Classes,
fiction as to origin of, iv. 30;
see Demos, State.
Classification,
emotional and scientific contrasted, iii. 61, 195,
196 n.;
conscious and unconscious, 345;
the feeling of Plato’s age respecting, 192 n.,
344;
dialogues of search a lesson in, 177, 188;
novelty and value of this, 190;
all particulars of equal value, 195;
tendency to omit sub-classes, 255,
342;
well illustrated in Philêbus, 254, 344;
but feebly applied, 369;
importance of founding it on sensible resemblances, 255;
Plato’s doctrine not necessarily connected with that of
Ideas, 345;
Plato enlarges Pythagorean doctrine, 368;
same principle of, applied to cognitions and pleasures in Philêbus,
382, 394;
its valuable principles, 395;
of sciences as more or less true, dialectic the standard, 382;
of Megarics, over-refined, 196 n.
Cleynaerts, iv. 380 n.
Climate, influence of, iv. 330 n.
Colenso, Bp., iii. 303 n.
Collard, Royer, iii. 165 n.
Colour,
Demokritean theory, i. 77;
defined, ii. 235;
pleasures of, true, iii. 356.
Comedy,
mixed pleasure and pain excited, iii. 355 n.;
Plato’s aversion to Athenian, iv. 316;
peculiar to himself, 317;
Aristotle differs,
ib. n.
Commerce,
each artisan only one trade, iv. 361;
importation, by magistrates, of what is imperatively necessary only,
ib.;
Benefit Societies, 399;
retailers, 21,
361, 401;
punishment for fraud, 492;
Attic law compared, 403;
Xenophon inexperienced in, i. 236;
admired by Xenophon, ib.;
Metics, iv. 362;
Xenophon on encouragement of, i. 238.
Communism
of guardians, iv. 140,
169, 198;
necessary to maintenance of state, 170, 178;
peculiarity of Plato’s, 179;
Aristotle on, 189
n.;
acknowledged impracticable, 327;
of wives, opinions of Aristippus, Diogenes, Zeno, and Chrysippus, i. 189,
ib.
n.
Comte, three stages of progress, ii. 407.
Concrete,
its Greek equivalent, ii.
52 n.;
see Abstract.
Connotation, or essence, to be known before accidents and antecedents, ii. 242.
Consciousness,
judgment implied in every act of, iii. 165 n.;
the facts of, not explicable by independent Subject and Object, 131.
Contradiction,
principle of, in Plato, iii.
99 n.;
logical maxim of, 239;
necessity of setting forth counter-propositions, 149 n.,
150;
contradictory propositions not possible, i. 166 n.
Contraries,
ten pairs of opposing, Pythagorean, i. 15;
the Pythagorean “principia of existing things,”
ib.
n.;
Herakleitus, 29,
31;
excluded in nothing save the self-existent Idea, ii. 7 n.
Copula,
logical function of, i. 169;
misconceived by Antisthenes, iii. 221, 232 n.,
251 n.,
ii. 47 n.
Council, Nocturnal,
to conserve the original scheme of State, iv. 416, 418;
to comprehend and carry out the end of the State,
ib.,
425, 429;
training in Epinomis, 420, 424.
Courage,
what is, ii. 143;
not endurance, 144;
is knowledge, 288;
a right estimate of terrible things, 144, 296, 307, iv. 138;
such intelligence not possessed by professional artists, ii. 148;
the intelligence of good and evil generally, too wide, 146;
relation to rest of virtue, 288,
304 n.,
iv. 426,
283 n.;
of philosopher and ordinary citizen, different principles, ii. 308 n.;
in state, iv. 34-5;
imparted by gymnastic, 29;
Lachês difficulties ignored in Politikus,
iii. 282;
Plato and Aristotle compared, ii. 170.
Cousin,
the absolute, iii. 298
n.;
on Sophistês, 244;
Timæus, iv. 224 n.
Creation
out of nothing denied by all ancient physical philosophers, i. 52;
see Body, Kosmos.
Crime,
distinction of damage and injury, iv. 365, 367-9;
three causes of misguided proceedings, 366;
purpose of punishment, to heal criminals’ distemper or deter,
ib.,
408;
sacrilege and high treason the gravest, 363;
see Law-administration.
Cudworth, entities, iii. 74 n.
Cynics,
origin of name, i. 150
n.;
a αἵρεσις, 160 n.;
asceticism, 157;
Sokrates’ precepts fullest carried out by, 160;
suicide, 161
n.;
coincidence of Hegesias with, 203;
an order of mendicant friars, 163;
connection with Christian monks, ib.
n.;
the decorous and the indecorous, iii. 390 n.
