Levāna, a goddess of Rome, who presided over the action of the person who took up from the ground a newly born child, after it had been placed there by the midwife. This was generally done by the father, and so religiously observed was this ceremony, that the legitimacy of a child could be disputed without it.

Leuca, a town of the Salentines, near a cape of the same name in Italy. Lucan, bk. 5, li. 376.——A town of Ionia,——of Crete,——of Argolis. Strabo, bk. 6, &c.

Leucas, or Leucadia, an island of the Ionian sea, now called St. Maura, near the coast of Epirus, famous for a promontory called Leucate, Leucas, or Leucates, where desponding lovers threw themselves into the sea. Sappho had recourse to this leap to free herself from the violent passion which she entertained for Phaon. The word is derived from λευκος, white, on account of the whiteness of its rocks. Apollo had a temple on the promontory, whence he is often called Leucadius. The island was formerly joined to the continent by a narrow isthmus, which the inhabitants dug through after the Peloponnesian war. Ovid, Heroides, poem 15, li. 171.—Strabo, bk. 6, &c.—Silius Italicus, bk. 15, li. 302.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 274; bk. 8, li. 677.——A town of Phœnicia.

Leucasion, a village of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 25.

Leucaspis, a Lycian, one of the companions of Æneas, drowned in the Tyrrhene sea. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 334.

Leucate. See: Leucas.

Leuce, a small island in the Euxine sea, of a triangular form, between the mouths of the Danube and the Borysthenes. According to the poets, the souls of the ancient heroes were placed there as in the Elysian fields, where they enjoyed perpetual felicity, and reaped the repose to which their benevolence to mankind, and their exploits during life, seemed to entitle them. From that circumstance it has often been called the island of the blessed, &c. According to some accounts Achilles celebrated there his nuptials with Iphigenia, or rather Helen, and shared the pleasures of the place with the manes of Ajax, &c. Strabo, bk. 2.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Ammianus, bk. 22.—Quintus Calaber [Smyrnæus], bk. 2, li. 773.——One of the Oceanides whom Pluto carried into his kingdom.

Leuci, a people of Gaul, between the Moselle and the Maese. Their capital is now called Toul. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, ch. 40.——Mountains on the west of Crete, appearing at a distance like white clouds, whence the name.

Leucippe, one of the Oceanides.

Leucippĭdes, the daughters of Leucippus. See: Leucippus.

Leucippus, a celebrated philosopher of Abdera, about 428 years before Christ, disciple to Zeno. He was the first who invented the famous system of atoms and of a vacuum, which was afterwards more fully explained by Democritus and Epicurus. Many of his hypotheses have been adopted by the moderns, with advantage. Diogenes Laërtius has written his life.——A brother of Tyndarus king of Sparta, who married Philodice daughter of Inachus, by whom he had two daughters, Hilaira and Phœbe, known by the patronymic of Leucippides. They were carried away by their cousins Castor and Pollux, as they were going to celebrate their nuptials with Lynceus and Idas. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 701.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 3, chs. 17 & 26.——A son of Xanthus, descended from Bellerophon. He became deeply enamoured of one of his sisters, and when he was unable to restrain his unnatural passion, he resolved to gratify it. He acquainted his mother with it, and threatened to murder himself if she attempted to oppose his views or remove the object of his affection. The mother, rather than lose a son whom she tenderly loved, cherished his passion, and by her consent her daughter yielded herself to the arms of her brother. Some time after the father resolved to give his daughter in marriage to a Lycian prince. The future husband was informed that the daughter of Xanthus secretly entertained a lover, and he communicated the intelligence to the father. Xanthus upon this secretly watched his daughter, and when Leucippus had introduced himself to her bed, the father, in his eagerness to discover the seducer, occasioned a little noise in the room. The daughter was alarmed, and as she attempted to escape she received a mortal wound from her father, who took her to be the lover. Leucippus came to her assistance, and stabbed his father in the dark, without knowing who he was. This accidental parricide obliged Leucippus to fly from his country. He came to Crete, where the inhabitants refused to give him an asylum, when acquainted with the atrociousness of his crime, and he at last came to Ephesus, where he died in the greatest misery and remorse. Hermesianax referenced by Parthenius, ch. 5.——A son of Œnomaus, who became enamoured of Daphne, and to obtain her confidence disguised himself in a female dress, and attended his mistress as a companion. He gained the affections of Daphne by his obsequiousness and attention, but his artifice at last proved fatal through the influence and jealousy of his rival Apollo; for when Daphne and her attendants were bathing in the Ladon, the sex of Leucippus was discovered, and he perished by the darts of the females. Parthenius, Narrationes Amatoriæ, ch. 15.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 20.——A son of Hercules by Marse, one of the daughters of Thespius. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 7.

Leucŏla, a part of Cyprus.

Leucon, a tyrant of Bosphorus, who lived in great intimacy with the Athenians. He was a firm patron of the useful arts, and greatly encouraged commerce. Strabo.—Dio Cassius, bk. 14.——A son of Athamas and Themisto. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 22.——A king of Pontus killed by his brother, whose bed he had defiled. Ovid, Ibis, li. 3.——A town of Africa near Cyrene. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 160.

Leucōne, a daughter of Aphidas, who gave her name to a fountain of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 44.

Leucōnes, a son of Hercules. Apollodorus.

Leuconoe, a daughter of Lycambes. The Leuconoe to whom Horace addressed his bk. 1, ode 11, seems to be a fictitious name.

Leucopĕtra, a place on the isthmus of Corinth, where the Achæans were defeated by the consul Mummius.——A promontory six miles east from Rhegium in Italy, where the Apennines terminate and sink into the sea.

Leucŏphrys, a temple of Diana, with a city of the same name, near the Mæander. The goddess was represented under the figure of a woman with many breasts, and crowned with victory.——An ancient name of Tenedos. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 14.—Strabo, bks. 13 & 14.

Leucopŏlis, a town of Caria.

Leucos, a river of Macedonia near Pydna.——A man, &c. See: Idomeneus.

Leucosia, a small island in the Tyrrhene sea. It received its name from one of the companions of Æneas, who was drowned there, or from one of the Sirens, who was thrown there by the sea. Strabo, bk. 5.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 708.

