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Title: The American Railway: Its Construction, Development, Management, and Appliances

Author: Thomas Curtis Clarke

Author of introduction, etc.: Thomas McIntyre Cooley

Release date: March 18, 2017 [eBook #54383]
Most recently updated: October 23, 2024

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Chris Curnow, John Campbell and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
file was produced from images generously made available
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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE AMERICAN RAILWAY: ITS CONSTRUCTION, DEVELOPMENT, MANAGEMENT, AND APPLIANCES ***

TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE

Details on minor changes can be found at the end of the book.

THE AMERICAN RAILWAY

THE LAST SPAN—READY TO JOIN.

The American Railway

ITS CONSTRUCTION, DEVELOPMENT,

MANAGEMENT, AND APPLIANCES

THOMAS CURTIS CLARKETHEODORE VOORHEES

JOHN BOGARTBENJAMIN NORTON

M. N. FORNEYARTHUR T. HADLEY

E. P. ALEXANDERTHOMAS L. JAMES

H. G. PROUTCHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS

HORACE PORTERB. B. ADAMS, JR.

WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY

THOMAS M. COOLEY

CHAIRMAN OF INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION

WITH MORE THAN 200 ILLUSTRATIONS

NEW YORK

CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS

1889

CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS

TROW'S
PRINTING AND BOOKBINDING COMPANY,
NEW YORK.

CONTENTS.

	PAGE
INTRODUCTION	xxi
By THOMAS M. COOLEY, Chairman Interstate Commerce Commission.

THE BUILDING OF A RAILWAY	1
By THOMAS CURTIS CLARKE, Civil Engineer.
Roman Tramways of Stone—First Use of Iron Rails—The Modern Railway created by Stephenson's "Rocket" in 1830—Early American Locomotives—Key to the Evolution of the American Railway—Invention of the Swivelling Truck, Equalizing Beams, and the Switchback—Locating a Road—Work of the Surveying Party—Making the Road-bed—How Tunnels are Avoided—More than Three Thousand Bridges in the United States—Old Wooden Structures—The Howe Truss—The Use of Iron—Viaducts of Steel—The American System of Laying Bridge Foundations under Water—Origin of the Cantilever—Laying the Track—How it is Kept in Repair—Premiums for Section Bosses—Number of Railway Employees in the United States—Rapid Railway Construction—Radical Changes which the Railway will Effect.

FEATS OF RAILWAY ENGINEERING	47
By JOHN BOGART, State Engineer of New York.
Development of the Rail—Problems for the Engineer—How Heights are Climbed—The Use of Trestles—Construction on a Mountain Side—Engineering on Rope Ladders—Through the Portals of a Cañon—Feats on the Oroya Railroad, Peru—Nochistongo Cut—Rack Rails for Heavy Grades—Difficulties in Tunnel Construction—Bridge Foundations—Cribs and Pneumatic Caissons—How Men work under Water—The Construction of Stone Arches—Wood and Iron in Bridge-building—Great Suspension Bridges—The Niagara Cantilever and the enormous Forth Bridge—Elevated and Underground Roads—Responsibilities of the Civil Engineer.

AMERICAN LOCOMOTIVES AND CARS	100
By M. N. FORNEY, Author of "The Catechism of the Locomotive," Editor "Railroad and Engineering Journal," New York.
The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad in 1830—Evolution of the Car from the Conestoga Wagon—Horatio Allen's Trial Trip—The First Locomotive used in the United States—Peter Cooper's Race with a Gray Horse—The "De Witt Clinton," "Planet," and other Early Types of Locomotives—Equalizing Levers—How Steam is Made and Controlled—The Boiler, Cylinder, Injector, and Valve Gear—Regulation of the Capacity of a Locomotive to Draw—Increase in the Number of Driving Wheels—Modern Types of Locomotives—Variation in the Rate of Speed—The Appliances by which an Engine is Governed—Round-houses and Shops—Development of American Cars—An Illustration from Peter Parley—The Survival of Stage Coach Bodies—Adoption of the Rectangular Shape—The Origin of Eight-wheeled Cars—Improvement in Car Coupling—A Uniform Type Recommended—The Making of Wheels—Relative Merits of Cast and Wrought Iron, and Steel—The Allen Paper Wheel—Types of Cars, with Size, Weight, and Price—The Car-Builder's Dictionary—Statistical.