D.
Dæmon,
of Sokrates, i. 437,
ii. 104,
i. 115;
his experience of, ii. 102;
explains his eccentricity, 104;
variously alluded to in Plato — its character and working
impenetrable, 107,
108;
in Theagês and Theætêtus,
107;
a special revelation, 108,
131 n.;
privileged communications common, 130, 131 n.;
see Inspiration;
belief of Empedokles, i. 47;
etymology, iii. 301
n.;
Eros, intermediate between gods and men, 9;
subordinate to divine steersman of kosmos, 265 n.;
intermediate, iv. 421.
Dähne, on Philo-Judæus, iii. 308 n., iv. 157 n.
Damon,
a teacher of
μουσική,
ii. 139 n.;
dangers of change in national music, iv. 315.
Dancing
to be regulated by authority, iv. 292;
laws, 291;
three choruses, youths, mature men, elders, 296, 305;
and music, effect on emotions, 347;
comic, by slaves or mean persons only, 352 n.
Death,
doctrine of Parmenides, i. 26 n.;
Herakleitus, 34;
Sokrates, 422,
430 n.;
emancipates soul from struggle with body, ii. 386, 388, iv. 234,
235
n.;
guardians must not fear, 25;
see Immortality.
Debate
of secondary questions before settling fundamental notions, mischief
of, ii. 242;
see Dialectic.
Definition
gives classes, Type, natural groups, ii. 47, 193 n.;
Sokrates introduced search for, 47;
frequent mistake of giving a particular example, i. 444, ii. 143;
dialogues of search illustrate process of, iii. 29, 176, 188;
novelty and value of this, 190;
importance in Plato’s time of bringing forward logical
subordinations and distinctions, ii. 235;
tested by clothing it in particulars, iv. 3 n.;
of common and vague terms, hopelessness of, ii. 186 n.;
Aristotle on, 234
n.;
none of a general word, Sextus Empiricus, i. 168, n.;
none of simple objects, Antisthenes, 171;
Plato on, 172;
Aristotle, ib.;
Mill, ib.
n.;
and division, the two processes of dialectic, iii. 29, 39;
necessity for, 29;
conditions of a good, ii. 318.
Degérando, M., iii. 140 n., 152 n.
Δεινός, meaning, ii. 145 n.
Dekad, the Pythagorean perfect number, i. 11.
Δεκτικόν, τό, see Matter.
Delphian oracle,
reply to Sokrates, i. 413;
maxim, Know thyself, ii. 11, 25;
to be consulted for religious legislation, iv. 34, 137 n.,
325.
Demetrius Phalereus,
Alexandrine librarian, i. 274
n.;
chief agent in establishment of Alexandrine library, 280;
history and character, 279;
Apology, 111 n.
Demiurgus,
opposed to ἰδιώτης, ii. 272 n.;
of kosmos, iii. 265
n.;
postulated, iv. 220;
is not a creator, ib.;
produces kosmos, by
persuading Necessity, ib.,
222;
on pattern of ideas, 227;
evolved the four elements from primordial chaos, 240;
addresses generated gods, 233;
prepares for man’s construction, places a soul in each star, ib.;
conjoins three souls and one body, 234;
how conceived by other philosophers of same century, 254;
little noticed in Aristotle, 255;
degeneracy of man originally intended by, 263.
Demochares, law against philosophers, i. 111 n.
Democracy,
least bad of unscientific governments, iii. 270, 278;
origin, iv. 80;
monarchy and, the mother-polities, 312;
dissent of Aristotle,
ib. n.;
Plato’s second ideal state a compromise of oligarchy and, 333, 337.
Demokritus,
life and travels, i. 65;
Plato’s antipathy to, 66 n.,
82 n.,
ii. 118,
iv. 355 n.;
often mentioned in Aristotle, ib.;
opinions of ancients on, i. 82 n.;
his universality, 82;
relation to Parmenidean theory, 66;
plena and vacua, ens and non-ens, 67, iii. 243 n.;
his absolute and relative, i. 71,
80;
atoms differ only in magnitude, figure, position, and arrangement, 69;
different from Plato’s Idea, and Aristotle’s materia
prima, 72;
not really objects of sense, ib.
