(B.) PERFECT STEM IN -s-, OR IN -v- OR -u-.
PERFECT STEM IN -s-.
999. (1 a.) The following verbs in -ēre have the perfect stem in -s- (868), and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus:
| augeō, increase | augēre | auxī | auctus |
| in-dulgeō, am kind | in-dulgēre | in-dulsī | —— |
| lūceō, beam | lūcēre | lūxī | —— |
| lūgeō, mourn | lūgēre | lūxī | —— |
| torqueō, twist | torquēre | torsī | tortus |
1000. (1 b.) The following verbs in -ēre have the perfect stem in -s- (868), and the perfect participle, when used, in -sus (912):
| algeō, feel cold | algēre | alsī | —— |
| ardeō, blaze | ardēre | arsī | —— |
| cō-nīveō, wink and blink | cō-nīvēre | cō-nīxī, cō-nīvī | —— |
The perfects cō-nīxī (Turp.), cō-nīvī (Crass.), occur once each.
| fulgeō, flash | fulgēre | fulsī | —— |
Forms of the present in -ere (821) occur in verse: fulgit (Pomp., Lucil., Lucr.), fulgere (Pac., Acc., Lucil., Lucr., Verg.); ef-fulgere (Verg., Claud.).
| haereō, stick | haerēre | haesī | —— |
| iubeō, order | iubēre | iussī | iussus |
In old Latin, IOVBEO, after IOVSI (IVSI); later iussī, iussus, after iubeō.
| maneō, stay | manēre | mānsī | mānsum |
| mulceō, stroke | mulcēre | mulsī | mulsus adjective |
Perfect participle per-mulsus rare (Cornif., Varr.).
| mulgeō, milk | mulgēre | mulsī | mulsus once |
| rīdeō, laugh | rīdēre | rīsī | -rīsus |
| suādeō, advise | suādēre | suāsī | suāsus |
| tergeō, wipe | tergēre | tersī | tersus |
For forms in -ere in the present, as tergit, &c. (Varr., Prop., Stat., Col.), see 821.
| turgeō, am swelling | turgēre | tursī once | —— |
Of the perfect system, turserat (Enn.).
| urgeō, push | urgēre | ursī | —— |
PERFECT STEM IN -v- OR -u-.
PERFECT STEM IN -v-.
1001. (1 a.) The following verbs in -ēre have the perfect stem in -v- (869), and the perfect participle in -tus, both preceded by a long -ē- of the root:
| dē-leō, wipe out | dē-lēre | dē-lēvī | dē-lētus |
| fleō, weep | flēre | flēvī | flētus |
| neō, spin | nēre | nēvī | —— |
For neunt (Tib.), see 837.
| -pleō, fill | -plēre | -plēvī | -plētus |
1002. (1 b.) The following verb in -ēre has the perfect stem in -v- (869), preceded by long -ī-, and the perfect participle in -tus, preceded by short -i- of the root:
| cieō, set a going | ciēre | cīvī | citus |
Somewhat defective; also with a form in -īre (821). For the perfect participle of compounds, see 919.
1003. (1 c.) The following verb in -ēre has the perfect stem in -v- (869), and the perfect participle in -itus (910):
| ab-oleō, destroy | ab-olēre | ab-olēvī | ab-olitus |
PERFECT STEM IN -u-.
1004. (2 a.) Most verbs in -ēre have the perfect stem in -u- (874), and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus, which is usually preceded by a short i (910): as,
| doceō, teach | docēre | docuī | doctus |
| habeō, have | habēre | habuī | habitus |
So also post-habeō; other compounds have i for a: as, pro-hibeō, pro-hibēre, pro-hibuī, pro-hibitus; twice contracted, prōbet, prōbeat (Lucr.). Compounds with dē and prae are regularly contracted, dēbeō, praebeō, &c.: but in Plautus once de-hibuistī, and regularly prae-hibeō, &c., throughout.
| mereō, earn | merēre | meruī | meritus |
Often deponent (800): mereor, merērī, meritus.
| misceō, mix | miscēre | miscuī | mixtus, mistus |
The present stem is an extension of the suffix -sco|e- (834); -sc- of the present runs over into the perfect.