RAILWAY MANAGEMENT	149
By Gen. E. P. ALEXANDER, President of the Central Railroad and Banking Company of Georgia.
Relations of Railway Management to all Other Pursuits—Developed by the Necessities of a Complex Industrial Life—How a Continuous Life is Given to a Corporation—Its Artificial Memory—Main Divisions of Railway Management—The Executive and Legislative Powers—The Purchasing and Supply Departments—Importance of the Legal Department—How the Roadway is Kept in Repair—The Maintenance of Rolling Stock—Schedule-making—The Handling of Extra Trains—Duties of the Train-despatcher—Accidents in Spite of Precautions—Daily Distribution of Cars—How Business is Secured and Rates are Fixed—The Interstate Commerce Law—The Questions of "Long and Short Hauls" and "Differentials"—Classification of Freight—Regulation of Passenger-rates—Work of Soliciting Agents—The Collection of Revenue and Statistics—What is a Way-bill—How Disbursements are Made—The Social and Industrial Problem which Confronts Railway Corporations.

SAFETY IN RAILROAD TRAVEL	187
By H. G. PROUT, Editor "Railroad Gazette," New York.
The Possibilities of Destruction in the Great Speed of a Locomotive—The Energy of Four Hundred Tons Moving at Seventy-five Miles an Hour—A Look ahead from a Locomotive at Night—Passengers Killed and Injured in One Year—Good Discipline the Great Source of Safety—The Part Played by Mechanical Appliances—Hand-brakes on Old Cars—How the Air-brake Works—The Electric Brake—Improvements yet to be Made—Engine Driver Brakes—Two Classes of Signals: those which Protect Points of Danger, and those which Keep an Interval between Trains on the Same Track—The Semaphore—Interlocking Signals and Switches—Electric Annunciators to Indicate the Movements—The Block Signal System—Protection for Crossings—Gates and Gongs—How Derailment is Guarded Against—Safety Bolts—Automatic Couplers—The Vestibule as a Safety Appliance—Car Heating and Lighting.

RAILWAY PASSENGER TRAVEL	228
By Gen. HORACE PORTER, Vice-President Pullman Palace-Car Company.
The Earliest Railway Passenger Advertisement—The First Time-table Published in America—The Mohawk & Hudson Train—Survival of Stage-coach Terms in English Railway Nomenclature—Simon Cameron's Rash Prediction—Discomforts of Early Cars—Introduction of Air-brakes, Patent Buffers and Couplers, the Bell-cord, and Interlocking Switches—The First Sleeping-cars—Mr. Pullman's Experiments—The "Pioneer"—Introduction of Parlor and Drawing-room Cars—The Demand for Dining-cars—Ingenious Devices for Heating Cars—Origin of Vestibule-cars—An Important Safety Appliance—The Luxuries of a Limited Express—Fast Time in America and England—Sleeping-cars for Immigrants—The Village of Pullman—The Largest Car-works in the World—Baggage-checks and Coupon Tickets—Conveniences in a Modern Depot—Statistics in Regard to Accidents—Proportion of Passengers in Various Classes—Comparison of Rates in the Leading Countries of the World.

