398. Words with prefix ka- denote objects (or groups) standing in such and such a relation to another object (or group). Sya y áki ŋ nagìŋ kabaláe. He (she) has become my fellow-parent-in-law, i. e. Our children have intermarried; the form ka-baláe merely makes explicit the element of relation present in the simple word: 5Si Bantùg ay áki ŋ baláe. Bantug’s son (daughter) has married my daughter (son). Aŋ maŋa áso ay nása kabilá naŋ bákod. The dogs are on the other side of the fence (the simple -bilàʾ does not occur; the idea of other side is always envisaged as relative). Aŋ búkid ni Hwàn ay karátig naŋ kay Pédro. Juan’s field borders 10on Pedro’s. Aŋ mésa ŋ itò y kakúlay naŋ kahòn. This table is of the same color as the chest. Si Hwàn aŋ kalában ny Andrès sa larò ŋ dáma. Juan is Andres’ opponent at checkers. Kamatà si Hwàn ni Pédro. Juan and Pedro took to each other from first sight. Aŋ tagpí naŋ báro ni Pédro ay hindí kamukhá naŋ bároʾ. 15The patch on Juan’s blouse does not match the blouse. aŋ áki ŋ kapatìd na si Hwàn my brother Juan. aŋ áki ŋ kapútol na si Hwàn my brother Juan; aŋ kapútol naŋ tubò a piece (broken off) of the sugar-cane. Aŋ kasánib naŋ áki ŋ banìg ay aŋ banìg ni Manuwèl. Manuel’s sleeping-mat and mine overlap (kasánib one 20of two things of which one overlaps the other). walà ŋ kasaŋkàp without accompaniments, trimmings, affixes. Si Mariyáno aŋ kasunod kò ŋ lumàlákad sa kalsáda. Mariano was the one who was walking behind me on the street; aŋ kasunod kò ŋ naparoòn sa simbáhan the one who followed me in going to church (kasunòd 25one of two persons one of whom is following the other). aŋ katúŋo the person one is dealing with, the other party. Si Pédro aŋ kaugáli naŋ kanya ŋ kaybíga ŋ si Hwàn. Pedro has the same habits as his friend Juan.
Similarly from: áway, báyan, biyàk, bunòʾ, ribàl, haràp, kilála, 30kláse, lákip, laròʾ, pantày, partè, sabuwàt, sáli, sálo, sáma, súnoʾ, tapàt, timbàʾ, untìʾ, úsap, walàʾ.
Divergent in meaning are katáo (§ 255), kagabì, kahápon (§ 259). Cf. also § 520.
(a) From derived words: Syà y isa kò ŋ kamagának. He is 35a relative of mine (mag-ának, § 358,a), and kamakalawà (§ 259, from maka-lawà, § 453).
(b) From a phrase: aŋ kasa-ŋ-báhay a person dwelling in the same house with another, a housemate (isà ŋ báhay).
(c) From shifted root (§ 337): Si Hwàn ay kagalìt ni Pédro 40at ni Kulàs. Juan is at odds with Pedro and Nicolás. aŋ kanyà ŋ kagalìt the person or persons with whom he is at odds. Si Pédro aŋ nagìŋ kasirá ni Hwàn. It is Pedro with whom Juan is angry. Hindí ko katalò si Párì Hwàn. I don’t play winning-and-losing games with Father Juan. Similarly from álam, sáma.
(d) The root is reduplicated in a few cases: Si Pédro aŋ áki ŋ kababáyan. Pedro is my fellow-townsman (beside kabáyan); katutúboʾ native, ingrown, inborn, inherited.
5399. kà-ka-. With accented reduplication of the prefix these forms emphasize the incompleteness of the correlative object: Kàkapútol lámaŋ na tubò aŋ áki ŋ nàkúha. I got only a little piece of the sugar-cane. So also kákauntèʾ.
400. ka- R. With accented reduplication of the underlying 10word ka- forms words expressing the recent completion of an act; they are used impersonally (§ 77) or as conjunctive attributes. Kaàáway pa lámaŋ ni Hwàn sa kanya ŋ kalaròʾ. Juan has only just now quarreled with his playmate. Kabàbáŋon ko. I have just got up. Kagàgáliŋ sa báyan naŋ kapatìd ko ŋ babáye. My 15sister has just come back from town. Kahíhiga ko pa lámaŋ. I had just then lain down. Kalàlarú ku pa lámaŋ sa bátaʾ. I have just finished playing with the child. Kapùpútol ko pa lámaŋ naŋ yantòk. I have only just now cut some rattan. So gísiŋ, káin.
(a) ka-pag- R, with the usual value of pag- (§ 369, etc.): 20Kapagpùpútol lámaŋ ni Hwàn naŋ kawáyan. Juan has just come from cutting bamboo.
(b) ka-paŋ- R, corresponding to active with maŋ- (§ 357): kapamùmútol (pútol).
401. ka- D. With doubling of the root ka- has causative 25value: it expresses that which causes such and such an involuntary action, specifically, such and such an emotion: Aŋ dumatìŋ na bálaŋ ay katákot-tákot aŋ dámi. The locusts that came were frightful in quantity. So from hiyàʾ, takà. Vowel-contraction in kàwáwaʾ pitiable, piteous (for ka-áwa-áwaʾ). Slightly divergent 30in meaning is karáka-ráka (§ 265,5).
402. In a different use ka- has the form kay- in some words; these formations express a remarkable degree of a quality; they are used impersonally (§ 76), as predicate (§ 247), occasionally as conjunctive attributes: kaálat kayálat what saltiness! (of 35water); kay-asùl what blueness! Katáyog naŋ púno-ŋ-niyòg na iyòn! How tall that cocoanut tree is! Kayuntìʾ naŋ ibinigày nya ŋ laruwàn sa ákin! How few toys he gave me! So: kay-dámot, ka-rámot, ka-rúnoŋ, ka-itìm, kakínis, ka-láyoʾ, ka-muntìʾ, ka-pulà, ka-tabàʾ, kay-tipìd.
40(a) With reduplication of the root, this form refers to the quality in an explicit plurality of objects: kaiitèm what blackness! (of several things); Kalalamìg naŋ paà naŋ maŋa bátaʾ! How cold the children’s feet are!
(b) With doubled root these forms intensify the quality: Kaydámot-dámot naŋ báta ŋ itò! What a terribly stingy child! 5(kaydámot, karámot what stinginess! aŋ dámot stinginess).
403. A few forms with accented ka- prefixed to the root envisage the accidental nature of the reciprocal relation: Aŋ maŋa damìt na itò ay kásiya sa baòl. These clothes will fit into the trunk. Akò aŋ kásundoʾ ni Pépe sa pagpapalaròʾ naŋ bèsbol 10sa maŋa bátaʾ. I am at one with Pepe as to letting the children play baseball. Hábaŋ akò y nagdádaàn, kátaon namà ŋ isinábuy nya aŋ túbig. He threw out the water at the very time, it happened, that I was passing by. aŋ kàtiwálaʾ a confidential agent, manager, overseer.
15The words káluluwà and kápuwàʾ, which resemble this formation, seem to be felt as simple roots and have been so treated here.