies into the country of the Brutii. Livy, bk. 34, ch. 53.——Another A.U.C. 568, ordaining that, in public affairs, the augurs should observe the appearance of the sky, and the magistrates be empowered to postpone the business.——Another called Ælia Sexta, by Ælius Sextus, A.U.C. 756, which enacted, that all slaves who bore any marks of punishment received from their masters, or who had been imprisoned, should be set at liberty, but not rank as Roman citizens.

Ælia Petina, of the family of Tubero, married Claudius Cæsar, by whom she had a son. The emperor divorced her to marry Messalina. Suetonius, Claudius, ch. 26.

Æliānus Claudus, a Roman sophist of Præneste, in the reign of Adrian. He first taught rhetoric at Rome; but being disgusted with his profession, he became author, and published treatises on animals in 17 books, on various history in 14 books, &c., in Greek, a language which he preferred to Latin. In his writings he shows himself very fond of the marvellous, and relates many stories which are often devoid of elegance and purity of style; though Philostratus has commended his language as superior to what could be expected from a person who was neither born nor educated in Greece. Ælian died in the 60th year of his age, A.D. 140. The best editions of his works collected together are that of Conrad Gesner, folio, printed Tigurii, 1556, though now seldom to be met with, and that of Kuenius, 2 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1780. Some attribute the treatise on the tactics of the Greeks to another Ælian.

Ælius and Ælia, a family in Rome, so poor that 16 lived in a small house, and were maintained by the produce of a little field. Their poverty continued till Paulus conquered Perseus king of Macedonia, and gave his son-in-law Æl. Tubero five pounds of gold from the booty. Valerius Maximus, bk. 4, ch. 4.

Ælius Adriānus, an African, grandfather to the emperor Adrian.——Gallus, a Roman knight, the first who invaded Arabia Felix. He was very intimate with Strabo the geographer, and sailed on the Nile with him to take a view of the country. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 28.——Publius, one of the first questors chosen from the plebeians at Rome. Livy, bk. 4, ch. 54.——Quintus Ælius Pætus, son of Sextus or Publius. As he sat in the senate house, a woodpecker perched on his head; upon which a soothsayer exclaimed, that if he preserved the bird, his house would flourish, and Rome decay; and if he killed it, the contrary must happen. Hearing this, Ælius, in the presence of the senate, bit off the head of the bird. All the youths of his family were killed at Cannæ, and the Roman arms were soon attended with success. Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 6.——Saturninus, a satirist, thrown down from the Tarpeian rock for writing verses against Tiberius.——Sejānus. See: Sejanus.——Sextus Catus, censor with Marcus Cethegus. He separated the senators from the people in the public spectacles. During his consulship, the ambassadors of the Ætolians found him feasting in earthen dishes, and offered him silver vessels, which he refused, satisfied with the earthen cups, &c., which, for his virtues, he had received from his father-in-law, Lucius Paulus, after the conquest of Macedonia. Pliny, bk. 33, ch. 11.—Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 1.——Spartiānus, wrote the lives of the emperors Adrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius. He flourished A.D. 240.——Tubero, grandson of Lucius Paulus, was austere in his morals, and a formidable enemy to the Gracchi. His grandson was accused before Cæsar, and ably defended by Cicero. Cicero, Letters to Brutus.——Verus Cæsar, the name of Lucius Ceionius Commodus Verus, after Adrian had adopted him. He was made pretor and consul by the emperor, who was soon convinced of his incapacity in the discharge of public duty. He killed himself by drinking an antidote; and Antoninus, surnamed Pius, was adopted in his place. Ælius was father to Antoninus Verus, whom Pius adopted.——A physician mentioned by Galen.——Lucius Gallus, a lawyer, who wrote 12 books concerning the signification of all law words.——Sextus Pætus, a lawyer, consul at Rome, A.U.C. 566. He is greatly commended by Cicero for his learning, and called cordatus homo by Ennius for his knowledge of law. Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 1, ch. 48; Brutus, ch. 20.——Stilo, a native of Lanuvium, master to Marcus Terentius Varro, and author of some treatises.——Lamia. Lamia.

Aello, one of the Harpies (from ἑλουσα ἀλλο, alienum tollens, or ἀελλα, tempestas). Flaccus, bk. 4, li. 450.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 267.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 710.——See: One of Actæon’s dogs. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 220.

Ælurus (a cat), a deity worshipped by the Egyptians; and after death embalmed and buried in the city of Bubastis. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 66, &c.—Diodorus, bk. 1.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 1.—Aulus Gellius, bk. 20, ch. 7.—Plutarch, Pyrrhus.

Æmathion and Æmathia. See: Emathion.

Æmilia lex, was enacted by the dictator Æmilius, A.U.C. 309. It ordained that the censorship, which was before quinquennial, should be limited to one year and a half. Livy, bk. 9, ch. 33.——Another in the second consulship of Æmilius Mamercus, A.U.C. 391. It gave power to the eldest pretor to drive a nail in the capitol on the ides of September. Livy, bk. 7, ch. 3.—The driving of a nail was a superstitious ceremony, by which the Romans supposed that a pestilence could be stopped, or an impending calamity averted.

Æmiliānus C. Julius, a native of Mauritania, proclaimed emperor after the death of Decius. He marched against Gallus and Valerian, but was informed that they had been murdered by their own troops. He soon after shared their fate.——One of the thirty tyrants who rebelled in the reign of Gallienus.

Æmilius. See: Æmylius.

Æmnestus, tyrant of Enna, was deposed by Dionysius the elder. Diodorus, bk. 14.

Æmon. See: Hæmon.

Æmŏna, a large city of Asia. Cicero, for Flaccus.

Æmŏnia, a country of Greece which received its name from Æmon, or Æmus, and was afterwards called Thessaly. Achilles is called Æmonius, as being born there. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 3, poem 11; bk. 4, poem 1.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 37. It was also called Pyrrha, from Pyrrha, Deucalion’s wife, who reigned there.——The word has been indiscriminately applied to all Greece by some writers. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.

Æmŏnĭdes, a priest of Apollo in Italy, killed by Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 537.

Æmus, an actor in Domitian’s reign. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 197.