THE FREIGHT-CAR SERVICE	267
By THEODORE VOORHEES, Assistant-General Superintendent, New York Central Railroad.
Sixteen Months' Journey of a Car—Detentions by the Way—Difficulties of the Car Accountant's Office—Necessities of Through Freight—How a Company's Cars are Scattered—The Question of Mileage—Reduction of the Balance in Favor of Other Roads—Relation of the Car Accountant's Work to the Transportation Department—Computation of Mileage—The Record Branch—How Reports are Gathered and Compiled—Exchange of "Junction Cards"—The Use of "Tracers"—Distribution of Empty Cars—Control of the Movement of Freight—How Trains are Made Up—Duties of the Yardmaster—The Handling of Through Trains—Organization of Fast Lines—Transfer Freight Houses—Special Cars for Specific Service—Disasters to Freight Trains—How the Companies Suffer—Inequalities in Payment for Car Service—The Per Diem Plan—A Uniform Charge for Car Rental—What Reforms might be Accomplished.

HOW TO FEED A RAILWAY	298
By BENJAMIN NORTON, Second Vice-President, Long Island Railroad Company.
The Many Necessities of a Modern Railway—The Purchasing and Supply Departments—Comparison with the Commissary Department of an Army—Financial Importance—Immense Expenditures—The General Storehouse—Duties of the Purchasing Agent—The Best Material the Cheapest—Profits from the Scrap-heap—Old Rails Worked over into New Implements—Yearly Contracts for Staple Articles—Economy in Fuel—Tests by the Best Engineers and Firemen—The Stationery Supply—Aggregate Annual Cost of Envelopes, Tickets, and Time-tables—The Average Life of Rails—Durability of Cross-ties—What it Costs per Mile to Run an Engine—The Paymaster's Duties—Scenes during the Trip of a Pay-car.

THE RAILWAY MAIL SERVICE	312
By THOMAS L. JAMES, Ex-Postmaster General.
An Object Lesson in Postal Progress—Nearness of the Department to the People—The First Travelling Post-Office in the United States—Organization of the Department in 1789—Early Mail Contracts—All Railroads made Post-routes—Compartments for Mail Clerks in Baggage-cars—Origin of the Present System in 1862—Important Work of Colonel George S. Bangs—The "Fast Mail" between New York and Chicago—Why it was Suspended—Resumption in 1877—Present Condition of the Service—Statistics—A Ride on the "Fast Mail"—Busy Scenes at the Grand Central Depot—Special Uses of the Five Cars—Duties of the Clerks—How the Work is Performed—Annual Appropriation for Special Mail Facilities—Dangers Threatening the Railway Mail Clerk's Life—An Insurance Fund Proposed—Needs of the Service—A Plea for Radical Civil Service Reform.

THE RAILWAY IN ITS BUSINESS RELATIONS	344
By ARTHUR T. HADLEY, Professor of Political Science in Yale College, Author of "Railroad Transportation."
Amount of Capital Invested in Railways—Important Place in the Modern Industrial System—The Duke of Bridgewater's Foresight—The Growth of Half a Century—Early Methods of Business Management—The Tendency toward Consolidation—How the War Developed a National Idea—Its Effect on Railroad Building—Thomson and Scott as Organizers—Vanderbilt's Capacity for Financial Management—Garrett's Development of the Baltimore & Ohio—The Concentration of Immense Power in a Few Men—Making Money out of the Investors—Difficult Positions of Stockholders and Bondholders—How the Finances are Manipulated by the Board of Directors—Temptations to the Misuse of Power—Relations of Railroads to the Public who Use Them—Inequalities in Freight Rates—Undue Advantages for Large Trade Centres—Proposed Remedies—Objections to Government Control—Failure of Grangerism—The Origin of Pools—Their Advantages—Albert Fink's Great Work—Charles Francis Adams and the Massachusetts Commission—Adoption of the Interstate Commerce Law—Important Influence of the Commission—Its Future Functions—Ill-judged State Legislation.

THE PREVENTION OF RAILWAY STRIKES	370
By CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS, President of the Union Pacific Railroad.
Railways the Largest Single Interest in the United States—Some Impressive Statistics—Growth of a Complex Organization—Five Divisions of Necessary Work—Other Special Departments—Importance of the Operating Department—The Evil of Strikes—To be Remedied by Thorough Organization—Not the Ordinary Relation between Employer and Employee—Of what the Model Railway Service Should Consist—Temporary and Permanent Employees—Promotion from one Grade to the Other—Rights and Privileges of the Permanent Service—Employment during Good Behavior—Proposed Tribunal for Adjusting Differences and Enforcing Discipline—A Regular Advance in Pay for Faithful Service—A Fund for Hospital Service, Pensions, and Insurance—Railroad Educational Institutions—The Employer to Have a Voice in Management through a Council—A System of Representation.

