Tagalog Texts with Grammatical Analysis

(3) Additional transients, abstracts, and special static forms.

432. The prefix ka- in its involuntary meaning and the prefix 20kà- in its accidental meaning appear in an additional set of transients and abstracts with maka-, makà- prefixed for the active, ma-, mà- for the passives, and pagka-, pagkà- for the abstract. The meanings of these forms are most varied; especially in the direct passive, where the involuntary or accidental character of the actor 25sometimes reaches the point where an actor is entirely left out of view or lacking, and the passive borders closely on active meaning. For this reason it will be convenient to divide the uses into a number of somewhat arbitrarily defined groups. The forms are as follows:

30433. The active forms with ka- are: maka-, maka- R, naka-, naka- R; abstract pagka-.

The active expresses an inanimate object or circumstance causing an emotion or feeling; the meaning, then, is the same as in the forms with i-ka- (§ 413), except that here the thing causing 35the emotion is viewed as an actor. Nakabùbúlag aŋ ílaw. The light is blinding. Aŋ gamòt na itò aŋ nakaginháwa sa máy sakìt. This medicine is what relieved the patient. Itò y makapàpáwì naŋ gútom (úhaw, ginàw, ínit, págod). This will relieve the hunger (thirst, cold feeling, hot feeling, fatigue). Aŋ áwit naŋ maŋa 40íbon ay nakatútuwàʾ. The song of the birds is gladdening. Similarly from: bigàt, biŋì, búti, lasìŋ, ligáya, síraʾ, tákot.

434. The active expresses, further, an inanimate object which has got (in the past) into such and such a condition or position.

Aŋ baŋkàʾ ay nakaáyon sa ágos. The canoe is righted with the stream. Aŋ pagkáin ay nakahandá nà. Dinner is served. Nakasábit 5sa pákoʾ aŋ áki ŋ amerikána. My coat is hanging on the nail. Nakasigàŋ aŋ palayùk naŋ sináiŋ. The rice-pot is on the fire. Hindí ko bìbilhìn aŋ kabáyo ŋ iyòn, káhit na makasísiya aŋ áki ŋ kwaltà. I would not buy this horse, even if my money should be sufficient. Similarly: daàn, lawìt, táliʾ, túloŋ.

436. The active may denote an animate actor who is able, succeeds in doing so and so; the involuntary element inheres in the matter of ability, which is not dependent on the actor’s will: 25Sa gana ŋ ákin sya y makaáalìs. So far as I am concerned, he may go. Sa tigàs naŋ kanya ŋ loòb ay walà ŋ makabáleʾ. There is no one (or, under the type in § 433, nothing) can break the firmness of his will. Nakagágawàʾ aŋ alílà naŋ páyoŋ. The servant is able to make umbrellas. Nakagupìt sya naŋ makapàl na 30damìt. He succeeded in cutting thick cloth. Si Pédro ay hindí makaháwak naŋ palakòl, sapagkàt masakìt aŋ kanya ŋ kamày. Pedro cannot hold an ax, because his hand is sore. Naàári ŋ sya y makahigàʾ. He may lie down. Hindí ako makahiŋí naŋ kwaltà kay Hwàn. I cannot (bring myself to) ask Juan for money. Nakahúlog 35sya naŋ isa ŋ nyòg sa kanya ŋ pagpukòl sa kumpòl. He succeeded in bringing down a cocoanut, in his throwing at the cluster. Aŋ bátaʾ ay hindí makakáin, sapagkàt kumáin sya naŋ marámi ŋ kakanìn. The child can’t eat because he has eaten so many sweets. Si Pédro ay hindí nakapùpútol naŋ káhoy, sapagkàt 40bágu ŋ gáliŋ sya sa sakìt. Pedro cannot cut any wood, for he has just recovered from sickness. Sa tantyà raw nyà ay makapùpútol na sya naŋ káhoy, sapagkàt sya y malakas nà. He reckons he will be able to cut wood, for he is strong again. Nakasásakay syà sa kabáyo. He is able to mount the horse. Aŋ báta y nakasùsúlat nà. The child is already able to write. Hindí ako makasúlat. I can’t write. Aŋ máy sakit ay nakatátayú nà. The patient is already able to stand up. Hindí ako nakatípon naŋ maŋa 5dáhon, sapagkàt walá ako ŋ kalaykày. I was not able to pile up the leaves, because I had no rake. Aŋ húle ŋ isdá ni Hwàn ay nakawalàʾ. The fish Juan caught got away. Similarly from: akiyàt, balìk, báyad, dalà, datìŋ, kílos, kúha, lákad, pások, sagòt, sigàw, suwày, tahòl, takbò, tirà, úbos, úsap.