Leucosy̆rii, a people of Asia Minor, called afterwards Cappadocians. Strabo, bk. 12.——The same name is given to the inhabitants of Cilicia, where it borders on Cappadocia. Cornelius Nepos, bk. 14, ch. 1.

Leucŏthoe, or Leucothea, the wife of Athamas, changed into a sea deity. See: Ino. She was called Matuta by the Romans, who raised her a temple, where all the people, particularly women, offered vows to their brother’s children. They did not entreat the deity to protect their own children, because Ino had been unfortunate in hers. No female slaves were permitted to enter the temple; or if their curiosity tempted them to transgress this rule, they were beaten away with the greatest severity. To this supplicating for other people’s children, Ovid alludes in these lines, Fasti, bk. 6:

——A daughter of king Orchamus by Eurynome. Apollo became enamoured of her, and to introduce himself to her with greater facility, he assumed the shape and features of her mother. Their happiness was complete, when Clytia, who tenderly loved Apollo, and was jealous of his amours with Leucothoe, discovered the whole intrigue to her father, who ordered his daughter to be buried alive. The lover, unable to save her from death, sprinkled nectar and ambrosia on her tomb, which, penetrating as far as the body, changed it into a beautiful tree, which bears frankincense. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 196.——An island in the Tyrrhene sea, near Capreæ.——A fountain of Samos.——A town of Egypt,——of Arabia. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.——A part of Asia which produces frankincense.

Leuctra, a village of Bœotia, between Platæa and Thespia, famous for the victory which Epaminondas the Theban general obtained over the superior force of Cleombrotus king of Sparta, on the 8th of July, B.C. 371. In this famous battle 4000 Spartans were killed with their king Cleombrotus, and no more than 300 Thebans. From that time the Spartans lost the empire of Greece, which they had obtained for nearly 500 years. Plutarch, Pelopidas & Agesilaus.—Cornelius Nepos, Epaminondas.—Justin, bk. 6, ch. 6.—Xenophon, Hellenica.—Diodorus, bk. 15.—Pausanias, Laconia.—Cicero, de Officiis, bk. 1, ch. 18; Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 1, ch. 46; Letters to Atticus, bk. 6, ltr. 1.—Strabo, bk. 9.

Leuctrum, a town of Laconia. Strabo, bk. 8.

Leucus, one of the companions of Ulysses, killed before Troy by Antiphus son of Priam. Homer, Iliad, bk. 4, li. 491.

Leucyanias, a river of Peloponnesus, flowing into the Alpheus. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 21.

Levinus. See: Lævinus.

Leutychĭdes, a Lacedæmonian, made king of Sparta on the expulsion of Demaratus. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 65, &c. See: Leotychides.

Lexovii, a people of Gaul, at the mouth of the Seine, conquered with great slaughter by a lieutenant of Julius Cæsar. Cæsar, Gallic War.

Libānius, a celebrated sophist of Antioch in the age of the emperor Julian. He was educated at Athens, and opened a school at Antioch, which produced some of the best and most learned of the literary characters of the age. Libanius was naturally vain and arrogant, and he contemptuously refused the offers of the emperor Julian, who wished to purchase his friendship and intimacy by raising him to offices of the highest splendour and affluence in the empire. When Julian had imprisoned the senators of Antioch for their impertinence, Libanius undertook the defence of his fellow-citizens, and paid a visit to the emperor, in which he astonished him by the boldness and independence of his expressions, and the firmness and resolution of his mind. Some of his orations, and above 1600 of his letters, are extant; they discover much affectation and obscurity of style, and we cannot perhaps much regret the loss of writings which afforded nothing but a display of pedantry, and quotations from Homer. Julian submitted his writings to the judgment of Libanius with the greatest confidence, and the sophist freely rejected or approved, and showed that he was more attached to the person than the fortune and greatness of his prince. The time of his death is unknown. The best edition of Libanius seems to be that of Paris, folio, 1606, with a second volume published by Morell, 1627. His epistles have been edited by Wolf, folio, 1738.

Libănus, a high mountain of Syria, famous for its cedars. Strabo, bk. 6.

Libentīna, a surname of Venus, who had a temple at Rome, where the young women used to dedicate the toys and childish amusements of their youth, when arrived at nubile years. Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 5, ch. 6.

Līber, a surname of Bacchus, which signifies free. He received this name from his delivering some cities of Bœotia from slavery, or, according to others, because wine, of which he was the patron, delivered mankind from their cares, and made them speak with freedom and unconcern. The word is often used for wine itself. Seneca, de Tranquilitate Animi.

Libĕra, a goddess, the same as Proserpine. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 4, ch. 48.——A name given to Ariadne by Bacchus, or Liber, when he had married her. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 513.

Libĕrālia, festivals yearly celebrated in honour of Bacchus, the 17th of March. Slaves were then permitted to speak with freedom, and everything bore the appearance of independence. They were much the same as the Dionysia of the Greeks. Varro.

Libertas, a goddess of Rome who had a temple on mount Aventine, raised by Tiberius Gracchus, and improved and adorned by Pollio with many elegant statues and brazen columns, and a gallery in which were deposited the public acts of the state. She was represented as a woman in a light dress, holding a rod in one hand and a cap in the other, both signs of independence, as the former was used by the magistrates in the manumission of slaves, and the latter was worn by slaves, who were soon to be set at liberty. Sometimes a cat was placed at her feet, as this animal is very fond of liberty, and impatient when confined. Livy, bk. 24, ch. 16; bk. 25, ch. 7.—Ovid, Tristia, bk. 3, poem 1, li. 72.—Plutarch, Gracchus.—Dio Cassius, bk. 44.

Lībēthra, a fountain of Magnesia in Thessaly, or of Bœotia, according to some, sacred to the muses, who from thence are called Libethrides. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 7, li. 21.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 9.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Strabo, bks. 9 & 10.

Lībethrĭdes, a name given to the Muses from the fountain Libethra, or from mount Libethrus in Thrace.