Æmylia, a noble family in Rome, descended from Mamercus son of Pythagoras, who, for his humanity, was called Αἱμυλος, blandus.——A vestal who rekindled the fire of Vesta, which was extinguished, by putting her veil over it. Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 1.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 2.——The wife of Africanus the elder, famous for her behaviour to her husband, when suspected of infidelity. Valerius Maximus, bk. 6, ch. 7.——Lepĭda, daughter of Lepidus, married Drusus the younger, whom she disgraced by her wantonness. She killed herself when accused of adultery with a slave. Tacitus, bk. 6, ch. 40.——A part of Italy, called also Flaminia. Martial, bk. 6, ltr. 85.——A public road leading from Placentia to Ariminum; called after the consul Æmylius, who is supposed to have made it. Martial, bk. 3, ltr. 4.

Æmyliānus, a name of Africanus the younger, son of Publius Æmylius. In him the families of the Scipios and Æmylii were united. Many of that family bore the same name. Juvenal, satire 8, li. 2.

Æmylii, a noble family in Rome, descended from Æmylius the son of Ascanius. Plutarch says, that they are descended from Mamercus the son of Pythagoras, surnamed Æmylius from the sweetness of his voice, in Numa & Aemilius Paulus.—The family was distinguished in the various branches of the Lepidi, Mamerci, Mamercini, Barbulæ, Pauli, and Scauri.

Æmylius, a beautiful youth of Sybaris, whose wife met with the same fate as Procris. See: Procris.——Censorinus, a cruel tyrant of Sicily, who liberally rewarded those who invented new ways of torturing. Paterculus gave him a brazen horse for this purpose, and the tyrant made the first experiment upon the donor. Plutarch, de Fortuna Romanorum.——Lepidus, a youth who had a statue in the capitol, for saving the life of a citizen in a battle. Valerius Maximus, bk. 4, ch. 1.——A triumvir with Octavius. See: Lepidus.——Macer, a poet of Verona in the Augustan age. He wrote some poems upon serpents, birds, and, as some suppose, on bees. See: Macer.——Marcus Scaurus, a Roman who flourished about 100 B.C., and wrote three books concerning his own life. Cicero, Brutus.——A poet in the age of Tiberius, who wrote a tragedy called Atheus, and destroyed himself.——Sura, another writer on the Roman year.——Mamercus, three times dictator, conquered the Fidenates, and took their city. He limited to one year and a half the censorship which before his time was exercised during five years. Livy, bk. 4, chs. 17, 19, &c.——Papiniānus, son of Hostilius Papiniānus, was in favour with the emperor Severus, and was made governor to his sons Geta and Caracalla. Geta was killed by his brother, and Papiniānus, for upbraiding him, was murdered by his soldiers. From his school the Romans have had many able lawyers, who were called Papiniānists.——Pappus, a censor, who banished from the senate Publius Cornelius Ruffinus, who had been twice consul, because he had at his table 10 pounds of silver plate, A.U.C. 478. Livy, bk. 14.——Porcina, an elegant orator. Cicero, Brutus.——Rectus, a severe governor of Egypt under Tiberius. Dio Cassius.——Regillus, conquered the general of Antiochus at sea, and obtained a naval triumph. Livy, bk. 37, ch. 31.——Scaurus, a noble but poor citizen of Rome. His father, to maintain himself, was a coal-merchant. He was edile, and afterwards pretor, and fought against Jugurtha. His son Marcus was son-in-law to Sylla, and in his edileship he built a very magnificent theatre. Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 15.——A bridge at Rome, called also Sublicius. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 22.

Ænăria, an island in the bay of Puteoli, abounding with cypress trees. It received its name from Æneas, who is supposed to have landed there on his way to Latium. It is called Pithecusa by the Greeks, and now Ischia, and was famous once for its mineral waters. Livy, bk. 8, ch. 22.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 6; bk. 31, ch. 2.—Statius, bk. 3, Sylvæ, poem 5, li. 104.

Ænarium, a forest near Olenos in Achaia, sacred to Jupiter.

Ænasius, one of the Ephori at Sparta. Thucydides, bk. 9, ch. 2.

Ænēa, or Æneia, a town of Macedonia, 15 miles from Thessalonica, founded by Æneas. Livy, bk. 40, ch. 4; bk. 44, ch. 10.

Æneădes, a town of Chersonesus, built by Æneas. Cassander destroyed it, and carried the inhabitants to Thessalonica, lately built. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.

Ænĕădæ, a name given to the friends and companions of Æneas by Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 161.