10Abstracts: Aŋ mákina ay syà ŋ dahilàn naŋ pagkagawá ni Pédro naŋ páyoŋ. The machine is the cause of Pedro’s ability to make umbrellas. Aŋ pagkasakáy nyà sa kabáyo ŋ bara-barà ay hindí dahilàn sa kanya ŋ tápaŋ, dátapuwat dahilàn sa marámi ŋ iba ŋ táo ŋ nagsipígil sa kabáyo. His ability to get on the wild 15horse was not due to his courage, but to the many other people who controlled the horse. Aŋ kanya ŋ pagkatípon sa maŋa kalabàw ay nanyári dáhil sa marámi ŋ túloŋ. His success in rounding up the carabao was due to much aid.

437. Closely bordering on the preceding type is the active, 20mostly with the particle nà, expressing the actor of a completed action. Nakaalìs na siyà. He has already (succeeded in going, i. e.) gone away. Nakapútul nà si Pédro naŋ káhoy. Pedro has now finished cutting wood. Si Pédro ay nakapútul nà naŋ káhoy, bágo ko ŋ inutúsa ŋ maŋigìb. Pedro had already cut the wood, 25before I asked him to fetch water. Similarly from: bútas, datìŋ, kúha, límot, tápos.

The abstract lends itself especially to the use as absolute attribute (§ 274): Pagkagawá nya naŋ bákod ay naglasìŋ siyà. When he had finished making the fence, he got drunk. Pagkaháraŋ 30naŋ maŋa tulisàn sa koréyo ay nagsitúŋo silà sa bundòk. When the bandits had robbed the mail, they took to the hills. Pagkaháte ni Hwàn naŋ maŋa mansánas ay umalìs sya. When Juan had distributed the apples, he went away. Pagkahúli naŋ pulìs sa magnanákaw ay dinala nyà itò sa bìlaŋgúan. When the policeman 35had caught the thief, he took him to the jail. Pagkapatày nya sa táo ŋ kanyà ŋ hináraŋ ay tumakbo syà. When he had killed the man he had held up, he ran away. Pagkapútol ni Hwàn naŋ tahìd naŋ kátyaw ay nagdudugòʾ aŋ paà nitò. When Juan had cut the spur of the rooster, its foot kept bleeding. Pagkasakày 40sa kabáyo ay naparoòn akò sa hàlamanàn at pumitàs ako naŋ isa ŋ pakwàn úpaŋ áki ŋ kánin. When I had had my horseback ride, I went to the garden and picked a melon to eat. Pagkasakày ni Hwàn sa trèn ay lumákad ito ŋ agàd. When Juan had got on the train, it soon started to move. Aŋ pagkasúnog naŋ báyan ay ikinaluŋkòt naŋ marámi. The people grieved at their town having burned down. Pagkatanàw naŋ uŋgòʾ sa pagòŋ ay nagbalik 5syà sa púno-ŋ-ságiŋ. When the monkey had looked at the turtle, he went back to the banana tree. Pagkatáwag naŋ pagòŋ sa uŋgòʾ ay sumunòd itò agàd. When the turtle had called the monkey, the latter came at once. Pagkatayó nya sa kanya ŋ ùpúan ay minulàn nya agàd aŋ pagtatalumpáteʾ. When he had 10stood up from his seat he at once began making his speech. Pagkatípon mo naŋ maŋa bayábas ay umuwí ka. When you have piled up the guavas, go home. Pagkaúna nya sa takbúhan ay naghintú sya. When he had got ahead in the running, he stopped. Similarly from: alìs, bendisiyòn, gupìt, hápon, ísip, káin, kúha, 15lagòk, lútoʾ, mísa, sábi, sánay, tápos, típon, tupàd.

438. The forms of the direct passive are: ma-, ma- R; na-; na- R.

The direct passive may correspond regularly to the active in § 436, and denote the object directly affected by an action which 20an actor is able to perform.

Hindí nya mabásag aŋ bóte. He did not succeed in breaking the bottle. Sa kalakasàn ni Páblo ay nadala nyà aŋ kabà ŋ bákal. Pablo, with his strength, managed to lift the iron chest. Nadalà naŋ bátaʾ aŋ káhoy. The boy managed to carry the wood. 25Hindí madalà ni Pédro aŋ kahòn sa kabigatàn. Pedro cannot lift the box; it is too heavy. Hindí ku magámit aŋ páyoŋ na itò. I can’t use this umbrella. Hindí nakáin naŋ bátaʾ aŋ matigàs na tinápay na iyàn. The child was not able to eat that hard bread of yours. Nakáya ko ŋ buhátin aŋ isà ŋ maliìt na púno-ŋ-káhoy. 30I managed to lift one small tree. Nakàkáya ko aŋ pagaáral naŋ Iŋglès. I manage to get along with the study of English. Nakáyas ni Pédro aŋ báo. Pedro managed to smooth the cocoanut shell. Nalákad námin aŋ lahàt naŋ daàn. We managed to walk the whole way. Nalìlípon naŋ maŋa laŋgàm aŋ kanila ŋ pagkáin. 35The ants succeed in amassing their food. Hindí ko mapatày aŋ báta ŋ itò. I cannot (get myself to) kill this child. Hindí ko mapútol naŋ kamày aŋ bákal na itò. I can’t break this iron with my hand. Mapùpútol daw nyà ŋ wala ŋ túloŋ aŋ lahàt naŋ kawáya ŋ magúlaŋ. He says he will be able to cut all the old bamboo 40without any help. Hindí nya masíraʾ aŋ kandáro naŋ pintòʾ, káhit na iniyúbus nya aŋ kanya ŋ lakàs. He did not succeed in breaking the lock of the door, although he used up all his strength. Natátalastàs mo bà aŋ sinàsábi ko sa iyò? Do you understand what I am saying to you? Similarly: ágaw, akiyàt, alaála, ampàt, gawàʾ, háŋoʾ, híla.