Libici, Libecii, or Libri, a people of Gaul who passed into Italy, A.U.C. 364. Livy, bk. 5, ch. 35; bk. 21, ch. 38.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 17.—Polybius, bk. 2.

Libĭtīna, a goddess at Rome, who presided over funerals. According to some, she is the same as Venus, or rather Proserpine. Servius Tullius first raised her a temple at Rome, where everything necessary for funerals was exposed to sale, and where the registers of the dead were usually kept. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 4.—Livy, bk. 40, ch. 19.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 2.—Plutarch, Quæstiones Romanæ.

Libo, a friend of Pompey, who watched over the fleet, &c. Plutarch.——A Roman citizen, &c. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 19.——A friend of the first triumvirate, who killed himself and was condemned after death.

Libon, a Greek architect who built the famous temple of Jupiter Olympius. He flourished about 450 years before the christian era.

Libophœnīces, the inhabitants of the country near Carthage.

Liburna, a town of Dalmatia.

Liburnia, now Croatia, a country of Illyricum, between Istria and Dalmatia, whence a colony came to settle in Apulia, in Italy. There were at Rome a number of men whom the magistrates employed as public heralds, who were called Liburni, probably from being originally of Liburnian extraction. Some ships of a light construction but with strong beaks were also called Liburnian. Propertius, bk. 2, poem 11, li. 44.—Juvenal, satire 4, li. 75.—Martial, bk. 1, ltr. 50, li. 33.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 37, li. 30; Epode 1, li. 1.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 534.—Pliny the Younger, bk. 6, ltr. 16.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Strabo, bk. 7.—Ptolemy, bk. 2, ch. 17.

Liburnĭdes, an island on the coast of Liburnia, in the Adriatic. Strabo, bk. 5.

Liburnum mare, the sea which borders on the coasts of Liburnia.

Liburnus, a mountain of Campania.

Lĭbya, a daughter of Epaphus and ♦Cassiope, who became mother of Agenor and Belus by Neptune. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1; bk. 3, ch. 1.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 44.——A name given to Africa, one of the three grand divisions of the ancient globe. Libya, properly speaking, is only a part of Africa, bounded on the east by Egypt, and on the west by that part called by the moderns the kingdom of Tripoli. The ancients, according to some traditions mentioned by Herodotus and others, sailed round Africa, by steering westward from the Red sea, and entered the Mediterranean by the columns of Hercules, after a perilous navigation of three years. From the word Libya, are derived the epithets of Libys, Libyssa, Libysis, Libystis, Libycus, Libysticus, Libystinus, Libystæus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 106; bk. 5, li. 37.—Lucan, bk. 4.—Sallust, &c.

♦ ‘Cassiopea’ replaced with ‘Cassiope’ for consistency

Liby̆cum mare, that part of the Mediterranean which lies on the coast of Cyrene. Strabo, bk. 2.

Libycus and Libystis. See: Libya.

Libys, a sailor, &c. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3.

Libyssa, a river of Bithynia, with a town of the same name, where was the tomb of Annibal, still extant in the age of Pliny.

Licates, a people of Vindelicia.

Licha, a city near Lycia.

Lichades, small islands near Cæneum, a promontory of Eubœa, called from Lichas. See: Lichas. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, lis. 155, 218.—Strabo, bk. 9.

Lichas, a servant of Hercules who brought him the poisoned tunic from Dejanira. He was thrown by his master into the sea with great violence, and changed into a rock in the Eubœan sea, by the compassion of the gods. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 211.

Liches, an Arcadian who found the bones of Orestes buried at Tegea, &c. Herodotus.

Licĭnia lex, was enacted by Lucius Licinius Crassus and Quintus Mutius, consuls, A.U.C. 659. It ordered all the inhabitants of Italy to be enrolled on the list of citizens in their respective cities.——Another, by Caius Licinius Crassus the tribune, A.U.C. 608. It transferred the right of choosing priests from the college to the people. It was proposed, but did not pass.——Another, by Caius Licinius Stolo the tribune. It forbade any person to possess 500 acres of land, or keep more than 100 head of large cattle, or 500 of small.——Another, by Publius Licinius Varus, A.U.C. 545, to settle the day for the celebration of the Ludi Apollinares, which was before uncertain.——Another, by Publius Licinius Crassus Dives, B.C. 110. It was the same as the Fannian law, and further required that no more than 30 asses should be spent at any table on the Calends, nones, or nundinæ, and only three pounds of fresh and one of salt meat, on ordinary days. None of the fruits of the earth were forbidden.——Another, de sodalitiis, by Marcus Licinius the consul, 692. It imposed a severe penalty on party clubs, or societies assembled or frequented for election purposes, as coming under the definition of ambitus, and of offering violence in some degree to the freedom and independence of the people.——Another, called also Æbutia, by Licinius and Æbutius the tribunes. It enacted, that when any law was proffered with respect to any office or power, the person who proposed the bill, as well as his colleagues in office, his friends and relations, should be declared incapable of being invested with the said office or power.

Licĭnia, the wife of Caius Gracchus, who attempted to dissuade her husband from his seditious measures by a pathetic speech. She was deprived of her dowry after the death of Caius.——A vestal virgin accused of incontinence, but acquitted, A.U.C. 636.——Another vestal, put to death for her lasciviousness under Trajan.——The wife of Mæcenas, distinguished for conjugal tenderness. She was sister to Proculeius, and bore also the name of Terentia. Horace, bk. 2, ode 12, li. 13.