Ænēas, a Trojan prince, son of Anchises and the goddess Venus. The opinions of authors concerning his character are different. His infancy was intrusted to the care of a nymph, and at the age of five he was recalled to Troy. He afterwards improved himself in Thessaly under Chiron, a venerable sage whose house was frequented by the young princes and heroes of the age. Soon after his return home he married Creusa, Priam’s daughter by whom he had a son called Ascanius. During the Trojan war he behaved with great valour, in defence of his country, and came to an engagement with Diomedes and Achilles. Yet Strabo, Dictys of Crete, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, and Dares of Phrygia accuse him of betraying his country to the Greeks, with Antenor, and of preserving his life and fortune by this treacherous measure. He lived at variance with Priam, because he received not sufficient marks of distinction from the king and his family, as Homer, Iliad, bk. 13, says. This might have provoked him to seek revenge by perfidy. Authors of credit report, that when Troy was in flames, he carried away upon his shoulders his father Anchises, and the statues of his household gods, leading in his hand his son Ascanius, and leaving his wife to follow behind. Some say that he retired to mount Ida, where he built a fleet of 20 ships, and set sail in quest of a settlement. Strabo and others maintain that Æneas never left his country, but rebuilt Troy, where he reigned, and his posterity after him. Even Homer, who lived 400 years after the Trojan war, says, Iliad, bk. 20, li. 30, &c., that the gods destined Æneas and his posterity to reign over the Trojans. This passage Dionysius of Halicarnassus explained, by saying that Homer meant the Trojans who had gone over to Italy with Æneas, and not the actual inhabitants of Troy. According to Virgil and other Latin authors, who, to make their court to the Roman emperors, traced their origin up to Æneas, and described his arrival into Italy as indubitable, he with his fleet first came to the Thracian Chersonesus, where Polymnestor, one of his allies, reigned. After visiting Delos, the Strophades, and Crete, where he expected to find the empire promised him by the oracle, as in the place where his progenitors were born, he landed in Epirus, and Drepanum, the court of king Acestes, in Sicily, where he buried his father. From Sicily he sailed for Italy, but was driven on the coasts of Africa and kindly received by Dido queen of Carthage, to whom, on his first interview he gave one of the garments of the beautiful Helen. Dido, being enamoured of him, wished to marry him; but he left Carthage by order of the gods. In his voyage he was driven to Sicily, and from thence he passed to Cumæ, where the Sibyl conducted him to hell, that he might hear from his father the fates which attended him and all his posterity. After a voyage of seven years, and the loss of 13 ships, he came to the Tyber. Latinus, the king of the country, received him with hospitality, and promised him his daughter Lavinia, who had been before betrothed to king Turnus by her mother Amata. To prevent this marriage, Turnus made war against Æneas: and after many battles, the war was decided by a combat between the two rivals, in which Turnus was killed. Æneas married Lavinia, in whose honour he built the town of Lavinium, and succeeded his father-in-law. After a short reign Æneas was killed in a battle against the Etrurians. Some say that he was drowned in the Numicus, and his body weighed down by his armour; upon which the Latins, not finding their king, supposed that he had been taken up to heaven, and therefore offered him sacrifices as to a god. Dionysius of Halicarnassus fixes the arrival of Æneas in Italy in the 54th olympiad. Some authors suppose that Æneas after the siege of Troy, fell to the share of Neoptolemus, together with Andromache, and that he was carried to Thessaly, whence he escaped to Italy. Others say that, after he had come to Italy, he returned to Troy, leaving Ascanius king in Latium. Æneas has been praised for his piety, and submission to the will of the gods. Homer, Iliad, bks. 13 & 20; Hymn to Aphrodite.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.—Diodorus, bk. 3.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 33; bk. 3, ch. 22; bk. 10, ch. 25.—Plutarch, Romulus & Coriolanus; Quæstiones Romanæ.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 8.—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 1.—Justin, bk. 20, ch. 1; bk. 31, ch. 8; bk. 43, ch. 1.—Dictys Cretensis, bk. 5.—Dares Phrygius, ch. 6.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1, ch. 11.—Strabo, bk. 13.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 1.—Virgil, Æneid.—Aurelius Victor.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 8, ch. 22.—Propertius, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 42.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, fable 3, &c.; Tristia, bk. 4, li. 798.——A son of Æneas and Lavinia, called Sylvius, because his mother retired with him into the woods after his father’s death. He succeeded Ascanius in Latium, though opposed by Julius the son of his predecessor. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 770.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 3.——An ambassador sent by the Lacedæmonians to Athens, to treat of peace, in the 8th year of the Peloponnesian war.——An ancient author who wrote on tactics, besides other treatises, which, according to Ælian, were epitomized by Cineas the friend of Pyrrhus.——A native of Gaza, who, from a Platonic philosopher, became a Christian, A.D. 485, and wrote a dialogue called Theophrastus, on the immortality of the soul and the resurrection.

Ænēia, or Ænia, a place near Rome, afterwards called Janiculum.——A city of Troas. Strabo, bk. 17.——A city of Macedonia. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.

Æneides, a patronymic given to Ascanius, as son of Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 653.

Ænēis, a poem of Virgil, which has for its subject the settlement of Æneas in Italy. The great merit of this poem is well known. The author has imitated Homer, and, as some say, Homer is superior to him only because he is more ancient, and is an original. Virgil died before he had corrected it, and at his death desired it might be burnt. This was happily disobeyed, and Augustus saved from the flames a poem which proved his family to be descended from the kings of Troy. The Æneid had engaged the attention of the poet for 11 years, and in the first six books it seems that it was Virgil’s design to imitate Homer’s Odyssey, and in the last the Iliad. The action of the poem comprehends eight years, one of which only, the last, is really taken up by action, as the seven first are merely episodes, such as Juno’s attempts to destroy the Trojans, the loves of Æneas and Dido, the relation of the fall of Troy, &c. In the first book of the Æneid, the hero is introduced, in the seventh year of his expedition, sailing in the Mediterranean, and shipwrecked on the African coast, where he is received by Dido. In the second, Æneas, at the desire of the Phœnician queen, relates the fall of Troy, and his flight through the general conflagration to mount Ida. In the third, the hero continues his narration, by a minute account of the voyage through the Cyclades, the places where he landed, and the dreadful storm with the description of which the poem opened. Dido, in the fourth book, makes public her partiality to Æneas, which is slighted by the sailing of the Trojans from Carthage, and the book closes with the suicide of the disappointed queen. In the fifth book, Æneas sails to Sicily, where he celebrates the anniversary of his father’s death, and thence pursues his voyage to Italy. In the sixth, he visits the Elysian fields, and learns from his father the fate which attends him and his descendants, the Romans. In the seventh book, the hero reaches the destined land of Latium, and concludes a treaty with the king of the country, which is soon broken by the interference of Juno, who stimulates Turnus to war. The auxiliaries of the enemy are enumerated; and in the eighth book, Æneas is assisted by Evander, and receives from Venus a shield wrought by Vulcan, on which are represented the future glory and triumphs of the Roman nation. The reader is pleased, in the ninth book, with the account of battles between the rival armies, and the immortal friendship of Nisus and Euryalus. Jupiter, in the tenth, attempts a reconciliation between Venus and Juno, who patronized the opposite parties; the fight is renewed, Pallas killed, and Turnus saved from the avenging hand of Æneas, by the interposition of Juno. The eleventh book gives an account of the funeral of Pallas, and of the meditated reconciliation between Æneas and Latinus, which the sudden appearance of the enemy defeats. Camilla is slain, and the combatants separated by the night. In the last book, Juno prevents the single combat agreed upon by Turnus and Æneas. The Trojans are defeated in the absence of their king; but on the return of Æneas, the battle assumes a different turn, a single combat is fought by the rival leaders, and the poem is concluded by the death of king Turnus. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 30, &c.

Ænesidēmus, a brave general of Argos. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 25.——A Cretan philosopher, who wrote eight books on the doctrine of his master Pyrrho. Diogenes Laërtius, Pyrrhonists.