THE EVERY-DAY LIFE OF RAILROAD MEN	383
By B. B. ADAMS, Jr., Associate Editor, "Railroad Gazette," New York.
The Typical Railroad Man—On the Road and at Home—Raising the Moral Standard—Characteristics of the Freight Brakeman—His Wit the Result of Meditation—How Slang is Originated—Agreeable Features of his Life in Fine Weather—Hardships in Winter—The Perils of Hand-brakes—Broken Trains—Going back to Flag—Coupling Accidents—At the Spring—Advantages of a Passenger Brakeman—Trials of the Freight Conductor—The Investigation of Accidents—Irregular Hours of Work—The Locomotive Engineer the Hero of the Rail—His Rare Qualities—The Value of Quick Judgment—Calm Fidelity a Necessary Trait—Saving Fuel on a Freight Engine—Making Time on a Passenger Engine—Remarkable Runs—The Spirit of Fraternity among Engineers—Difficult Duties of a Passenger-train Conductor—Tact in Dealing with Many People—Questions to be Answered—How Rough Characters are Dealt with—Heavy Responsibilities—The Work of a Station Agent—Flirtation by Telegraph—The Baggage-master's Hard Task—Eternal Vigilance Necessary in a Switch-tender—Section-men, Train Despatchers, Firemen, and Clerks—Efforts to Make the Railroad Man's Life Easier.

STATISTICAL RAILWAY STUDIES	425
ILLUSTRATED WITH THIRTEEN MAPS AND NINETEEN CHARTS.
By FLETCHER W. HEWES, Author of "Scribner's Statistical Atlas."
Railway Mileage of the World—Railway Mileage of the United States—Annual Mileage and Increase—Mileage Compared with Area—Geographical Location of Railways—Centres of Mileage and of Population—Railway Systems—Trunk Lines Compared: By Mileage; Largest Receipts; Largest Net Results—Freight Traffic—Reduction of Freight Rates—Wheat Rates—The Freight Haul—Empty Freight Trains—Freight Profits—Passenger Traffic—Passenger Rates—Passenger Travel—Passenger Profits—General Considerations—Dividends—Net Earnings per Mile and Railway Building—Ratios of Increase—Construction and Maintenance—Employees and their Wages—Rolling Stock—Capital Invested.

INDEX	449

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS.

Title.	Designer.	Page
The Last Span (Frontispiece)	A. B. Frost	v
Alpine Pass. Avoidance of a Tunnel	From a photograph	5
Big Loop, Georgetown Branch of the Union Pacific, Colorado	From a photograph	11
Snow-sheds, Selkirk Mountains, Canadian Pacific	J. D. Woodward	19
Rail Making	Walter Shirlaw	39
Loop and Great Trestle near Hagerman's, on the Colorado Midland Railway	J. D. Woodward	51
Portal of a Tunnel in Process of Construction	Otto Stark	65
At Work in a Pneumatic Caisson—Fifty Feet below the Surface of the Water	Walter Shirlaw	73
Below the Brooklyn Bridge	J. H. Twachtman	83
The St. Louis Bridge during Construction	M. E. Sands & R. Blum	95
A Typical American Passenger Locomotive	From a photograph	111
Interior of a Round-house	M. J. Burns	130
View in Locomotive Erecting Shop	J. D. Woodward & R. Blum	135
Diagram Used in Making Railway Time-Tables		161
The General Despatcher	M. J. Burns	165
Mantua Junction, West Philadelphia, showing a Complex System of Interlacing Tracks	W. C. Fitler	169
Danger Ahead!	A. B. Frost	189
Interlocking Apparatus for Operating Switches and Signals by Compressed Air, Pittsburg Yards, Pennsylvania Railroad	From a photograph	211
Pullman Vestibuled Cars	From a photograph	247
In a Baggage-room	W. C. Broughton	255
"Show Your Tickets!"	Walter Shirlaw	261
Freight Yards of the New York Central & Hudson River Railroad, West Sixty-fifth Street, New York	W. C. Fitler	285
Freight from all Quarters—Some Typical Trains	W. C. Fitler	291
At a Way-station—The Postmaster's Assistant	Herbert Denman	321
Transfer of Mail at the Grand Central Station, New York	Herbert Denman	327
Sorting Letters in Car No. 1—The Fast Mail	Herbert Denman	333
A Breakdown on the Road	A. B. Frost	405
In the Waiting Room of a Country Station	A. B. Frost	413
The Trials of a Baggage-master	A. B. Frost	417

ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT.

	PAGE
First Locomotive	2
Locomotive of To-day	3
A Sharp Curve—Manhattan Elevated Railway, 110th Street, New York	7
A Steep Grade on a Mountain Railroad	8
A Switchback	9
Plan of Big Loop	10
Profile of the Same	10
Engineers in Camp	14
Royal Gorge Hanging Bridge, Denver and Rio Grande, Colorado	16
Veta Pass, Colorado	17
Sections of Snow-sheds (3 cuts)	18
Making an Embankment	21
Steam Excavator	21
Building a Culvert	22
Building a Bridge Abutment	22
Rock Drill	23
A Construction and Boarding Train	24
Bergen Tunnels, Hoboken, N. J.	25
Beginning a Tunnel	26
Old Burr Wooden Bridge	28
Kinzua Viaduct; Erie Railway	30
Kinzua Viaduct	31
View of Thomas Pope's Proposed Cantilever (1810)	34
Pope's Cantilever in Process of Erection	35
General View of the Poughkeepsie Bridge	36
Erection of a Cantilever	37
Spiking the Track	38
Track Laying	41
Temporary Railway Crossing the St. Lawrence on the Ice	44
View Down the Blue from Rocky Point, Denver, South Park and Pacific Railroad; showing successive tiers of railway	49
Denver and Rio Grande Railway Entering the Portals of the Grand River Cañon, Colorado	54
The Kentucky River Cantilever, on the Cincinnati Southern Railway	55
Truss over Ravine, and Tunnel, Oroya Railroad, Peru	56
The Nochistongo Cut, Mexican Central Railway	57
The Mount Washington Rack Railroad	58
Trestle on Portland and Ogdensburg Railway, Crawford Notch, White Mountains	58
A Series of Tunnels	59
Tunnel at the Foot of Mount St. Stephen, on the Canadian Pacific	60
Peña de Mora on the La Guayra and Carácas Railway, Venezuela	61
Perspective View of St. Gothard Spiral Tunnels, in the Alps	62
Plan of St. Gothard Spiral Tunnels	63
Profile of the Same	63
Portal of a Finished Tunnel; showing Cameron's Cone, Colorado	64
Railway Pass at Rocky Point in the Rocky Mountains	67
Bridge Pier Founded on Piles	68
Pneumatic Caisson	70
Transverse Section of Pneumatic Caisson	71
Pier of Hawkesbury Bridge, Australia	75
Foundation Crib of the Poughkeepsie Bridge	76
Transverse Section of the Same	76
Granite Arched Approach to Harlem River Bridge in Process of Construction	77
The Old Portage Viaduct, Erie Railway, N. Y.	78
The New Portage Viaduct	79
The Britannia Tubular Bridge over the Menai Straits, North Wales	80
Old Stone Towers of the Niagara Suspension Bridge	82
The New Iron Towers of the Same	82
Truss Bridge of the Northern Pacific Railway over the Missouri River at Bismarck, Dak.—Testing the Central Span	87
Curved Viaduct, Georgetown, Col.; the Union Pacific Crossing its own Line	88
The Niagara Cantilever Bridge in Progress	90
The Niagara Cantilever Bridge Completed	91
The Lachine Bridge, on the Canadian Pacific Railway, near Montreal, Canada	92
The 510-feet Span Steel Arches of the New Harlem River Bridge, New York, during Construction	97
London Underground Railway Station	98
Conestoga Wagon and Team	101
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 1830–35	101
Boston & Worcester Railroad, 1835	102
Horatio Allen	103
Peter Cooper's Locomotive, 1830	104
"South Carolina," 1831, and Plan of its Running Gear	105
The "De Witt Clinton," 1831	105
"Grasshopper" Locomotive	106
The "Planet"	107
John B. Jervis's Locomotive, 1831, and Plan of its Running Gear	108