n.;
inherent force, 73;
his ultimatum, the course of nature, ib.;
primary and secondary qualities, iv. 243 n.;
air, i. 76,
78;
theory of colour, 77;
theory of vision, combated by Theophrastus, 78 n.;
hearing and taste, 78;
motions of planets, iv. 355 n.;
blamed by Aristotle for omitting final causes, i. 73 n.;
chance,
ib.;
φύσις, 70 n.;
mind is heat throughout nature, 75;
parts of the soul, 76;
on its immortality, ii. 425 n.;
truth obtainable by reason only, i. 72;
thought produced by influx of atoms, 79;
on Homo mensura, 82, iii. 152;
knowledge is obscure, or sensation, and genuine,
or thought, i. 80;
the gods, 81;
ethical views, 82;
treatise on Pythagoras, ib.
n.;
researches in zoology and animal generation, 75;
influence on growth of dialectic, 82;
works of, 65;
in Alexandrine library, 276;
divided into Tetralogies by Thrasyllus, 273 n.,
295 n.
Dêmos,
in state, analogous to appetite in individual mind, iv. 39;
Plato more anxious for good treatment of, than Xenophon and Aristotle, 183;
in Aristotle adjuncts, not members, of state, 184;
Plato’s scheme fails from no training for, 186;
see State.
Demosthenes,
pupil of Plato, i. 261
n.;
rhetorical powers, iii. 408
n.;
teaching of Isokrates, iv. 150 n.;
adv. Leptinem contrasted with Leges,
315 n.
Descartes,
advantages of protracted study, i. 404 n.;
accused of substituting physical for mental causes, ii. 401 n.;
argument for being of God, a “fallacy of
confusion,” iii. 297 n.;
on criticism by report, i. 118 n.
Desire
for what is akin to us or our own, cause of friendship, ii. 182;
good, object of universal, 243,
iii. 335,
371, 392 n.;
largest measure and all varieties of, are good, ii. 344;
belongs to the mind, presupposes a bodily want and memory of previous
satisfaction, iii. 350;
exception, 351
n., 387 n.
Despot,
has no real power, ii. 324;
worst of unscientific governments, iii. 270, 278;
origin, iv. 81;
excess of despotism in Persia, 312;
Solon on, i. 219
n.;
Xenophon on interior life of, 218,
220;
Xenophon’s scheme of government, a wisely arranged Oriental
despotism, 234.
Determining,
Pythagorean doctrine of the, i. 11;
the, iii. 346;
it is intelligence, 348.
Deuschle, on Kratylus, iii. 325 n.
Deycks, on Megarics, i. 127 n., 136 n.
Dialectic,
little or none in earliest theorists, i. 93;
Demokritus’ influence on its growth, 82;
of Zeno the Eleate, 93;
iii. 107;
its purpose and result, i. 98;
compared with Parmenidês, 100;
early physics discredited by growth of, 91;
its introduction changes the character of philosophy, 105, 107;
repugnant to Herakleiteans, 106 n.;
influence of Drama and Dikastery, 385;
debate common in Sokratic age, 370,
ii. 284;
died out in later philosophy, i. 394 n.;
disputations in the Middle Ages, 397 n.;
modern search for truth goes on silently, 369;
process per se interesting to Plato, 403, 406;
has done more than any one else to interest others in it, 405;
its importance, 91,
354, 372, ii. 167, 221;
debate a generating cause of friendship, 188 n.;
and Eristic, 210,
221 n.;
of Sokrates, x;
contrasted with Sophists’, 197,
i. 124;
Sokrates first applied negative analysis to the common consciousness, 385, 389 n.;
to social, political, ethical, topics, 385;
necessity of negative vein, 91,
371, 373, 386, 394 n.,
421, 444, 130;
a value by itself, iii. 51,
70, 85, 149-50, 176, 184 n.,
284, 422;
see Negative Method;
procedure of Sokrates repugnant to Athenian public, i. 387, ii. 305;
colloquial companion necessary to Sokrates, 287;
Sokrates asserts right of satisfaction for his own individual reason,
i. 386;
Sokrates’ reason for attachment to, iii. 258 n.;
Sokrates to the last insists on freedom of, ii. 379;
stimulates, i. 420,
449, iv. 52 n.;
as stimulating, not noticed in Republic training, 208;
its negative and positive aspect, illustrated in Alkibiadês
I. and II. , ii. 7;
indiscriminate, not insisted on in Gorgias, 367;
protest against, iii. 335;
Euthydemus popular among enemies of, ii. 222;
common want of scrutiny, i. 398 n.;
value of formal debate, as corrective of fallacies, ii. 221;
its actual and anticipated effects, 11;
Sokrates’ positive solutions illusory, 26;
its ethical basis, iii. 113;
autonomy of the individual mind, 147, 297, 298;
contrast with the Leges, 148;
Aristotle on, i. 133
n.;
obstetric method, lead of the respondent followed, 368;
the respondent makes the discoveries for himself, 367;
assumptions necessary in, iii. 251;
precepts for, 91
n.;
long answers inadmissible, ii. 281;
brought to bear on Sokrates himself, iii. 57, 89;
the sovereign purifier, 197;
its result, Knowledge, i. 396;
contrasted with lectures, ii. 277,
iii. 337 n.;
alone useful for teaching, 34,
49, 53;
a test of the expository process, i. 358, 396;
attainment of dialectical aptitude, purpose of Sophistês
and Politikus, iii. 261;
antithesis of rhetoric and, i. 433,
ii.