Ænēsius, a surname of Jupiter from mount Ænum.

Ænētus, a victor at Olympia, who, in the moment of victory, died through excess of joy. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 18.

Ænia. See: Æneia.

Ænicus, a comic writer at Athens.

Æniŏchi, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia. Lucan, bk. 2, li. 591.

Ænobarbus, or Ahenobarbus, the surname of Domitius. When Castor and Pollux acquainted him with a victory, he discredited them; upon which they touched his chin and beard, which instantly became of a brazen colour, whence the surname given to himself and his descendants.

Ænŏcles, a writer of Rhodes. Athenæus.

Ænos, now Eno, an independent city of Thrace, at the eastern mouth of the Hebrus, confounded with Æneia, of which Æneas was the founder. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.

Ænum, a town of Thrace——of Thessaly.——A mountain in Cephallenia. Strabo, bk. 7.——A river and village near Ossa.——A city of Crete, built by Æneas.

Ænȳra, a town of Thasos. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 47.

Æŏlia, a name given to Arne. Sappho is called Æolia puella, and lyric poetry Æolium carmen, because of Alcæus and Sappho, natives of Lesbos in Æolia. Horace, bk. 4, ode 3, li. 12, and ode 9, li. 12.

Æŏlia, or Æolis, a country of Asia Minor, near the Ægean sea. It has Troas at the north, and Ionia at the south. The inhabitants were of Grecian origin, and were masters of many of the neighbouring islands. They had 12, others say 30, considerable cities, of which Cumæ and Lesbos were the most famous. They received their name from Æolus son of Hellenus. They migrated from Greece about 1124 B.C., 80 years before the migration of the Ionian tribes. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 26, &c.—Strabo, bks. 1, 2, & 6.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 30.—Mela, bk. 1, chs. 2 & 18.——Thessaly has been anciently called Æolia. Bœotus son of Neptune, having settled there, called his followers Bœotians, and their country Bœotia.

Æoliæ and Æolĭdes, seven islands between Sicily and Italy, called Lipara, Hiera, Strongyle, Didyme, Ericusa, Phœnicusa, and Euonymos. They were the retreat of the winds; and Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 56, calls them Æolia, and the kingdom of Æolus the god of storms and winds. They sometimes bear the name of Vulcaniæ and Hephæstides, and are known now among the moderns under the general appellation of Lipari islands. Lucan, bk. 5, li. 609.—Justin, bk. 4, ch. 1.

Æolĭda, a city of Tenedos.——Another near Thermopylæ. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 35.

Æolĭdes, a patronymic of Ulysses, from Æolus; because Anticlea, his mother, was pregnant by Sisyphus the son of Æolus, when she married Laertes. It is also given to Athamas and Misenus, as sons of Æolus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 511; bk. 13, li. 31.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, lis. 164 & 529.

Æŏlus, the king of storms and winds, was the son of Hippotas. He reigned over Æolia; and because he was the inventor of sails, and a great astronomer, the poets have called him the god of the wind. It is said that he confined in a bag, and gave Ulysses all the winds that could blow against his vessel, when he returned to Ithaca. The companions of Ulysses untied the bag, and gave the winds their liberty. Æolus was indebted to Juno for his royal dignity, according to Virgil. The name seems to be derived from αἰολος, varius, because the winds, over which he presided, are ever varying.——There were two others, a king of Etruria, father to Macareus and Canace, and a son of Hellenus, often confounded with the god of the winds. This last married Enaretta, by whom he had seven sons and five daughters. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 10, li. 1.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 478; bk. 14, li. 224.—Apollonius, bk. 4, Argonautica.—Flaccus, bk. 1, li. 556.—Diodorus, bks. 4 & 5.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 56, &c.

Æōra, a festival at Athens, in honour of Erigone.

Æpālius, a king of Greece, restored to his kingdom by Hercules, whose son Hyllus he adopted. Strabo, bk. 9.

Æpēa, a town of Crete, called Solis, in honour of Solon. Plutarch, Solon.

Æpŭlo, a general of the Istrians, who drank to excess, after he had stormed the camp of Acidinus Manlius the Roman general. Being attacked by a soldier, he fled to a neighbouring town, which the Romans took, and killed himself for fear of being taken. Florus, bk. 2, ch. 10.

Æpy, a town of Elis, under the dominion of Nestor. Statius, bk. 4, Thebiad, li. 180.

Æpy̆tus, king of Mycenæ, son of Chresphontes and Merope, was educated in Arcadia with Cypselus his mother’s father. To recover his kingdom, he killed Polyphontes, who had married his mother against her will, and usurped the crown. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 6.—Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 8.——A king of Arcadia, son of Elatus.——A son of Hippothous, who forcibly entered the temple of Neptune, near Mantinea, and was struck blind by the sudden eruption of salt water from the altar. He was killed by a serpent in hunting. Pausanias, bk. 8, chs. 4 & 5.

Æqui, or Æquicŏli, a people of Latium, near Tibur. They were great enemies to Rome in its infant state, and were conquered with much difficulty. Florus, bk. 1, ch. 11.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 32; bk. 2, ch. 30; bk. 3, ch. 2, &c.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 4.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 747; bk. 9, li. 684.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 93.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 2, ch. 19.

Æquimelium, a place in Rome where the house of Melius stood, who aspired to sovereign power, for which crime his habitation was levelled to the ground. Livy, bk. 4, ch. 16.

Ærias, an ancient king of Cyprus, who built the temple of Paphos. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2, ch. 3.

Ærŏpe, wife of Atreus, committed adultery with Thyestes her brother-in-law, and had by him twins, who were placed as food before Atreus. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 2, li. 391.——A daughter of Cepheus, ravished by Mars. She died in child-bed: her child was preserved, and called Æropus. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 44.

Ærŏpus, a general of Epirus in the reign of Pyrrhus.——A person appointed regent to Orestes the infant son of Archelaus king of Macedonia.——An officer of king Philip, banished for bringing a singer into his camp. Polyænus, bk. 4, ch. 2.——A mountain of Chaonia. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 5.

Æsăcus, a river of Troy, near Ida.——A son of Priam by Alexirhoo: or according to others by Arisba. He became enamoured of Hesperia, whom he pursued into the woods. The nymph threw herself into the sea, and was changed into a bird. Æsacus followed her example, and was changed into a cormorant by Tethys. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, fable 11.