| moneō, advise | monēre | monuī | monitus |
| placeō, am pleasing | placēre | placuī | placitus |
So the compounds com-placeō and per-placeō; dis-pliceō has i for a throughout.
| taceō, hold my tongue | tacēre | tacuī | tacitus adjective |
The compound re-ticeō has i for a and no perfect participle.
| teneō, hold | tenēre | tenuī | -tentus |
Compounds have i for e in the present and perfect: as, dē-tineō, dē-tinuī, dē-tentus.
| terreō, scare | terrēre | terruī | territus |
| torreō, roast | torrēre | torruī | tostus |
1005. (2 b.) The following verb in -ēre has the perfect stem in -u- (874), and the perfect participle in -sus (912):
| cēnseō, count, rate | cēnsēre | cēnsuī | cēnsus |
1006. (3.) The following verbs in -ēre have the perfect stem in -u- (874), and no perfect participle (907):
| arceō, check | arcēre | arcuī | —— |
The compounds co-erceō and ex-erceō have e for a, and perfect participles co-ercitus and ex-ercitus.
| caleō, am warm | calēre | caluī | —— |
| candeō, glow white | candēre | canduī | —— |
| careō, have not | carēre | caruī | —— |
| doleō, ache | dolēre | doluī | —— |
| egeō, need | egēre | eguī | —— |
The compound ind-igeō, ind-igēre, ind-iguī, ——, has i for e.
| ē-mineō, stick out | ē-minēre | ē-minuī | —— |
| flōreō, bloom | flōrēre | flōruī | —— |
| horreō, bristle up | horrēre | horruī | —— |
| iaceō, lie | iacēre | iacuī | —— |
| lateō, lie hid | latēre | latuī | —— |
| liceō, am rated | licēre | licuī | —— |
| liqueō, am melted | liquēre | licuī | —— |
| madeō, am soaked | madēre | maduī | —— |
| niteō, shine | nitēre | nituī | —— |
| noceō, am hurtful | nocēre | nocuī | —— |
| oleō, smell | olēre | oluī | —— |
For forms in -ere in the present system, see 821.
| palleō, look pale | pallēre | palluī | —— |
| pāreō, wait on, am obedient | pārēre | pāruī | —— |
| pateō, am open | patēre | patuī | —— |
| rigeō, am stiff | rigēre | riguī | —— |
| sileō, am silent | silēre | siluī | —— |
| sorbeō, suck up | sorbēre | sorbuī | —— |
The perfect system of the simple verb is rare: sorbuit, sorbuerint (Plin.); also (823) sorpsit (Val. Max.); ab-sorbeō and ex-sorbeō have -sorbuī; but ab-sorpsī (Plin., Luc., Macr.), ex-sorpsī (Sen.).
| studeō, am eager | studēre | studuī | —— |
| stupeō, am dazed | stupēre | stupuī | —— |
| timeō, fear | timēre | timuī | —— |
| valeō, am strong | valēre | valuī | —— |
| vigeō, feel strong | vigēre | viguī | —— |
1007. For audeō, gaudeō, and soleō, see 801; for lubet or libet, licet, miseret, oportet, paenitet, piget, pudet, taedet, see 815 and 816.
DEPONENTS IN -ērī.
1008. (1 a.) The following deponent in -ērī has the perfect participle in -tus:
| reor, reckon, think | rērī | ratus |
1009. (1 b.) The following deponents in -ērī have the perfect participle in -tus, which is preceded by a short i (910):
| liceor, bid | licērī | licitus |
| misereor, pity | miserērī | miseritus |
Perfect participle also misertus (Val. Max., Sen., Curt.). Active forms are: miserēte, miserērent (Enn.), misereās (Ter.), miseret (Lucr.), miserent (Val. Fl.). Passive forms are sometimes used impersonally (724): as, miserētur, &c.
| tueor, look to, protect | tuērī | tuitus late |
Forms in -ī also occur in verse (821). As perfect participle, generally tūtātus.
| vereor, am awed at | verērī | veritus |
1010. (2.) One deponent in -ērī has the perfect participle in -sus (912):
| fateor, confess | fatērī | fassus |
Compounds have i and e for a: as, cōn-fiteor, cōn-fessus.