5439. Similarly, the direct passive may correspond regularly to the active of the type in § 437 and denote an object directly affected by an action which has been (successfully) completed by an actor.

Naáso ko nà sa boo ŋ báyan aŋ bátaʾ. I have hunted and 10called the child all over town. Nabálot ko nà aŋ maŋa librò. I have already wrapped up the books. Nabása ku nà aŋ diyáriyo. I have finished reading the paper. Nahampàs ko nà aŋ bátaʾ. I have already whipped the child. Nahánap na nyà aŋ librò. He has already looked for the book. Napatày ku nà aŋ manòk. I 15have already killed the chicken. Kapag napùpútol na nyà aŋ púno-ŋ-káhoy ay saká mo hatákin aŋ lúbid na nakatáli sa saŋà nitò. When he is getting the tree cut, then do you pull at the rope that is tied to the branch. Natipìd nya aŋ pagkáin naŋ kánin. He has been saving of the rice. Natípon ko nà aŋ maŋa 20dáhon. I have already heaped up the leaves. Natísod ku nà aŋ bakyàʾ. I have kicked off the sandal. Naúnat ku nà aŋ baluktòt na káwad na ibinigày mu sa ákin. I have straightened the bent wire you gave me. Nausísà ku nà si Hwàn. I have already questioned Juan. Similarly from: ágaw, gawàʾ, ípon, íwan, líbot, 25sákop, siyásat.

440. We come now to direct passives which do not correspond regularly to any active; these have their own abstracts with pagka-.

The commonest type expresses an object which undergoes or 30has undergone a process due to an inanimate actor or to no actor in particular; it differs from the simple direct passive in the involuntary and often perfectic nature of the action. Nabáleʾ aŋ saŋà naŋ káhoy. The branch of the tree is broken. Aŋ túlis naŋ lápis ay nabáleʾ. The point of the pencil is broken. Hwag mò ŋ 35ilagay dyàn aŋ palatòn, sapagkàt baká mabásag. Don’t put the plate there, for it might get broken. Aŋ kanila ŋ kàínan ay nagambála sa pagdatìŋ naŋ maŋa pulìs. Their dinner-party broke up when the police arrived. Aŋ boo ŋ báyan ay nagulò. The whole town became riotous. Naháteʾ aŋ mansánas. The apple is 40in halves. Nalagòt aŋ lúbid. The rope broke. Aŋ kanya ŋ dalíriʾ ay napásoʾ. His finger is blistered. Napatìd aŋ lúbid. The rope broke. Aŋ batò ŋ hasaàn ay napiráso. The whetstone went to pieces. Napitas nà aŋ maŋa bulaklàk. The flowers have been picked. Napùpútol aŋ maŋa saŋà naŋ káhoy sa lakàs naŋ háŋin. The branches of the trees are being broken off by the force of the wind. Napútol nà aŋ káhoy. The tree has been cut down. Napútol aŋ dúlo naŋ káhoy. The end of the log is cut off. Napútol 5aŋ saŋà naŋ káhoy. The branch of the tree broke off. Nasáyaŋ aŋ trabáho ni Hwàn. Juan’s work went for naught. Aŋ búkid ay nasíraʾ. The field is waste. Similarly, from: áriʾ, bágo, buwàl, dílat, gúmon, hinòg, laglàg, lamòg, láon, páwiʾ, punòʾ, puròl, súnog, tápos, úbos, utàs, walàʾ, yáriʾ.

10The abstract is regular: daàn, hinòg, lagòt, pások, súnog, walàʾ.

441. The passive is used, further, to denote the animate performer of an involuntary act, which, then, is looked upon rather as an undergoing than as a performing.

15This is the clearest where the subject is undergoing an emotion or sensation: Naáwà si Hwàn sa pulúbe. Juan pitied the beggar. Aŋ báta ŋ si Hwàn ay nadúduŋò. Little Juan is bashful. Naginàw sya sa kanya ŋ pagpalígoʾ. He got cold while taking his bath. Akú y nagùgútom. I am hungry; isa ŋ táo ŋ nagùgútom 20a hungry person. Nahàhápis siyà. He is sad. Nahíhiyá ka bà? Are you ashamed? Nahíhiyá sya. He is ashamed. Akù y nailàŋ. I was nonplussed, I didn’t know what to do. Akò y naíinip nà naŋ paghihintày kay Hwàn. I am impatient with waiting for Juan. Sya y nalímaŋ sa kanya ŋ pagbílaŋ. He got confused in 25his reckoning. Sya nalúluŋkòt. He is sorry. Akò y naùúhaw. I am thirsty. So: bagábag, gálit, libàŋ, tákot, tuwàʾ.