Æsāpus, a river of Mysia in Asia, falling into the Hellespont. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 32.

Æsar, or Æsāras, a river of Magna Græcia, falling into the sea near Crotona. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 28.

Æschĭnes, an Athenian orator, who flourished about 342 B.C., and distinguished himself by his rivalship with Demosthenes. His father’s name was Atrometus, and he boasted of his descent from a noble family, though Demosthenes reproached him as being the son of a courtesan. The first open signs of enmity between the rival orators appeared at the court of Philip, where they were sent as ambassadors; but the character of Æschines was tarnished by the acceptance of a bribe from the Macedonian prince, whose tyranny had hitherto been the general subject of his declamation. When the Athenians wished to reward the patriotic labours of Demosthenes with a golden crown, Æschines impeached Ctesiphon, who proposed it; and to their subsequent dispute we are indebted for the two celebrated orations de coronâ. Æschines was defeated by his rival’s superior eloquence, and banished to Rhodes; but as he retired from Athens, Demosthenes ran after him, and nobly forced him to accept a present of silver. In his banishment, the orator repeated to the Rhodians what he had delivered against Demosthenes; and after receiving much applause, he was desired to read the answer of his antagonist. It was received with greater marks of approbation; but, exclaimed Æschines, how much more would your admiration have been raised, had you heard Demosthenes himself speak it! Æschines died in the 75th year of his age, at Rhodes, or, as some suppose, at Samos. He wrote three orations, and nine epistles, which, from their number, received the name, the first of the graces, and the last of the muses. The orations alone are extant, generally found collected with those of Lysias. An oration which bears the name of Deliaca lex, is said not to be his production, but that of Æschines, another orator of that age. Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 1, ch. 24; bk. 2, ch. 53; Brutus, ch. 17.—Plutarch, Demosthenes.—Diogenes Laërtius, bks. 2 & 3.—Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 30. Diogenes Laërtius mentions seven more of the same name.——A philosopher, disciple of Socrates, who wrote several dialogues, some of which bore the following titles: Aspasia, Phædon, Alcibiades, Draco, Erycia, Polyænus, Telauges, &c. The dialogue entitled Axiochus, and ascribed to Plato, is supposed to be his composition. The best editions are that of Leovard, 1718, with the notes of Horræus, in 8vo, and that of Fischer, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1766.——A man who wrote on oratory.——An Arcadian.——A Mitylenean.——A disciple of Melanthius.——A Milesian writer.——A statuary.

Æschrion, a Mitylenean poet, intimate with Aristotle. He accompanied Alexander in his Asiatic expedition.——An Iambic poet of Samos. Athenæus.——A physician commended by Galen. A treatise of his own husbandry has been quoted by Pliny.——A lieutenant of Archagathus, killed by Hanno. Diodorus, bk. 20.

Æschylīdes, a man who wrote a book on agriculture. Ælian, Nature of Animals, bk. 15.

Æschy̆lus, an excellent soldier and poet of Athens, son of Euphorion, and brother to Cynægirus. He was in the Athenian army at the battles of Marathon, Salamis, and Platæa. But the most solid fame he has obtained, is the offspring less of his valour in the field of battle than of his writings. Of 90 tragedies, however, the fruit of his ingenious labours, 40 of which were rewarded with the public prize, only seven have come safe to us: Prometheus vinctus, Septem duces apud Thebas, Persæ, Agamemnon, Chœphori, Eumenides, Supplices. Æschylus is the first who introduced two actors on the stage, and clothed them with dresses suitable to their character. He likewise removed murder from the stage. It is said that, when he composed, his countenance betrayed the greatest ferocity; and according to one of his scholiasts, when his Eumenides were represented, many children died through fear, and several pregnant women actually miscarried in the house, at the sight of the horrible masks that were introduced. The imagination of the poet was strong and comprehensive, but disorderly and wild: fruitful in prodigies, but disdaining probabilities. His style is obscure, and the labours of an excellent modern critic have pronounced him the most difficult of all the Greek classics. A few expressions of impious tendency in one of his plays, nearly proved fatal to Æschylus; he was condemned to death, but his brother Amynias, it is reported, reversed his sentence, by uncovering an arm, of which the hand had been cut off at the battle of Salamis in the service of his country, and the poet was pardoned. Æschylus has been accused of drinking to excess, and of never composing except when in a state of intoxication. In his old age he retired to the court of Hiero in Sicily. Being informed that he was to die by the fall of a house, he became dissatisfied with the fickleness of his countrymen, and withdrew from the city into the fields, where he sat down. An eagle, with a tortoise in her bill, flew over his bald head, and supposing it to be a stone, dropped her prey upon it to break the shell, and Æschylus instantly died of the blow, in the 69th year of his age, 456 B.C. It is said that he wrote an account of the battle of Marathon, in elegiac verses. The best editions of his works are that of Stanley, folio, London, 1663, that of Glasgow, 2 vols. in 12mo, 1746, and that of Schutz, 2 vols., 8vo, Halæ, 1782.—Horace, Art of Poetry, li. 278.—Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.—Pliny, bk. 10, ch. 3.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 9, ch. 12.——The 12th perpetual archon of Athens.——A Corinthian, brother-in-law to Timophanes, intimate with Timoleon. Plutarch, Timoleon.——A Rhodian set over Egypt with Peucestes of Macedonia. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 8.——A native of Cnidus, teacher of rhetoric to Cicero. Cicero, Brutus.