Caius Licĭnius, a tribune of the people, celebrated for the consequence of his family, for his intrigues and abilities. He was a plebeian, and was the first of that body who was raised to the office of a master of horse to the dictator. He was surnamed Stolo, or useless sprout, on account of the law which he had enacted during his tribuneship. See: Licinia lex, by Stolo. He afterwards made a law which permitted the plebeians to share the consular dignity with the patricians, A.U.C. 388. He reaped the benefit of this law, and was one of the first plebeian consuls. This law was proposed and passed by Licinius, as it is reported, at the instigation of his ambitious wife, who was jealous of her sister, who had married a patrician, and who seemed to be of a higher dignity in being the wife of a consul. Livy, bk. 6, ch. 34.—Plutarch.——Caius Calvus, a celebrated orator and poet in the age of Cicero. He distinguished himself by his eloquence in the forum, and his poetry, which some of the ancients have compared to Catullus. His orations are greatly commended by Quintilian. Some believe that he wrote annals quoted by Dionysius of Halicarnassus. He died in the 30th year of his age. Quintilian.—Cicero, Brutus, ch. 81.——Macer, a Roman accused by Cicero when pretor. He derided the power of his accuser, but when he saw himself condemned he grew so desperate that he killed himself. Plutarch.——Publius Crassus, a Roman sent against Perseus king of Macedonia. He was at first defeated, but afterwards repaired his losses and obtained a complete victory, &c.——A consul sent against Annibal.——Another, who defeated the robbers that infested the Alps.——A high priest.——Caius Imbrex, a comic poet in the age of Africanus, preferred by some in merit to Ennius and Terence. His Nævia and Neæra are quoted by ancient authors, but of all his poetry only two verses are preserved. Aulus Gellius.——A consul, &c.——Lucullus. See: Lucullus.——Crassus. See: Crassus.——Mucianus, a Roman who wrote about the history and geography of the eastern countries, often quoted by Pliny. He lived in the reign of Vespasian.——Publius Tegula, a comic poet of Rome about 200 years before Christ. He is ranked as the fourth of the best comic poets which Rome produced. Few lines of his compositions are extant. He wrote an ode, which was sung all over the city of Rome by nine virgins during the Macedonian war. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 12.——Varro Muræna, a brother of Proculeius, who conspired against Augustus with Fannius Cæpio, and suffered for his crime. Horace addressed his bk. 2, ode 10 to him, and recommended equanimity in every situation. Dio Cassius, bk. 54.——Caius Flavius Valerianus, a celebrated Roman emperor. His father was a poor peasant of Dalmatia, and himself a common soldier in the Roman armies. His valour recommended him to the notice of Galerius Maximianus, who had once shared with him the inferior and subordinate offices of the army, and had lately been invested with the imperial purple by Diocletian. Galerius loved him for his friendly services, particularly during the Persian war, and he showed his regard for his merit by taking him as a colleague in the empire, and appointing him over the province of Pannonia and Rhœtia. Constantine, who was also one of the emperors, courted the favour of Licinius, and made his intimacy more durable by giving him his sister Constantia in marriage, A.D. 313. The continual successes of Licinius, particularly against Maximinus, increased his pride, and rendered him jealous of the greatness of his brother-in-law. The persecutions of the christians, whose doctrines Constantine followed, soon caused a rupture, and Licinius had the mortification to lose two battles, one in Pannonia, and the other near Adrianopolis. Treaties of peace were made between the contending powers, but the restless ambition of Licinius soon broke them; and after many engagements a decisive battle was fought near Chalcedonia. Ill fortune again attended Licinius, who was conquered, and fled to Nicomedia, where soon the conqueror obliged him to surrender, and to resign the imperial purple. The tears of Constantia obtained forgiveness for her husband, yet Constantine knew what a turbulent and active enemy had fallen into his hands therefore he ordered him to be strangled at Thessalonica, A.D. 324. His family was involved in his ruin. The avarice, licentiousness, and cruelty of Licinius are as conspicuous as his misfortunes. He was an enemy to learning, and this aversion totally proceeded from his ignorance of letters, and the rusticity of his education. His son by Constantia bore also the same name. He was honoured with the title of Cæsar when scarce 20 months old. He was involved in his father’s ruin, and put to death by order of Constantine.

Licīnus, a barber and freedman of Augustus, raised by his master to the rank and dignity of a senator, merely because he hated Pompey’s family. Horace, Art of Poetry, li. 301.

Licymnius, a son of Electryon and brother of Alcmena. He was so infirm in his old age, that when he walked, he was always supported by a slave. Triptolemus son of Hercules, seeing the slave inattentive to his duty, threw a stick at him, which unfortunately killed Licymnius. The murderer fled to Rhodes. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Diodorus, bk. 5.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.—Pindar, Olympian, poem 7.

Lide, a mountain of Caria. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 105.

Quintus Ligarius, a Roman proconsul of Africa, after Confidius. In the civil wars he followed the interest of Pompey, and was pardoned when Cæsar had conquered his enemies. Cæsar, however, and his adherents were determined upon the ruin of Ligarius; but Cicero, by an eloquent oration, still extant, defeated his accusers, and he was pardoned. He became afterwards one of Cæsar’s murderers. Cicero, For Ligarius.—Plutarch, Cæsar.

Ligea, one of the Nereides. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4.

Liger, a Rutulian killed by Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 576.

Liger, or Ligĕris, now La Loire, a large river of Gaul, falling into the Atlantic ocean near Nantes. Strabo, bk. 4.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 18.—Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7, chs. 55 & 75.

Ligŏras, an officer of Antiochus king of Syria, who took the town of Sardis by stratagem, &c.

Ligŭres, the inhabitants of Liguria. See: Liguria.

Ligŭria, a country on the west of Italy, bounded on the east by the river Macra, on the south by part of the Mediterranean called the Ligustic sea, on the west by the Varus, and on the north by the Po. The commercial town of Genoa was anciently and is now the capital of the country. The origin of the inhabitants is not known, though in their character they are represented as vain, unpolished, and addicted to falsehood. According to some they were descended from the ancient Gauls and Germans, or, as others support, they were of Greek origin, perhaps the posterity of the Ligyes mentioned by Herodotus. Liguria was subdued by the Romans, and its chief harbour now bears the name of Leghorn. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 442.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 1.—Strabo, bk. 4, &c.—Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2, ch. 15.—Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 5, &c.—Livy, bk. 5, ch. 35; bk. 22, ch. 33; bk. 39, ch. 6, &c.—Cornelius Nepos, Hannibal.—Florus, bk. 2, ch. 8.

Ligurīnus, a poet. Martial, bk. 3, ltr. 50.——A beautiful youth in the age of Horace, bk. 4, ode 1, li. 33.

Ligus, a woman who inhabited the Alps. She concealed her son from the pursuit of Otho’s soldiers, &c. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2, ch. 13.