Campbell's Locomotive	109
Locomotive for Suburban Traffic	110
Locomotive for Street Railway	110
Four-wheeled Switching Locomotive	113
Driving Wheels, Frames, Spurs, etc., of American Locomotive	114
Longitudinal Section of a Locomotive Boiler	115
Transverse Section	115
Rudimentary Injector	116
Injector Used on Locomotives	117
Sections of a Locomotive Cylinder	118
Eccentric	118
Eccentric and Strap	118
Valve Gear	119
Turning Locomotive Tires	121
Six-wheeled Switching Locomotive	122
Mogul Locomotive	123
Ten-wheeled Passenger Locomotive	123
Consolidation Locomotive (unfinished)	124
Consolidation Locomotive	124
Decapod Locomotive	125
"Forney" Tank Locomotive	126
"Hudson" Tank Locomotive	127
Camden & Amboy Locomotive, 1848	129
Cab End of a Locomotive and its Attachments	133
Interior of Erecting Shop, showing Locomotive Lifted by Travelling Crane	137
Forging a Locomotive Frame	138
Mohawk & Hudson Car, 1831	139
Early Car	139
Early Car on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad	140
Early American Car, 1834	140
Old Car for Carrying Flour on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad	141
Old Car for Carrying Firewood on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad	141
Old Car on the Quincy Granite Railroad	141
Janney Car Coupler, showing the Process of Coupling	142
Mould and Flask in which Wheels are Cast	143
Cast-iron Car Wheels	144
Section of the Tread and Flange of a Car Wheel	145
Allen Paper Car Wheel	145
Modern Passenger-car and Frame	147
Snow-plough at Work	154
A Type of Snow-plough	155
A Rotary Steam Snow-shovel in Operation	156
Railway-crossing Gate	157
Signal to Stop	162
Signal to Move Ahead	162
Signal to Move Back	163
Signal that the Train has Parted	163
Entrance Gates at a Large Station	167
Central Switch and Signal Tower	168
Interior of a Switch-tower, showing the Operation of Interlocking Switches	171
Stephenson's Steam Driver-brake, patented 1833	192
Driver-brake on Modern Locomotive	192
English Screw-brake, on the Birmingham and Gloucester Road, about 1840	193
English Foot-brake on the Truck of a Great Western Coach, about 1840	193
Plan and Elevation of Air-brake Apparatus	196
Dwarf Semaphores and Split Switch	202
Semaphore Signal with Indicators	203
Section of Saxby & Farmer Interlocking Machine	204
Diagram of a Double-track Junction with Interlocked Switches and Signals	205
Split Switches with Facing-point Locks and Detector-bars	206
Derailing Switch	207
Torpedo Placer	213
Old Signal Tower on the Philadelphia & Reading, at Phœnixville	214
Crossing Gates worked by Mechanical Connection from the Cabin	217
Some Results of a Butting Collision—Baggage and Passenger Cars Telescoped	218
Wreck at a Bridge	219
New South Norwalk Drawbridge. Rails held by Safety Bolts	220
Engines Wrecked during the Great Wabash Strike	222
Link-and-pin Coupler	224
Janney Automatic Coupler applied to a Freight Car	224
Signals at Night	225
Stockton & Darlington Engine and Car	229
Mohawk & Hudson Train	231
English Railway Carriage, Midland Road. First and Third Class and Luggage Compartments	232
One of the Earliest Passenger Cars Built in this Country; used on the Western Railroad of Massachusetts (now the Boston & Albany)	233
Bogie Truck	233