Æsculāpius, son of Apollo by Coronis, or as some say, by Larissa daughter of Phlegias, was god of medicine. After his union with Coronis, Apollo set a crow to watch her, and was soon informed that she admitted the caresses of Ischys of Æmonia. The god, in a fit of anger, destroyed Coronis with lightning, but saved the infant from her womb, and gave him to be educated to Chiron, who taught him the art of medicine. Some authors say, that Coronis left her father to avoid the discovery of her pregnancy, and that she exposed her child near Epidaurus. A goat of the flocks of Aresthanas gave him her milk, and the dog which kept the flock stood by him to shelter him from injury. He was found by the master of the flock, who went in search of his stray goat, and saw his head surrounded with resplendent rays of light. Æsculapius was physician to the Argonauts, and considered so skilled in the medicinal power of plants, that he was called the inventor as well as the god of medicine. He restored many to life, of which Pluto complained to Jupiter, who struck Æsculapius with thunder, but Apollo, angry at the death of his son, killed the Cyclops who made the thunderbolts. Æsculapius received divine honours after death, chiefly at Epidaurus, Pergamus, Athens, Smyrna, &c. Goats, bulls, lambs, and pigs were sacrificed on his altars, and the cock and the serpent were sacred to him. Rome, A.U.C. 462, was delivered of a plague, and built a temple to the god of medicine, who, as was supposed, had come there in the form of a serpent, and hid himself among the reeds in an island of the Tyber. Æsculapius was represented with a large beard, holding in his hand a staff, round which was wreathed a serpent: his other hand was supported on the head of a serpent. Serpents are more particularly sacred to him, not only as the ancient physicians used them in their prescriptions; but because they were the symbols of prudence and foresight, so necessary in the medical profession. He married Epione, by whom he had two sons, famous for their skill in medicine, Machaon and Podalirus; and four daughters, of whom Hygiea, goddess of health, is the most celebrated. Some have supposed that he lived a short time after the Trojan war. Hesiod makes no mention of him. Homer, Iliad, bk. 4, li. 193; Hymn to Æsculapius.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.—Apollonius, bk. 4, Argonautica.—Hyginus, fable 49.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, fable 8.—Pausanias, bk. 2, chs. 11 & 27; bk. 7, ch. 23, &c.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Pindar, Pythian, poem 3.—Lucian, Dialogi de Saltatione.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 8.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 22, says there were three of this name; the first, a son of Apollo, worshipped in Arcadia; second, a brother of Mercury; third, a man who first taught medicine.

Æsēpus, a son of Bucolion. Homer, Iliad, bk. 6, li. 21.——A river. See: Æsapus.

Æsernia, a city of the Samnites, in Italy. Livy, bk. 27, ch. 12.—Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 567.

Æsīon, an Athenian, known for his respect for the talents of Demosthenes. Plutarch, Demosthenes.

Æsis, a river of Italy, which separates Umbria from Picenum.

Æson, son of Cretheus, was born at the same birth as Pelias. He succeeded his father in the kingdom of Iolchos, but was soon exiled by his brother. He married Alcimeda, by whom he had Jason, whose education he entrusted to Chiron, being afraid of Pelias. When Jason was grown up, he demanded his father’s kingdom from his uncle, who gave him evasive answers, and persuaded him to go in quest of the golden fleece. See: Jason. At his return, Jason found his father very infirm; and Medea [See: Medea], at his request, drew the blood from Æson’s veins, and refilled them with the juice of certain herbs which she had gathered, and immediately the old man recovered the vigour and bloom of youth. Some say that Æson killed himself by drinking bull’s blood, to avoid the persecution of Pelias. Diodorus, bk. 4.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 285.—Hyginus, fable 12.——A river of Thessaly, with a town of the same name.

Æsŏnĭdes, a patronymic of Jason, as being descended from Æson.

Æsōpus, a Phrygian philosopher, who, though originally a slave, procured his liberty by the sallies of his genius. He travelled over the greatest part of Greece and Egypt, but chiefly resided at the court of Crœsus king of Lydia, by whom he was sent to consult the oracle of Delphi. In this commission Æsop behaved with great severity, and satirically compared the Delphians to floating sticks, which appear large at a distance, but are nothing when brought near. The Delphians, offended with his sarcastic remarks, accused him of having secreted one of the sacred vessels of Apollo’s temple, and threw him down from a rock, 561 B.C. Maximus Planudes has written his life in Greek; but no credit is to be given to the biographer, who falsely asserts that the mythologist was short and deformed. Æsop dedicated his fables to his patron Crœsus; but what appears now under his name, is no doubt a compilation of all the fables and apologues of wits before and after the age of Æsop, conjointly with his own. Plutarch, Solon.—Phædras, bk. 1, fable 2; bk. 2, fable 9.——Claudus, an actor on the Roman stage, very intimate with Cicero. He amassed an immense fortune. His son, to be more expensive, melted precious stones to drink at his entertainments. Horace, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 239.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 10; bk. 9, ch. 1.—Pliny, bk. 9, ch. 35; bk. 10, ch. 51.——An orator. Diogenes Laërtius.——An historian in the time of Anaximenes. Plutarch, Solon.——A river of Pontus. Strabo, bk. 12.——An attendant of Mithridates, who wrote a treatise on Helen, and a panegyric on his royal master.

Æstria, an island in the Adriatic. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Æsŭla, a town on a mountain between Tibur and Præneste. Horace, bk. 3, ode 29.

Æsyetes, a man from whose tomb Polites spied what the Greeks did in their ships during the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 793.

Æsymnētes, a surname of Bacchus. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 21.

Æsymnus, a person of Megara, who consulted Apollo to know the best method of governing his country. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 43.

Æthalia, or Ætheria, now Elba, an island between Etruria and Corsica. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 6; bk. 6, ch. 30.

Æthalĭdes, a herald, son of Mercury, to whom it was granted to be amongst the dead and the living at stated times. Apollonius, Argonautica, bk. 1, li. 641.

Æthion, a man slain at the nuptials of Andromeda. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 146.

Æthiŏpia, an extensive country of Africa, at the south of Egypt, divided into east and west by the ancients, the former division lying near Meroe, and the latter near the Mauri. The country, properly now called Abyssinia, as well as the inhabitants, were little known to the ancients, though Homer has styled them the justest of men and the favourites of the gods. Diodorus, bk. 4, says, that the Æthiopians were the first inhabitants of the earth. They were the first who worshipped the gods, for which, as some suppose, their country has never been invaded by a foreign enemy. The inhabitants are of a dark complexion. The country is inundated for five months every year, and their days and nights are almost of an equal length. The ancients have given the name of Æthiopia to every country whose inhabitants are of a black colour. Lucan, bk. 3, li. 253; bk. 9, li. 651.—Juvenal, satire 2, li. 23.—Virgil, [Eclogues], poem 6, li. 68.—Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 29.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 33.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 1, li. 22; Iliad, bk. 1, li. 423.

Æthlius, son of Jupiter by Protogenia, was father of Endymion. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7.