Ligustĭcæ Alpes, a part of the Alps which borders on Liguria, sometimes called Maritimi.

Ligusticum mare, the north part of the Tyrrhene sea, now the gulf of Genoa. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 47.

Ligyes, a people of Asia who inhabited the country between Caucasus and the river Phasis. Some suppose them to be a colony of the Ligyes of Europe, more commonly called Ligures. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 72.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1, ch. 10.—Strabo, bk. 4.—Diodorus, bk. 4.

Ligyrgum, a mountain of Arcadia.

Lilæa, a town of Achaia near the Cephisus. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 7, li. 348.

Lĭly̆bæum, now Boco, a promontory of Sicily, with a town of the same name near the Ægates, now Marsalla. The town was strong and very considerable, and it maintained long sieges against the Carthaginians, Romans, &c., particularly one of 10 years against Rome in the first Punic war. It had a port large and capacious, which the Romans, in the wars with Carthage, endeavoured in vain to stop and fill up with stones, on account of its convenience and vicinity to the coast of Africa. Nothing now remains of this once powerful city but the ruins of temples and aqueducts. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 706.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Strabo, bk. 6.—Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 5.—Cæsar, African War.—Diodorus, bk. 22.

Limæa, a river of Lusitania. Strabo, bk. 3.

Limenia, a town of Cyprus. Strabo, bk. 14.

Limnæ, a fortified place on the borders of Laconia and Messenia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 14.——A town of the Thracian Chersonesus.

Limnæum, a temple of Diana at Limnæ, from which the goddess was called Limnæa, and worshipped under that appellation at Sparta and in Achaia. The Spartans wished to seize the temple in the age of Tiberius, but the emperor interfered, and gave it to its lawful possessors the Messenians. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 14; bk. 7, ch. 20.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 43.

Limnatidia, a festival in honour of Diana, surnamed Limnatis, from Limnæ, a school of exercise at Trœzene, where she was worshipped, or from λιμναι, ponds, because she presided over fishermen.

Limniăce, the daughter of the Ganges, mother of Atys. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 48.

Limnonia, one of the Nereides. Homer, Iliad, bk. 18.

Limon, a place of Campania between Neapolis and Puteoli. Statius, bk. 3, Sylvæ, poem 1.

Limonum, a town of Gaul, afterwards Pictavi, Poictiers. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 8, ch. 26.

Limyra, a town of Lycia at the mouth of the Limyrus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 645.—Velleius, bk. 2, ch. 102.

Lincasii, a people of Gaul Narbonensis.

Lindum, a colony of Britain, now Lincoln.

Lindus, a city on the south-east part of Rhodes, built by Cercaphus son of Sol and Cydippe. The Danaides built there a temple to Minerva, and one of its colonies founded Gela in Sicily. It gave birth to Cleobulus, one of the seven wise men, and to Chares and Laches, who were employed in making and finishing the famous Colossus of Rhodes. Strabo, bk. 14.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Pliny, bk. 34.—Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 153.——A grandson of Apollo. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3.

Lingrŏnes, now Langres, a people of Gallia Belgica, made tributary to Rome by Julius Cæsar. They passed into Italy, where they made some settlements near the Alps at the head of the Adriatic. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 4, ch. 55.—Martial, bk. 11, ltr. 57, li. 9; bk. 14, ltr. 159.—Lucan, bk. 1, li. 398.—Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, ch. 26.

Linterna palus, a lake of Campania. Silius Italicus, bk. 7, li. 278.

Linternum, a town of Campania at the mouth of the river Clanis, where Scipio Africanus died and was buried. Livy, bk. 34, ch. 45.—Silius Italicus, bk. 6, li. 654; bk. 7, li. 278.—Cicero, bk. 10, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 13.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 713.

Linus. This name is common to different persons whose history is confused, and who are often taken one for the other. One was son of Urania and Amphimarus the son of Neptune. Another was son of Apollo by Psammathe, daughter of Crotopus king of Argos. Martial mentions him in his ltr. 78, bk. 9. The third, son of Ismenius, and born at Thebes in Bœotia, taught music to Hercules, who in a fit of anger struck him on the head with his lyre and killed him. He was son of Mercury and Urania, according to Diogenes, who mentions some of his philosophical compositions, in which he asserted that the world had been created in an instant. He was killed by Apollo for presuming to compare himself to him. Apollodorus, however, and Pausanius mention that his ridicule of Hercules on his awkwardness in holding the lyre was fatal to him. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 1.—Virgil, Eclogues, poem 4.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 15; bk. 9, ch. 20.——A fountain in Arcadia, whose waters were said to prevent abortion. Pliny, bk. 31, ch. 2.

Liodes, one of Penelope’s suitors, killed by Ulysses. Homer, Odyssey, 22, &c.

Lipăra, the largest of the Æolian islands, on the coast of Sicily, now called the Lipari. It had a city of the same name, which, according to Diodorus, it received from Liparus the son of Auson, king of these islands, whose daughter Cyane was married by his successor Æolus, according to Pliny. The inhabitants of this island were powerful by sea, and from the great tributes which they paid to Dionysius the tyrant of Syracuse, they may be called very opulent. The island was celebrated for the variety of its fruits, and its raisins are still in general repute. It had some convenient harbours, and a fountain whose waters were much frequented on account of their medicinal powers. According to Diodorus, Æolus reigned at Lipara before Liparus. Livy, bk. 5, ch. 28.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 9.—Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 57.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 56; bk. 8, li. 417.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Strabo, bk. 6.——A town of Etruria.

Lipăris, a river of Cilicia, whose waters were like oil. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.—Vitruvius, bk. 8, ch. 3.

Liphlum, a town of the Æqui, taken by the Romans.

Lipodorus, one of the Greeks settled in Asia by Alexander, &c.

Liquentia, now Livenza, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling into the Adriatic sea. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 18.

Lircæus, a fountain near Nemæa. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 4, li. 711.

Liriŏpe, one of the Oceanides, mother of Narcissus by the Cephisus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 311.——A fountain of Bœotia on the borders of Thespis, where Narcissus was drowned, according to some accounts.