This form is used also of processes of life, especially physiological and morbid: Nalumpò syà. He got lame. Napípe sya. He got dumb. So: naáriʾ got the ability, nabáo got widowed, nabúhay 30lived, naíŋay was noisy, nakinìg heard, nalúnod got drowned, namatày died, natúlog slept.

It is used, finally, in nahúlog fell (from a place to the ground), and, strangely enough, for two voluntary actions which consist of a relaxing of the muscles: Sya y nahigàʾ He lay 35down. Sya y nahíhigàʾ. He was in the act of lying down. Naupó sya sa baŋkòʾ. He sat down on the bench. Naúupó sya sa taburéte. He was in the act of sitting down on the stool.

Further, irregularly, in: Sya y nalígoʾ. He took a bath. Sya y nanáog. He came down from the house. See § 488,c.

40Abstracts: Aŋ pagkaáwà ni Hwàn sa pulúbe Juan’s pity for the beggar. aŋ pagkabátaʾ one’s childhood. aŋ pagkabúhay ni Hesùs the resurrection of Jesus. Aŋ pagkagúlat ni Hwána ay sya nyà ŋ ipinagkasakìt. Juana’s scare was what made her sick. Pagkalúnod naŋ Kastílaʾ ay lumáyas aŋ maŋa estudyànte. When the Spaniard had got drowned, the students hurried away. aŋ kanya ŋ pagkamatày his death. aŋ kanya ŋ pagkasála sa siŋsìŋ. his missing the ring. Pagkaupú nya sa baŋkòʾ ay minulàn nya 5aŋ pagkukwènto sa maŋa bátaʾ. When she had sat down on the bench, she began her story-telling to the children. So: áriʾ, hápis, húlog, litò, lóko, pípi, tákot, tálo, ulòl.

442. An explicit plural of both active and direct passive is formed by the infixation of -aŋ- into the prefix.

10In the active the syllable after this infix often receives a secondary accent: Naŋàkaupú na silà sa pagkáin, naŋ kamì ay dumatìŋ. They had already sat down to their meal when we arrived. So also from: bitàw, biyábit.

With reduplication of the ka- instead of root initial: Naŋàkàkaupó 15silà sa pagkáin. They are able to sit up for their meals.

Direct passive: Aŋ dinala nyà ŋ maŋa manòk ay naŋamatày. The chickens he brought all died. Naŋapútol aŋ tubò sa lakàs naŋ bagyò. The sugar-cane broke under the strength of the typhoon. Naŋapùpútol aŋ karamíhan naŋ tubò naŋ kasalukúyan 20aŋ bagyò. During the typhoon most of the sugar-cane got broken. So from: bulòk, íwan, lúnod, luŋkòt, tákot, tuwàʾ.

443. From a compound word, passive: nasawi-ŋ-pálad (sawì ŋ pálad).

From a derived word, active: makataanàn (taanàn, § 378).

25444. Accent shift is due to the root. Si Pédro ay nakaayàw nà. Pedro has left the table. So from ábot, sákit.

Passive: Naabut nyà aŋ ilawàn. He managed to reach the lamp. Hindí nya maabùt aŋ itlòg. He can’t reach the egg. Aŋ báta ŋ si Hwàn ay nabábahày. Little Juan is shy.

30Abstract: Pagkaabòt naŋ bátà naŋ kanyà ŋ laruwàn ay tumakbò sya ŋ agàd. After reaching for his toys, the boy at once ran.

445. With pag- before the root, this active is made from roots whose primary active has mag-. The reduplication affects either the ka-, or the pag-, or the root initial: makà-ka-pag- or maka-pà-pag- or maka-pag- R.

35Aŋ bátaʾ ay nakapagdalà naŋ káhoy. The boy managed to bring the wood. Aŋ bátaʾ ay nakapagdádalà (or: nakàkapagdalà, or: nakapàpagdalà) naŋ káhoy. The boy is able to bring the wood. Nakàkapaglasìŋ si Ánoŋ, káhit na sya y hindí binàbayáan naŋ kanya ŋ asáwa na makapagpabilè naŋ álak. Anong manages to 40get drunk, even though his wife does not allow him to have liquor purchased for him. Nakapagpútol na si Hwàn naŋ káhoy. Juan has finished cutting wood. Nakapagpùpútol nà si Hwàn naŋ káhoy. Juan is already able to cut wood. Hindí makapagpútol naŋ káhoy si Hwàn, dahilàn sa súgat nya sa kamày. Juan cannot cut wood, on account of the wound on his hand.

Similarly: antòk, áral, bíhis, ligtàs, mísa, nákaw, pasiyàl, sábi, salitàʾ, tágoʾ, takà.