(A.) PERFECT STEM WITHOUT A SUFFIX.
1011. (1 a.) The following verb in -īre has a reduplicated perfect stem (861), and the perfect participle in -tus:
| re-periō, find | re-perīre | re-pperī | re-pertus |
1012. (1 b.) The following verb in -īre has no reduplication in the perfect stem, and the perfect participle in -tus:
| com-periō, find out | com-perīre | com-perī | com-pertus |
As deponent: com-periar (Ter.), com-perior (Sall., Tac.).
1013. (2.) The following verb in -īre has a perfect stem consisting of a consonant root with a long vowel (862), and the perfect participle in -tus:
| veniō, come | venīre | vēnī | ventum, -ventus |
For ē-venunt, ē-venat, ē-venant, ad-venat, per-venat, see 822.
(B.) PERFECT STEM IN -s-, OR IN -v- OR -u-.
PERFECT STEM IN -s-.
1014. (1.) The following verbs in -īre have the perfect stem in -s- (868), and the perfect participle in -tus:
| farciō, stuff | farcīre | farsī | fartus |
Compounds have usually e for a throughout.
| fulciō, prop | fulcīre | fulsī | fultus |
| hauriō, drain | haurīre | hausī | haustus |
A perfect subjunctive haurierint is quoted from Varro (823).
| saepiō, hedge in | saepīre | saepsī | saeptus |
| sanciō, hallow | sancīre | sānxī | sānctus adjective |
Perfect participle rarely sancītus (Lucr., Liv.). A pluperfect sancierat is quoted from Pomponius Secundus (823).
| sarciō, patch | sarcīre | sarsī | sartus |
| vinciō, bind | vincīre | vīnxī | vīnctus |
1015. (2.) The following verb in -īre has the perfect stem in -s- (868), and the perfect participle in -sus (912):
| sentiō, feel | sentīre | sēnsī | sēnsus |
The compound with ad is generally deponent (800).
PERFECT STEM IN -v-.
1016. (1 a.) The following verb in -īre has the perfect stem in -v- (869), and the perfect participle in -tus, both preceded by a long ī of the root:
| sciō, know | scīre | scīvī | scītus |
1017. (1 b.) The following verb in -īre has the perfect stem in -v- (869), and the perfect participle in -tus:
| sepeliō, bury | sepelīre | sepelīvī | sepultus |
1018. (1 c.) Most verbs in -īre have the perfect stem in -v- (869), and the perfect participle in -tus, both preceded by a form of the present stem in long -ī-: as,
| audiō, hear | audīre | audīvī | audītus |
PERFECT STEM IN -u-.
1019. (2.) The following verbs in -īre have the perfect stem in -u- (874), and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus:
| am-iciō, don | am-icīre | am-icuī | am-ictus |
Perfect rare: once am-icuī (Brut.), once am-ixī (Varr.).
| ap-eriō, open | ap-erīre | ap-eruī | ap-ertus |
| op-eriō, cover over | op-erīre | op-eruī | op-ertus |
| saliō, leap | salīre | saluī | —— |
Compounds have i for a throughout: as, īn-siliō. A perfect system in -v- (823, 893), as ex-silīvī, occurs in late writers (Col., Sen., Plin., &c.).
DEPONENTS IN -īrī.
1020. (1 a.) The following deponents in -īrī have the perfect participle in -tus:
| ex-perior, try | ex-perīrī | ex-pertus |
| op-perior, wait for | op-perīrī | op-pertus |
Perfect participle once op-perītus (Plaut.).
1021. (1 b.) The following deponents in -īrī have the perfect participle in -ītus:
| blandior, am agreeable | blandīrī | blandītus |
| largior, shower | largīrī | largītus |
| mentior, tell lies | mentīrī | mentītus |
| mōlior, work hard | mōlīrī | mōlītus |
| partior, share | partīrī | partītus |
| sortior, draw lots | sortīrī | sortītus |
1022. (2.) The following deponents in -īrī have the perfect participle in -sus (912):
| mētior, measure | mētīrī | mēnsus |
| ōrdior, begin | ōrdīrī | ōrsus |