Liris, now Garigliano, a river of Campania, which it separates from Latium. It falls into the Mediterranean sea. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 17.—Lucan, bk. 2, li. 424.——A warrior killed by Camilla, &c. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 670.

Lisinias, a town of Thessaly. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 14.

Lissa, the name of a fury which Euripides introduces on the stage, as conducted by Iris at the command of Juno, to inspire Hercules with that fatal rage which ended in his death.

Lisson, a river of Sicily.

Lissus, now Alesso, a town of Macedonia, on the confines of Illyricum. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 2.—Livy, bk. 44, ch. 10.—Lucan, bk. 5, li. 719.——A river of Thrace, falling into the Ægean sea, between Thasos and Samothracia. It was dried up by the army of Xerxes, when he invaded Greece. Strabo, bk. 7.—Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 109.

Lista, a town of the Sabines, whose inhabitants are called Listini.

Litabrum, now Buitrago, a town of Spain Tarraconensis. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 14; bk. 35, ch. 22.

Litana, a wood in Gallia Togata. Livy, bk. 23, ch. 24.

Litavĭcus, one of the Ædui, who assisted Cæsar with 10,000 men. Cæsar, Gallic Wars, bk. 7, ch. 37.

Liternum, a town of Campania.

Lithobŏlia, a festival celebrated at Trœzene in honour of Lamia and Auxesia, who came from Crete, and were sacrificed by the fury of the seditious populace, and stoned to death. Hence the name of the solemnity, λιθοβολια, lapidation.

Lithrus, a town of Armenia Minor. Strabo.

Lithubium, a town of Liguria. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 29.

Lityersas, an illegitimate son of Midas king of Phrygia. He made strangers prepare his harvest, and afterwards put them to death. He was at last killed by Hercules. Theocritus, Idylls, poem 10.

Līvia Drusilla, a celebrated Roman lady, daughter of Lucius Drusus Calidianus. She married Tiberius Claudius Nero, by whom she had the emperor Tiberius and Drusus Germanicus. The attachment of her husband to the cause of Antony was the beginning of her greatness. Augustus saw her as she fled from the danger which threatened her husband, and he resolved to marry her, though she was then pregnant. He divorced his wife Scribonia, and with the approbation of the augurs, he celebrated his nuptials with Livia. She now took advantage of the passion of Augustus, in the share that she enjoyed of his power and imperial dignity. Her children by Drusus were adopted by the complying emperor; and, that she might make the succession of her son Tiberius more easy and undisputed, Livia is accused of secretly involving in one common ruin the heirs and nearest relations of Augustus. Her cruelty and ingratitude are still more strongly marked, when she is charged with having murdered her own husband to hasten the elevation of Tiberius. If she was anxious for the aggrandizement of her son, Tiberius proved ungrateful, and hated a woman to whom he owed his life, his elevation, and his greatness. Livia died in the 86th year of her age, A.D. 29. Tiberius showed himself as undutiful after her death as before, for he neglected her funeral, and expressly commanded that no honours, either private or public, should be paid to her memory. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 3.—Suetonius, Augustus and Tiberias.—Dio Cassius.——Another. See: Drusilla.——Another, called Horestilla, &c. She was debauched by Galba, as she was going to marry Piso. Suetonius, Galba, ch. 25.——Another, called also Ocellina. She was Galba’s stepmother, and committed adultery with him. Suetonius, Galba, ch. 3.

Līvia lex, de sociis, proposed to make all the inhabitants of Italy free citizens of Rome. Marcus Livius Drusus, who framed it, was found murdered in his house before it passed.——Another by Marcus Livius Drusus the tribune, A.U.C. 662, which required that the judicial power should be lodged in the hands of an equal number of knights and senators.

Livineius, a friend of Pompey, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 3, ch. 11, &c.

Livilla, a daughter of Drusus.——A sister of Caligula, &c. See: Julia.

Līvius Andronīcus, a dramatic poet, who flourished at Rome about 240 years before the christian era. He was the first who turned the personal satires and fescennine verses, so long the admiration of the Romans, into the form of a proper dialogue and regular play. Though the character of a player, so valued and applauded in Greece, was reckoned vile and despicable among the Romans, Andronicus acted a part in his dramatic compositions and engaged the attention of his audience, by repeating what he had laboriously formed after the manner of the Greeks. Andronicus was the freedman of Marcus Livius Salinator, whose children he educated. His poetry was grown obsolete in the age of Cicero, whose nicety and judgment would not even recommend the reading of it. Some few of his verses are preserved in the Corpus Poetarum.——Marcus Salinator, a Roman consul, sent against the Illyrians. The success with which he finished the campaign, and the victory which some years after he obtained over Asdrubal, who was passing into Italy with a reinforcement for his brother Annibal, show how deserving he was to be at the head of the Roman armies. Livy.——Drusus, a tribune who joined the patricians in opposing the ambitious views of Caius Gracchus. Plutarch, Tiberius Gracchus.——An uncle of Cato of Utica. Plutarch.——Titus, a native of Padua, celebrated for his writings. He passed the greatest part of his life at Naples and Rome, but more particularly at the court of Augustus, who liberally patronized the learned, and encouraged the progress of literature. Few particulars of his life are known, yet his fame was so universally spread even in his lifetime, that an inhabitant of Gades traversed Spain, Gaul, and Italy, merely to see the man whose writings had given him such pleasure and satisfaction in the perusal. Livy died at Padua, in his 67th year, and according to some, on that same day Rome was also deprived of another of its brightest ornaments, by the death of the poet Ovid, A.D. 17. It is said that Livia had appointed Livy to be the preceptor to young Claudius the brother of Germanicus, but death prevented the historian from enjoying an honour to which he was particularly entitled by his learning and his universal knowledge. The name of Livy is rendered immortal by his history of the Roman empire. Besides this, he wrote some philosophical treatises and dialogues, with a letter addressed to his son, on the merit of authors, which ought to be read by young men. This letter is greatly commended by Quintilian, who expatiates with great warmth on the judgment and candour of the author. His Roman history was comprehended in 140 books, of which only 35 are extant. It began with the foundation of Rome, and was continued till the death of Drusus in Germany. The merit of this history is well known, and the high rank which Livy holds among historians will never be disputed. He is always great; his style is clear and intelligible, laboured without affectation, diffusive without tediousness, and argumentative without pedantry. In his harangues he is bold and animated, and in his narrations and descriptions he claims a decided superiority. He is always elegant, and though many have branded his provincial words with the name of Patavinity, yet the expressions, or rather the orthography of words, which in Livy are supposed to distinguish a native of a province of Italy from a native of Rome, are not loaded with obscurity, and the perfect classic is as familiarly acquainted with the one as with the other. Livy has been censured, and perhaps with justice, for being too credulous, and burdening his history with vulgar notions and superstitious tales. He may disgust when he mentions that milk and blood were rained from heaven, or that an ox spoke, or a woman changed her sex, yet he candidly confesses that he recorded only what made an indelible impression upon the minds of a credulous age. His candour has also been called in question, and he has sometimes shown himself too partial to his countrymen, but everywhere he is an indefatigable supporter of the cause of justice and virtue. The works of Livy have been divided by some of the moderns into 14 decades, each consisting of 10 books. The first decade comprehends the history of 460 years. The second decade is lost, and the third comprehends the history of the second Punic war, which includes about 18 years. In the fourth decade, Livy treats of the wars with Macedonia and Antiochus, which contain about 23 years. For the first five books of the fifth decade, we are indebted to the researches of the moderns. They were found at Worms, A.D. 1431. These are the books that remain of Livy’s history, and the loss which the celebrated work has sustained by the ravages of time, has in some measure been compensated by the labours of Johann Freinshemius, who with great attention and industry has made an epitome of the Roman history, which is now incorporated with the remaining books of Livy. The third decade seems to be superior to the others, yet the author has not scrupled to copy from his contemporaries and predecessors, and we find many passages taken word for word from Polybius, in which the latter has shown himself more informed in military affairs, and superior to his imitator. The best editions of Livy will be found to be those of Maittaire, 6 vols., 12mo, London, 1722; of Drakenborch, 7 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1731; and of Ruddiman, 4 vols., 12mo, Edinburgh, 1751.——A governor of Tarentum, who delivered his trust to Annibal, &c.——A high priest who devoted Decius to the Dii Manes.——A commander of a Roman fleet sent against Antiochus in the Hellespont.