5446. Direct passive: ma-pag-; ma-pag- R or ma-pà-pag-. Hindí ko mapagáyos aŋ maŋa damìt na itò. I can’t straighten out these clothes. Mapàpagáyos nya aŋ maŋa lipàs sa úso ŋ damìt na itò. She will be able to fix these out-of-date clothes. Hindí ko mapagkúroʾ kuŋ anò aŋ íbig nya ŋ sabíhin. I couldn’t make 10out what he wanted to say. Naŋ mapagkúrò ni Hwàn kuŋ anò aŋ maŋyàyári, ay hindí nya itinúloy aŋ kanya ŋ bálak. When Juan saw what was going to happen, he did not carry out his plan. Hindí ko mapagkúro aŋ kahulugàn naŋ súlat na itò. I can’t get at the meaning of this letter. Napagtalastàs ko aŋ maŋa sinàsábi 15mo sa iyo ŋ súlat. I understand all you say in your letter. Napagtátalastàs (or: napàpagtalastàs) kò aŋ íbig mo ŋ sabíhin. I understand what you mean.

447. maka-pag- (1), cf. § 353. Naŋ nakapaghanap syà ay umuwé sya sa kanya ŋ báhay. When he had finished searching, 20he went home. Kuŋ makapaghanap syà ay úuwé sya. When he has finished searching, he will go home.

448. maka-paŋ-, corresponding to maŋ-, § 357. Nakàkapaŋhiràm kamì naŋ kwaltà kay Áli ŋ Kulása. We can borrow money from Aunt Nicolasa. Makàkapaŋhiràm ka ŋ wala ŋ sála kay 25Hwàn naŋ isa ŋ sombréro. You will surely be able to borrow a hat from Juan. Nakapaŋàŋabáyo sya ŋ patayòʾ, sapagkàt hindí gulatìn aŋ kanya ŋ kabáyo. He is able to ride standing up, because his horse is not given to shying.

Abstract: pagkapaŋákoʾ (ákoʾ).

30(a) The root is reduplicated for plurality: Aŋ pagkapaŋhaháraŋ nila Hwán ay hindí nila sána magawàʾ, kuŋ hindí sa karamíhan naŋ táo nila na máy barìl. The highway robberies by Juan and his gang could not have been perpetrated by them, if it had not been for the number of them that had guns.

35(b) From a derived word: makapaŋináin (kináin, §§ 365, 357,a).

449. ma- D; expressive of slow activity: Hindí sya mamatày-matày. He is lingering on the death-bed. Aŋ pàgakpákan naŋ maŋa táo ay hindí matápus-tápus. The applause of the people 40could find no end.

450. In the instrumental passive, which seems to occur only with pag- and paŋ-, the i- follows the ma-: Aŋ pagkàtáwag naŋ kúra sa maŋa pulìs ay hindí nya ikinabúte, sapagkàt silà y kàkauntí lámaŋ úpaŋ maipagtaŋgòl sya sa maŋa magnanákaw. The priest’s having called in the police did him no good, for they were too few to defend him from the thieves.

With paŋ-: naipaŋáŋanàk (anàk, cf. § 357).

5451. The local passive has the prefix ma- and the suffix (1) -an.

Namatayàn sina Hwàn. Someone has died in Juan’s family. Namatayàn sa báhay ni Hwàn. There has been a death in Juan’s house. Naputúlan si Hwàn naŋ dalíreʾ sa pagpapalákad naŋ mákina. 10Juan got a finger cut off in running the machine. Napùputúlan naŋ médiko aŋ maŋa táo naŋ kanila ŋ kamày o paà kuŋ kayiláŋan. When necessary, people get their hands or feet cut off by a doctor. Mapùputúlan ka naŋ dalírìʾ, pag hindí ka nagíŋat sa iyo ŋ pagtatrabáho sa mákina ŋ iyàn. You will get your 15finger cut off, if you aren’t careful about the way you work that machine. Nasakyàn ko nà aŋ kabáyo ŋ bara-barà. I have succeeded in mounting the wild horse. Naskyàn ko nà aŋ baŋka ŋ itò. I have already been in this canoe. Nawalàn naŋ málay aŋ babáye sa kanyà ŋ paghihimatày. The woman lost consciousness 20in her swoon.

Similarly: báliʾ, bukàs, halìk, hírap, láon, límot, luwàt, patìd, pílit, sákit, síraʾ, siyà, súbok, súgat, suŋgàb, tagàl, tandàʾ, úbos.

(a) bitìw lacks accent shift: mabitíwan, cf. § 374,b.

452. Local passive with explicative pag-: Hindí námin mapaglagarían 25naŋ káhoy aŋ kabáyo ŋ káhoy na ginawá mo. We cannot saw wood on the saw-buck you have made. Napagputúlan námin naŋ kawáyan aŋ bágo ŋ gawá mo ŋ kabáyo ŋ káhoy. We were able to cut bamboo on the sawbuck you have just made.