52-3,70,
277, 278 n.,
282, 303;
difference of method, illustrated in Protagoras, 300;
superiority over rhetoric, claimed, 282;
issue unsatisfactorily put, 369;
rhetoric, as a real art, is comprised in, iii. 30, 34;
rhetoric superior in usefulness and celebrity, 360, 380;
Plato’s desire for celebrity in rhetoric and, 408;
its object, definition, i. 452,
ii. 318;
its two processes, definition and division, iii. 29, 39;
testing of definitions by clothing them in particulars, iv. 7 n.;
Inductive and Syllogistic, ii. 27;
and Demonstrative, Aristotle’s two intellectual methods, 363;
the purest of all cognitions, iii. 360;
and geometry, two modes of mind’s procedure applicable to
ideal world, iv. 65;
requires no diagrams, deals with forms only, descending from highest, 66;
is the consummation of all the sciences, gives the contemplation of the
ideas, 75;
one of the manifestations τοῦ
φιλοσοφεῖν,
150 n.;
standard for classifying sciences, iii.
382-3, 394;
valuable principle, 395;
exercises in, iv. 76;
Republic contradicts other dialogues, 207-212;
difference of Aristotle’s and Plato’s view, i. 363;
mixture in Plato of poetical fancy and religious mysticism with
dialectic theory, iii. 16;
distinct aptitudes required by Aristotle for, ii. 54;
Aristotle on its dissecting function, 70 n.;
Stoic View, i. 371
n.;
Theopompus, 450.
Dialogues,
the Sokratic, i. x,
xi;
the lost, of Aristotle, 262
n.,
356 n.;
of Sokratici viri, 111, 114;
of Plato, give little information about him personally, 262;
different in form from Aristotle’s, 356 n.;
vary in value, ii. 19;
variety of Plato, i. 344;
dramatic pictures, not historical, 419 n.,
ii. 33 n.,
150, 155 n.,
163, 172, 195, 199, 203, 265 n.,
iii. 9 n.,
19, 25;
of common form — Plato never speaks in his own name, i. 344;
reluctant to publish doctrines on his own responsibility, 350, 352, 355, 361 n.;
may have published under the name of others, 360;
his lectures differ from, in being given in his own name, 402;
Plato assumed impossibility of teaching by written exposition, 350, 355, ii. 56 n.,
64;
assumption intelligible in his day, i. 357;
Sokratic elenchus, a test of the expository process, 358;
of Search predominate, 366;
a necessary preliminary to those of Exposition, ii.
201;
their basis, Sokratic doctrine that false persuasion of knowledge is
universal, i. 367,
393;
illustrated by Hippias and Charmidês,
ii. 64, 163;
appeal to authority, suppressed in Academics, i. 368;
debate common in the Sokratic age, 370;
process per se interesting to Plato, 403;
the obstetric method — lead of the respondent followed, 368;
modern search for truth goes on silently, 369;
purpose to stimulate intellect, and form verifying power, iii. 177, 188, 284;
novelty and value of this,
190;
process of generalisation always kept in view in, i. 406;
affirmative and negative veins distinct, 399, 402, 420;
often no ulterior affirmative end, 375;
but Plato presumes the search will be renewed, 395;
value as suggestive, and reviewing under different aspects, ii. 69;
untenable hypothesis that Plato communicated solutions to a few, i. xii,
360, 401;
no assignable interdependence, 407;
each has its end in itself, xii,
344, 375, 400 n.,
ii. 300 n.,
iii. 71, 85, 93, 176, 179, 184 n.,
284, 332, 400, 420, iv. 138;
of Exposition, pedagogic tone, iii. 368 n.;
Plato’s change in old age, iv. 273, 320, 380, 424, i. 244;
Xenophon compared,
ib.;
order for review, i. 408;
see Canon.