Æthon, a horse of the sun. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, fable 1.——A horse of Pallas, represented as shedding tears at the death of his master, by Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 89.——A horse of Hector. Homer, Iliad, bk. 8, li. 185.

Æthra, daughter of Pittheus king of Trœzene, had Theseus by Ægeus. See: Ægeus. She was carried away by Castor and Pollux, when they recovered their sister Helen, whom Theseus had stolen, and intrusted to her care. See: Helena. She went to Troy with Helen. Homer, Iliad, bk. 3, li. 144.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 31; bk. 5, ch. 19.—Hyginus, fables 37 & 79.—Plutarch, Theseus.—Ovid, Heroides, poem 10, li. 131.——One of the Oceanides, wife to Atlas. She is more generally called Pleione.

Æthūsa, a daughter of Neptune by Amphitrite, or Alcyone, mother by Apollo of Eleuthere and two sons. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 20.——An island near Lilybæum. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 8.

Ætia, a poem of Callimachus, in which he speaks of sacrifices, and of the manner in which they were offered. Martial, bk. 10, ltr. 4.

Ætion, or Eetion, the father of Andromache, Hector’s wife. He was killed at Thebes, with his seven sons, by the Greeks.——A famous painter. He drew a painting of Alexander going to celebrate his nuptials with Roxane. This piece was much valued, and was exposed to public view at the Olympic games, where it gained so much applause that the president of the games gave the painter his daughter in marriage. Cicero, Brutus, ch. 18.

Ætna, a mountain of Sicily, now called Gibello, famous for its volcano, which, for about 3000 years, has thrown out fire at intervals. It is two miles in perpendicular height, and measures 180 miles round at the base, with an ascent of 30 miles. Its crater forms a circle about 3½ miles in circumference, and its top is covered with snow and smoke at the same time, whilst the sides of the mountain, from the great fertility of the soil, exhibit a rich scenery of cultivated fields and blooming vineyards. Pindar is the first who mentions an eruption of Ætna; and the silence of Homer on the subject is considered as a proof that the fires of the mountain were unknown in his age. From the time of Pythagoras, the supposed date of the first volcanic appearance, to the battle of Pharsalia, it is computed that Ætna had 100 eruptions. The poets supposed that Jupiter had confined the giants under this mountain, and it was represented as the forge of Vulcan, where his servants the Cyclops fabricated thunderbolts, &c. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 860.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 570.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, fable 6; bk. 15, li. 340.—Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 59.

Ætōlia, a country bounded by Epirus, Acarnania, and Locris, supposed to be about the middle of Greece. It received its name from Ætolus. The inhabitants were covetous and illiberal, and were little known in Greece, till after the ruin of Athens and Sparta they assumed consequence in the country, and afterwards made themselves formidable as the allies of Rome, and as its enemies, till they were conquered by Fulvius. Livy, bk. 26, ch. 24, &c.—Florus, bk. 2, ch. 9.—Strabo, bks. 8 & 10.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 2.—Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 18.—Plutarch, Titus Flamininus.

Ætōlus, son of Endymion of Elis and Iphianassa, married Pronoe, by whom he had Pleuron and Calydon. Having accidentally killed Apis son of Phoroneus, he left his country, and came to settle in that part of Greece which has been called from him Ætolia. Apollodorus, bk. 1, chs. 7 & 9.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 1.

Æx, a rocky island between Tenedos and Chios. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 11.——A city in the country of the Marsi.——The nurse of Jupiter changed into a constellation.

Afer, an inhabitant of Africa.——An informer under Tiberius and his successors. He became also known as an orator, and as the preceptor of Quintilian, and was made consul by Domitian. He died A.D. 59.

Afrānia, a Roman matron, who frequented the forum, forgetful of female decency. Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 3.

Lucius Afrānius, a Latin comic poet in the age of Terence, often compared to Menander, whose style he imitated. He is blamed for the unnatural gratifications which he mentions in his writings, some fragments of which are to be found in the Corpus Poetarum. Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.—Suetonius, Nero, ch. 11.—Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 57.—Cicero, de Finibus, bk. 1, ch. 3.—Aulus Gellius, bk. 13, ch. 8.——A general of Pompey, conquered by Cæsar in Spain. Suetonius, Julius Cæsar, ch. 34.—Plutarch, Pompey.——Quintianus, a man who wrote a severe satire against Nero, for which he was put to death in the Pisonian conspiracy. Tacitus.——Potitus, a plebeian, who said before Caligula, that he would willingly die if the emperor could recover from the distemper he laboured under. Caligula recovered, and Afranius was put to death that he might not forfeit his word. Dio Cassius.

Afrĭca, called Libya by the Greeks, one of the three parts of the ancient world, and the greatest peninsula of the universe, is bounded on the east by Arabia and the Red sea, on the north by the Mediterranean, south and west by the ocean. In its greatest length it extends 4300 miles, and in its greatest breadth it is 3500 miles. It is joined on the east to Asia, by an isthmus 60 miles long, which some of the Ptolemies endeavoured to cut, in vain, to join the Red and Mediterranean seas. It is so immediately situate under the sun, that only the maritime parts are inhabited, and the inland country is mostly barren and sandy, and infested with wild beasts. The ancients, through ignorance, peopled the southern parts of Africa with monsters, enchanters, and chimeras; errors which begin to be corrected by modern travellers. See: Libya. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 4, &c.—Diodorus, bks. 3, 4, & 20.—Herodotus, bk. 2, chs. 17, 26, & 32; bk. 4, ch. 41, &c.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 1, &c.——There is a part of Africa called Propria, which lies about the middle, on the Mediterranean, and has Carthage for its capital.

Africānus, a blind poet, commended by Ennius.——A christian writer, who flourished A.D. 222. In his chronicle, which was universally esteemed, he reckoned 5500 years from the creation of the world to the age of Julius Cæsar. Nothing remains of this work but what Eusebius has preserved. In a letter to Origen, Africanus proved that the history of Susanna is supposititious; and in another to Aristides, still extant, he endeavours to reconcile the seeming contradictions that appear in the genealogies of Christ in St. Matthew and Luke. He is supposed to be the same who wrote nine books, in which he treats of physic, agriculture, &c.——A lawyer, disciple to Papinian, and intimate with the emperor Alexander.——An orator mentioned by Quintilian.——The surname of the Scipios, from the conquest of Africa. See: Scipio.