453. Special static words resembling the active; the following 30occur: Si Bantùg ay isa ŋ táo ŋ makabáyan. Bantog is a patriotic man. damò ŋ makahyàʾ the sensitive plant, Mimosa pudica.

Of irregular use are makalawà (§ 262,8), and makatuwìd (tuwìd).

35(a) From a word of this kind an active with mag- is derived in: nagmàmakaáwaʾ provoking pity (as though from makaáwaʾ).

(b) The abstract is like a special static word in: Aŋ bigàs ay sya ŋ pinakamahalagà ŋ pagkabúhay naŋ táo sa Filipínas. Rice is the most important staple food in the Philippines. Cf. 40also pagkaráka, § 265,9.

454. ma- forms special static words denoting that which by nature or circumstance possesses such and such, usually a quality. Maalikabok nà aŋ mésa. The table is dusty already. Maásim aŋ súka ŋ itò. This wine is sour. aŋ púno-ŋ-káhoy na mabábaʾ a low tree; isa ŋ mabába ŋ táo a humble person. Aŋ labàŋ ay mabábaw. The trough of the manger is shallow. Madálaŋ aŋ maŋa lindòl 5díto. Earthquakes are rare here. Sya y isa ŋ ginoò ŋ magálaŋ. He is a polite gentleman. Maginháwa aŋ umupó sa sìlya ŋ itò. This chair is comfortable to sit in. Si Maryà ay isa ŋ babáye ŋ mapúri. Maria is a decent woman. Maluwàŋ aŋ báro ŋ itò. This blouse is too loose. matamìs sweet, aŋ matamìs sugar. Matipìd na 10bátaʾ si Hwàn. Juan is a saving child.

The plural is made with ma- r: Aŋ maŋa táo sa báyan ay mahuhúsay sumunòd sa kautusàn. The people of the town are all good law-abiders.

These forms are made from so many roots that the Index will 15be as convenient as a list.

Derivatives: §§ 352,c. 353,a.b. 370. 499,a. 500,b.

(a) Note masiyádo excessive, extreme, as though from a root -siyádo (and so listed), still felt by Mr. Santiago to be from Spanish demasiado.

20(b) Accent shift due to the root in masakìt.

(c) From derived words: Aŋ pagtayú sa bubuŋàn ay mapaŋánib. It is dangerous to stand on the roof. So from kasalánan (§ 423), kabuluhàn (§ 422).

455. ma-pag- someone given to doing so and so: Aŋ inà ni 25Pédro ay mapagbigày sa kanya ŋ maŋa kaululàn. Pedro’s mother always gives in to his foolishness. Sya y mapagtipìd. He is very economical. So from: gawàʾ, kumpisàl, simbà, siyásat, usísaʾ.

(a) From a phrase, probably: Aŋ táo ŋ si Hwàn ay mapagpáku-m-babàʾ. That man Juan is overmodest (páko ŋ babàʾ low 30peg?).

(b) With accent shift: Mapaghunì aŋ maŋa kabáyo ŋ itò, kanya hindí dápat dalhìn sa labanàn. These horses are given to neighing and therefore should not be taken to war. So also: mapagawày.

35456. In the same sense, but transitive in value, ma-paŋ-: mapaŋgúlat given to surprising or frightening people, mapaŋhágis given to flinging things; Aŋ táo ŋ si Hwàn ay mapaŋhiràm. The fellow Juan is a great borrower. mapaŋhiyàʾ given to embarrassing people. mapamukòl given to throwing things. So from: 40hilìŋ, matà.

457. In similar meanings, with suffix -in:

(a) ma- S -in: So magustúhin, masùnúrin.

(b) ma- (2) -in: Aŋ maŋa táo y hindí maibigìn sa pagkakàsála. People are not fond of sinning.

5458. The transients with kà- refer to accidental actions. The active has the forms: makà-, makà- R, nakà-, nakà- R, but the reduplication sometimes affects the kà- instead of the root initial. The abstract has pagkà-. The meanings are various, much like those of maka-.

10459. The active sometimes expresses an inanimate object as the agent of an accidental action: Aŋ guntìŋ naŋ maŋgagamòt ay nakágupit naŋ isa ŋ ugàt na malakè, kanyàʾ namatày aŋ kanya ŋ ginágamòt. The physician’s scissors accidentally cut a large artery, in consequence of which his patient died. Similarly, from 15gísiŋ, háwa.