Lixus, a river of Mauritania, with a city of the same name. Antæus had a palace there, and according to some accounts it was in the neighbourhood that Hercules conquered him. Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 258.—Mela, bk. 3, ch. 10.—Strabo, bk. 2.——A son of Ægyptus. Apollodorus.

Lobon, a native of Argos, who wrote a book concerning poets. Diogenes Laërtius.

Lŏceus, a man who conspired against Alexander with Dymnus, &c. Curtius, bk. 6, ch. 7.

Locha, a large city of Africa, taken and plundered by Scipio’s soldiers.

Lochias, a promontory and citadel of Egypt near Alexandria.

Locri, a town of Magna Græcia in Italy on the Adriatic, not far from Rhegium. It was founded by a Grecian colony about 757 years before the christian era, as some suppose. The inhabitants were called Locri or Locrenses. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 399—Strabo.—Pliny.—Livy, bk. 22, ch. 6; bk. 23, ch. 30.——A town of Locris in ♦Greece.

♦ ‘Greeee’ replaced with ‘Greece’

Locris, a country of Greece, whose inhabitants are known by the name of Ozolæ, Epicnemidii, and Opuntii. The country of the Ozolæ, called also Epizephyrii from their westerly situation, was at the north of the bay of Corinth, and extended above 12 miles northward. On the west it was separated from Ætolia by the Evenus, and it had Phocis at the east. The chief city was called Naupactus. The Epicnemidii were at the north of the Ozolæ, and had the bay of Malia at the east, and Œta on the north. They received their name from the situation of their residence, near a mountain called Cnemis. They alone, of all the Locrians, had the privilege of sending members to the council of the Amphictyons. The Opuntii, who received their name from their chief city called Opus, were situated on the borders of the Euripus, and near Phocis and Eubœa. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Strabo, bk. 6, &c.—Ptolemy.—Mela.—Livy, bk. 26, ch. 26; bk. 28, ch. 6.—Pausanias, Achaia & Phocis.

Locusta, a celebrated woman at Rome in the favour of Nero. She poisoned Claudius and Britannicus, and at last attempted to destroy Nero himself, for which she was executed. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 66, &c.—Suetonius, Nero, ch. 33.

Locutius. See: Aius.

Lollia Paulīna, a beautiful woman, daughter of Marcus Lollius, who married Caius Memmius Regulus, and afterwards Caligula. She was divorced and put to death by means of Agrippina. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 1, &c.

Lolliānus Spurius, a general proclaimed emperor by his soldiers in Gaul, and soon after murdered, &c.——A consul, &c.

Marcus Lollius, a companion and tutor of Caius Cæsar the son-in-law of Tiberius. He was consul, and offended Augustus by his rapacity in the provinces. Horace has addressed two of his epistles to him, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 3.

Londīnum, the capital of Britain, founded, as some suppose, between the age of Julius Cæsar and Nero. It has been severally called Londinium, Lundinum, &c. Ammianus calls it vetustum oppidum. It is represented as a considerable, opulent, and commercial town, in the age of Nero. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 14, ch. 33.—Ammianus.

Longārēnus, a man guilty of adultery with Fausta, Sylla’s daughter. Horace, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 67.

Longimănus, a surname of Artaxerxes, from his having one hand longer than the other. The Greeks called him Macrochir. Cornelius Nepos, Kings.