Afrĭcum mare, is that part of the Mediterranean which is on the coast of Africa.

Agăgriāne portæ, gates at Syracuse, near which the dead were buried. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes.

Agalasses, a nation of India, conquered by Alexander. Diodorus, bk. 17.

Agalla, a woman of Corcyra, who wrote a treatise upon grammar. Athenæus, bk. 1.

Agamēdes and Trophonius, two architects who made the entrance of the temple of Delphi, for which they demanded of the god whatever gift was most advantageous for a man to receive. Eight days after they were found dead in their bed. Plutarch, Consolatio ad Apollonium.—Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 1, ch. 47.—Pausanias, bk. 9, chs. 11 & 37, gives a different account.

Agamemnon, king of Mycenæ and Argos, was brother to Menelaus, and son of Plisthenes the son of Atreus. Homer calls them sons of Atreus, which is false, upon the authority of Hesiod, Apollodorus, &c. See: Plisthenes. When Atreus was dead, his brother Thyestes seized the kingdom of Argos, and removed Agamemnon and Menelaus, who fled to Polyphidus king of Sicyon, and hence to Œneus king of Ætolia, where they were educated. Agamemnon married Clytemnestra, and Menelaus Helen, both daughters of Tyndarus king of Sparta, who assisted them to recover their father’s kingdom. After the banishment of the usurper to Cythera, Agamemnon established himself at Mycenæ, whilst Menelaus succeeded his father-in-law at Sparta. When Helen was stolen by Paris, Agamemnon was elected commander-in-chief of the Grecian forces going against Troy; and he showed his zeal in the cause by furnishing 100 ships, and lending 60 more to the people of Arcadia. The fleet was detained at Aulis, where Agamemnon sacrificed his daughter to appease Diana. See: Iphigenia. During the Trojan war, Agamemnon behaved with much valour; but his quarrel with Achilles, whose mistress he took by force, was fatal to the Greeks. See: Briseis. After the ruin of Troy, Cassandra fell to his share, and foretold him that his wife would put him to death. He gave no credit to this, and returned to Argos with Cassandra. Clytemnestra, with her adulterer Ægisthus [See: Ægisthus], prepared to murder him; and as he came from the bath, to embarrass him, she gave him a tunic, whose sleeves were sewed together, and while he attempted to put it on, she brought him to the ground with a stroke of a hatchet, and Ægisthus seconded her blows. His death was revenged by his son Orestes. See: Clytemnestra, Menelaus, and Orestes. Homer, Iliad, bks. 1, 2, &c.; Odyssey, bk. 4, &c.—Ovid, Remedia Amoris, li. 777; Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 30.—Hyginus, fables 88 & 97.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Thucydides, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 4, ch. 26.—Dictys Cretensis, bks. 1, 2, &c.—Dares Phrygius.—Sophocles, Electra.—Euripides, Orestes.—Seneca, Agamemnon.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 6; bk. 9, ch. 40, &c.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 838.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.

Agamemnonius, an epithet applied to Orestes, as son of Agamemnon. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 471.

Agamētor, an athlete of Mantinea. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 10.

Agamnestor, a king of Athens.

Aganippe, a celebrated fountain of Bœotia, at the foot of mount Helicon. It flows into the Permessus, and is sacred to the muses, who, from it, were called Aganippedes. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 29.—Propertius, bk. 2, poem 3.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 312.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.

Agapēnor, the commander of Agamemnon’s fleet. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.——The son of Ancæus, and grandson of Lycurgus, who, after the ruin of Troy, was carried by a storm into Cyprus, where he built Paphos. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 5.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.

Agar, a town of Africa. Hirtius, African War, ch. 76.

Agarēni, a people of Arabia. Trajan destroyed their city, called Agarum. Strabo, bk. 16.

Agarista, daughter of Clisthenes, was courted by all the princes of Greece. She married Megacles. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 12, ch. 24.—Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 126, &c.——A daughter of Hippocrates, who married Xantippus. She dreamed that she had brought forth a lion, and some time after became mother of Pericles. Plutarch, Pericles.—Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 131.

Agasĭcles, king of Sparta, was son of Archidamus, and one of the Proclidæ. He used to say that a king ought to govern his subjects as a father governs his children. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 7.—Plutarch, Apophthegmata Laconica.

Agassæ, a city of Thessaly. Livy, bk. 45, ch. 27.

Agasthĕnes, father to Polyxenus, was, as one of Helen’s suitors, concerned in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 11.——A son of Augeas, who succeeded as king of Elis. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 3.

Agrastrŏphus, a Trojan, wounded by Diomedes. Homer, Iliad, bk. 11, li. 338.

Agasthus, an archon of Athens.

Agăsus, a harbour on the coast of Apulia. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 11.

Agătha, a town of France near Agde, in Languedoc. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 5.

Agatharchĭdas, a general of Corinth in the Peloponnesian war. Thucydides, bk. 2, ch. 83.——A Samian philosopher and historian, who wrote a treatise on stones, and a history of Persia and Phœnice, besides an account of the Red sea, of Europe and Asia. Some make him a native of Cnidus, and add that he flourished about 177 B.C. Josephus, Against Apion.

Agatharchus, an officer in the Syracusan fleet. Thucydides, bk. 7, ch. 27.——A painter in the age of Zeuxis. Plutarch, Pericles.

Agathias, a Greek historian of Æolia.——A poet and historian in the age of Justinian, of whose reign he published the history in five books. Several of his epigrams are found in the Anthologia. His history is a sequel of that of Procopius. The best edition is that of Paris, folio, 1660.

Agătho, a Samian historian, who wrote an account of Scythia.——A tragic poet, who flourished 406 B.C. The name of some of his tragedies are preserved, such as Telephus, Thyestes, &c.——A comic poet who lived in the same age. Plutarch, Parallela minora.——A son of Priam. Homer, Iliad, bk. 24.——A governor of Babylon. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 1.——A Pythagorean philosopher. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 13, ch. 4.——A learned and melodious musician, who first introduced songs in tragedy. Aristotle, Poetics.——A youth of Athens, loved by Plato. Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 3, ch. 32.