460. More frequent is a rational actor of an accidental action; as such is viewed any action the exact form of which is out of the actor’s control. Si Pédro ay nakàháwak naŋ káwad na mày elektrisidàd. Pedro got hold of a charged wire. Hindí nya kilalà 20aŋ maŋa kwayanà ŋ iyòn, kaniyà nakàpútol sya naŋ sa iba ŋ táwo ŋ kawáyan. As he did not know those bamboo-groves, he inadvertently cut some bamboo that belonged to other people. Sundan mò silà sa kawayanàn, sapagkàt baká sila nakàpùpútol naŋ kawáya ŋ hindí nasàsákop naŋ áti ŋ lúpaʾ. Follow them to the 25bamboo-grove, for they may be cutting some bamboo that is not included in our land. Hwàn, usisáin mo ŋ mabúti aŋ haŋgáhan naŋ kawayanàn, bágo ka tumagá naŋ kawáyan, sapagkàt baká ka makàpútol naŋ kawáya ŋ hindí átin. Juan, find out exactly the borders of the bamboo-grove before you cut any bamboo, for else 30you might cut some bamboo that is not ours. Pího ŋ makàpùpútol silà naŋ kawáya ŋ hindí sakòp naŋ lúpaʾ, kapag hindí mo sila pinakialamàn, sapagkàt aŋ haŋgáhan naŋ lúpa ŋ iyòn ay lubhà ŋ balú-baluktòt. They will surely cut some bamboo not included in the piece of ground, if you don’t look after them, for the boundary 35of the land is very irregular. Nakàtísod akò naŋ isa ŋ áhas. I hit a snake with my foot. Nakàtúlog si Hwàn sa báhay na gibà-gibàʾ. Juan hit upon a broken-down house as a place to sleep in, was constrained by circumstances to sleep in a broken-down house. Nakàusísà sya naŋ nawalà ŋ kwaltà. It came to her mind to inquire 40about the lost money. Nakàusísà sya naŋ isa ŋ táo ŋ nakààalàm naŋ líhim. He happened to ask a man who knew the secret. Similarly: bilì, daàn, inòm, káin, súlat, tagpòʾ.

Abstract: In the abstract the element of accident often takes the form of expressing the way something turned out. Limàŋ aŋ pagkàbílaŋ nya sa maŋa itlòg na itò. His count of these eggs has turned out wrong. Aŋ pagkágawá ni Hwána sa páyoŋ ay masamàʾ. The umbrella Juana made turned out poorly. Aŋ pagkágupìt 5sa úlo naŋ bátaʾ ay hindí pantày-pantày. The boy’s hair-cut isn’t (hasn’t turned out) even. Aŋ pagkàháti naŋ mansánas ay hindí parého. The halving of the apple is not exact. Aŋ pagkàísip nya sa bugtòŋ ay hindi támaʾ. His guess at the riddle is not correct. Aŋ pagkálagok nyà sa itlòg ay kanya ŋ pinagsisíhan. 10He repented his having (in a moment of weakness) swallowed the egg. Aŋ pagkàpások ni Hwàn naŋ tapòn sa bóte ay malálim. Juan got the cork too deep into the bottle. Aŋ pagkápatay sa magnanákaw ay hindí sinadyàʾ. The killing of the thief was not done on purpose. Aŋ pagkápatay sa manòk ay masamàʾ. This chicken 15has not been slaughtered in the proper manner. Aŋ pagkàpútol naŋ páloŋ naŋ kátiyaw ay hindí sagàd. The cock’s comb is not cut off clean. Aŋ pagkátahul naŋ áso ay sya ŋ inilalá naŋ sakìt nya sa lalamúnan. The dog’s barking made the pain in its throat worse. Aŋ pagkátanaw kò sa púno-ŋ-káhoy ay itò y may madidilàw 20na dáhon. The way I looked at that tree made it seem as if it had yellow leaves. Aŋ kanya ŋ pagkátayòʾ (or: pagkátindìg) ay dahilàn sa kanya ŋ pagkàgúlat. He jumped to his feet because of his surprise. Aŋ pagkàtípon naŋ maŋa dáho ŋ itò ay hindí mabúte. These leaves have not been well heaped up. So from: 25bendisiyòn, bitbìt, hampàs, higàʾ, páloʾ, tágoʾ, tirà, upòʾ.

461. The active may denote a rational actor successful, thanks to outer circumstances, in such and such an action. Nakáhampas aŋ báta ŋ si Hwàn naŋ isa ŋ tutubè. Little Juan succeeded in hitting a dragon-fly with his whip. Nakàháte si Hwàn 30naŋ maŋa mansánas. Juan got a chance to divide up the apples. Nakàkàkapá sya naŋ isa ŋ palakàʾ. He has got hold of a frog (as, in grasping for frogs in mud-holes). Nakàpána akò naŋ usà. I hit a deer with an arrow. Nakàtípun nà akò naŋ maŋa dáhon, naŋ pumaròn si Tátay. By the time Father got there, I had already 35had time to get some leaves heaped up. So also: ágaw, hiŋìʾ, sáli.