Longīnus Dionysius Cassius, a celebrated Greek philosopher and critic of Athens. He was preceptor of the Greek language, and afterwards minister, to Zenobia the famous queen of Palmyra, and his ardent zeal and spirited activity in her cause proved at last fatal to him. When the emperor Aurelian entered victorious the gates of Palmyra, Longinus was sacrificed to the fury of the Roman soldiers, A.D. 273. At the moment of death he showed himself great and resolute, and with a philosophical and unparalleled firmness of mind, he even repressed the tears and sighs of the spectators who pitied his miserable end. Longinus has rendered his name immortal by his critical remarks on ancient authors. His treatise on the sublime gives the world reason to lament the loss of his other valuable compositions. The best editions of this author are that of Tollius, 4to, Traja. ad Rhen. 1694, and that of Toup, 8vo, Oxford, 1778.——Cassius, a tribune driven out of the senate for favouring the interest of Julius Cæsar. He was made governor of Spain by Cæsar, &c.——A governor of Judæa.——A proconsul.——A lawyer whom, though blind and respected, Nero ordered to be put to death, because he had in his possession a picture of Cassius, one of Cæsar’s murderers. Juvenal, satire 10, li. 6.

Longobardi, a nation of Germany. Tacitus, Germania.

Longŭla, a town of Latium on the borders of the Volsci. Livy, bk. 2, chs. 33 & 39; bk. 9, ch. 39.

Longuntĭca, a maritime city of Spain Tarraconensis. Livy, bk. 22, ch. 20.

Longus, a Roman consul, &c.——A Greek author who wrote a novel called the amours of Daphnis and Chloe. The age in which he lived is not precisely known. The best editions of this pleasing writer are that of Paris, 4to, 1754, and that of Villoison, 8vo, Paris, 1778.

Lordi, a people of Illyricum.

Lory̆ma, a town of Doris. Livy, bk. 37, ch. 17.

Lotis, or Lotos, a beautiful nymph, daughter of Neptune. Priapus offered her violence, and to save herself from his importunities she implored the gods, who changed her into a tree called Lotus, consecrated to Venus and Apollo. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 348.

Lotŏphăgi, a people on the coast of Africa near the Syrtes. They received this name from their living upon the lotus. Ulysses visited their country, at his return from the Trojan war. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 177.—Strabo, bk. 17.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 7.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 7; bk. 13, ch. 17.

Lōus, or Aous, a river of Macedonia near Apollonia.

Lua, a goddess at Rome, who presided over things which were purified by lustrations, whence the name (à luendo). She is supposed to be the same as Ops or Rhea.

Luca, now Lucca, a city of Etruria on the river Arnus. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 5; bk. 41, ch. 13.—Cicero, bk. 13, Letters to his Friends, ltr. 13.

Lucăgus, one of the friends of Turnus, killed by Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 575.

Lūcāni, a people of Italy, descended from the Samnites, or from the Brutii.

Lūcānia, a country of Italy between the Tyrrhene and Sicilian seas, and bounded by Pucetia, the Picentini, and the country of the Brutii. The country was famous for its grapes. Strabo, bk. 6.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Livy, bk. 8, ch. 17; bk. 9, ch. 2; bk. 10, ch. 11.—Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 2, li. 178.

Quintus Lucanius, a centurion in Cæsar’s army, &c. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5.

Lūcānus Marcus Annæus, a native of Corduba in Spain. He was early removed to Rome, where his rising talents, and more particularly his lavished praises and panegyrics, recommended him to the emperor Nero. This intimacy was soon productive of honour, and Lucan was raised to the dignity of an augur and questor before he had attained the proper age. The poet had the imprudence to enter the lists against his imperial patron; he chose for his subject Orpheus, and Nero took the tragical story of Niobe. Lucan obtained an easy victory, but Nero became jealous of his poetical reputation, and resolved upon revenge. The insults to which Lucan was daily exposed, provoked at last his resentment, and he joined Piso in a conspiracy against the emperor. The whole was discovered, and the poet had nothing left but to choose the manner of his execution. He had his veins opened in a warm bath, and as he expired he pronounced with great energy the lines which, in his Pharsalia, bk. 3, lis. 639–642, he had put into the mouth of a soldier, who died in the same manner as himself. Some have accused him of pusillanimity at the moment of his death, and say that, to free himself from the punishment which threatened him, he accused his own mother, and involved her in the crime of which he was guilty. This circumstance, which throws an indelible blot upon the character of Lucan, is not mentioned by some writers, who observe that he expired with all the firmness of a philosopher. He died in his 26th year, A.D. 65. Of all his compositions none but his Pharsalia remains. This poem, which is an account of the civil wars of Cæsar and Pompey, is unfinished. Opinions are various as to the merit of the poetry. It possesses neither the fire of Homer, nor the melodious numbers of Virgil. If Lucan had lived to a greater age, his judgment and genius would have matured, and he might have claimed a more exalted rank among the poets of the Augustan age. His expressions, however, are bold and animated, his poetry entertaining, though his irregularities are numerous, and, to use the words of Quintilian, he is more an orator than a poet. He wrote a poem upon the burning of Rome, now lost. It is said that his wife Polla Argentaria not only assisted him in the composition of his poem, but even corrected it after his death. Scaliger says that Lucan rather barks than sings. The best editions of Lucan are those of Oudendorp, 4to, Leiden, 1728; of Bentley, 4to, printed at Strawberry-hill, 1760; and of Barbou, 12mo, Paris, 1767. Quintilian, bk. 10.—Suetonius.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, &c.—Martial, bk. 7, ltr. 20.——Ocellus, or Ucellus, an ancient Pythagorean philosopher, whose age is unknown. He wrote, in the Attic dialect, a book on the nature of the universe, which he deemed eternal, and from it were drawn the systems adopted by Aristotle, Plato, and Philo Judæus. This work was first translated into Latin by Nogarola. Another book of Ocellus on laws, written in the Doric dialect, was greatly esteemed by Archytas and Plato, a fragment of which has been preserved by Stobæus, of which, however, Ocellus is disputed to be the author. There is an edition of Ocellus, with a learned commentary, by C. Emman. Vizzanius, Bononiæ, 1646, in 4to.

Lŭcăria, or Lŭcĕria, festivals at Rome, celebrated in a large grove between the Via Salaria and the Tiber, where the Romans hid themselves when besieged by the Gauls. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 77.

Lucius Lucceius, a celebrated historian, asked by Cicero to write a history of his consulship. He favoured the cause of Pompey, but was afterwards pardoned by Julius Cæsar. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 5, ltr. 12, &c.

Lucceius Albīnus, a governor of Mauritania after Galba’s death, &c. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2, ch. 58.