Rail and Coach Travel in the White Mountains	234
Old Time Table, 1843	235
Old Boston & Worcester Railway Ticket (about 1837)	236
Obverse and Reverse of a Ticket used in 1838, on the New York & Harlem Railroad	236
The "Pioneer." First Complete Pullman Sleeping-car	240
A Pullman Porter	241
Pullman Parlor Car	243
Wagner Parlor Car	244
Dining-car (Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad)	245
End View of a Vestibuled Car	249
Pullman Sleeper on a Vestibuled Train	250
Immigrant Sleeping-car (Canadian Pacific Railway)	251
View of Pullman, Ill.	252
Railway Station at York, England, built on a Curve	257
Outside the Grand Central Station, New York	258
Boston Passenger Station, Providence Division, Old Colony Railroad	259
A Page from the Car Accountant's Book	277
Freight Pier, North River, New York	280
Hay Storage Warehouses, New York Central & Hudson River Railroad, West Thirty-third Street, New York	282
"Dummy" Train and Boy on Hudson Street, New York	287
Red Line Freight-car Mark	288
Star Union Freight-car Mark	288
Coal Car, Central Railroad of New Jersey	289
Refrigerator-car Mark	289
Unloading a Train of Truck-wagons, Long Island Railroad	290
Floating Cars, New York Harbor	295
Postal Progress, 1776–1876	313
The Pony Express—The Relay	314
The Overland Mail Coach—A Star Route	315
Mail Carrying in the Country	316
Loading for the Fast Mail, at the General Post-Office, New York	324
At the Last Moment	326
Pouching the Mail in the Postal Car	329
A Very Difficult Address—known as a "Sticker."	331
Distributing the Mail by States and Routes	332
Pouching Newspapers for California—in Car No. 5	335
Catching the Pouch from the Crane	339
George Stephenson	345
J. Edgar Thomson	349
Thomas A. Scott	350
Cornelius Vanderbilt	352
John W. Garrett	355
Albert Fink	366
Charles Francis Adams	367
Thomas M. Cooley	369
"Dancing on the Carpet"	386
Trainman and Tramps	387
Braking in Hard Weather	389
Flagging in Winter	391
Coupling	392
The Pleasant Part of a Brakeman's Life	395
At the Spring	397
Just Time to Jump	403
Timely Warning	407
The Passenger Conductor	409
Station Gardening	416
In the Yard at Night	419
A Track-walker on a Stormy Night	421
A Crossing Flagman	423
A Little Relaxation	424
MAPS.
Mileage compared with Area	429
Railways, 1830, 1840, 1850, and 1860	430
Railways, 1870	431
Railways, 1880	432
Railways, 1889	433
Five Railway Systems	434, 435
CHARTS.
Principal Railway Countries	425
Mileage to Area in New Jersey	426
Total Mileage and Increase, 1830–1888	429
Mileage by States, 1870	431
Mileage by States, 1880	432
Mileage by States, 1888	433
Largest Receipts, 1888	435
Largest Net Results, 1888	435
Freight Rates of Thirteen Trunk Lines, 1870–1888	436
Wheat Rates, by Water and by Rail, 1870–1888	438
The Freight Haul, 1882–1888	439
East-bound and West-bound Freight, 1877–1888	439
Freight Profits, 1870–1888	440
Passenger Rates, 1870–1888	441
Passenger Travel, 1882–1888	442
Passenger Profits, 1870–1888	442
Average Dividends, 1876–1888	443
Net Earnings and Mileage Built, 1876–1888	444
Increase of Population, Mileage, and Freight Traffic, 1870–1888	446

The American Railway: Its Construction, Development, Management, and Appliances

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