Abstract: Aŋ pagkàbúhay naŋ médiko sa kay Hwàn ay isà ŋ malakì ŋ ikinatwá naŋ kanya ŋ kababáyan. The doctor’s saving of Juan’s life was a cause of great gladness to his fellow-townsmen. Aŋ pagkàtáwag nyà sa médiko ŋ nagligtàs naŋ búhay naŋ kanya 40ŋ anàk ay dahilàn sa pagkàgámit nya naŋ teléfono. His chance of calling the doctor who saved his child’s life was due to the use he was enabled to make of the telephone. Aŋ nagìŋ pagkágupit nyà sa makapàl na damìt ay naŋyáre dahilàn sa paggámit nya naŋ guntìŋ naŋ láta. The fact that he was able to cut the thick cloth was due to his using the tin-shears. Aŋ pagkáhampas nyà sa maŋa bátàʾ ay dahilàn sa kahabáan naŋ kanya ŋ pamáloʾ. He can hit the children 5because of the length of his stick. Aŋ pagkàháraŋ kina Hwàn ay sya nilà ŋ ikinawalá naŋ kanila ŋ salapèʾ. Juan and his party’s having been held up was what deprived them of their money. Aŋ pagkàháti nya sa tubù ay hindí maŋyàyáre kuŋ gumámit sya naŋ mapurùl na gúlok. He would not have been able to slice the sugar-cane 10down its length (as a game or trick), if he had used a dull bolo. Pagkàísip nya kuŋ anò aŋ dápat nya ŋ gawìn sa magnanákaw na nàhúli nya, ay ginawá nya iyòn agàd. When he had at last hit upon the idea of what to do with the thief he had caught, he immediately carried it out. Naŋhináyaŋ aŋ boo ŋ báyan sa 15pagkápatay kay Risàl naŋ maŋa Kastílaʾ. The whole country mourned over the killing of Rizal by the Spaniards. Aŋ ámi ŋ pagkásakay sa baŋkàʾ ay syà ŋ nagligtàs sa ámi ŋ búhay. Our having been able to get into the canoe is what saved our lives. Aŋ pagkàsúnog naŋ maŋa magnanákaw sa báyan ay pinarusáhan naŋ 20gubyèrno. The thieves’ burning the town was punished by the government. Aŋ pagkátayo naŋ isa ŋ báhay-pàmahaláa ŋ batò ay dahilàn sa pagpapaalaála ni Hwàn naŋ paŋánib sa súnog. The fact that a stone government-building came after all to be built, was due to Juan’s calling attention to the danger from fire. Anu 25ŋ pagkátipid ni Hwàn! How saving Juan has been! So from: sábi, táwag.

462. The active is used of certain acts of sensation whose occurrence is out of the control of the subject: aŋ nakàkìkilála, aŋ nakàkàkilála one who has got knowledge of a person or thing, has 30come to know his habits, recognizes his nature. Aŋ pagkàgúlat ni Hwána ay syà ŋ ikinátawà naŋ marámi ŋ nakàkàkíta. Juana’s astonishment amused many who saw it. With kilála compare nakáramdàm felt; with kíta, nakàmálay, nakátanàw, and nakárinìg heard.

35Abstract: Malínaw aŋ pagkàkíta ko sa naŋyáre. I had a clear view of what took place. So: dinìg, masìd, tanàw.

463. The direct passive has the forms mà-, mà- R, nà-, nà- R.

It may correspond regularly to the active type in § 460, and 40denote an object undergoing an accidental action of a rational actor.

Nàáso ko sa boo ŋ báyan aŋ bátaʾ, káhit na hindí ko gustò. I was forced to go shouting after the child all over town, though I didn’t like to do it. Hindí mu ba nàbása sa diyáriyo aŋ tuŋkùl sa súnog? Haven’t you come across the details of the fire in the paper? Baká mo màbásag, Hwána, iyà ŋ pinaglàlaruwan mò ŋ 5kandeléro. See that you don’t break that candlestick you’re playing with, Juana. Nádala nyà naŋ hindí sinásadyàʾ sa kanya ŋ pagalìs aŋ áki ŋ páyoŋ. When he went away he inadvertently carried off my umbrella. Nàgambála ku aŋ pagaáral ni Hwàn dahilàn sa áki ŋ pagdatìŋ na walá sa óras. I disturbed Juan in 10his studying by my untimely arrival. Nàgámit ni Hwàn aŋ áki ŋ, sombréro dahilàn sa kanyà ŋ pagmamadalí naŋ pagalìs. Juan used my hat in the haste of his departure. Nàgísiŋ nya sa kanya ŋ pagiiŋày aŋ maŋa bátaʾ. What with his racket he woke up the children. Náhampàs naŋ hindí sinásadyá ni Pédro aŋ bábuy naŋ 15kanya ŋ kápit-báhay. Pedro inadvertently hit his neighbor’s hog with his whip. Nàíwan din nyà sa ákin aŋ kanyà ŋ anàk, káhit na itò y áyaw nya ŋ gawìn. She was also forced to leave her child with me, although she disliked to do this. Nápatày ko naŋ barìl-barílan aŋ manòk. I accidentally killed the chicken with my toy-gun. 20Kánin mo aŋ milòn, kuŋ iyu ŋ gustò, o kayàʾ aŋ ságiŋ, kuŋ sya mo itò ŋ nàpìpíleʾ.—Nàpìpíli ko aŋ milòn. Eat the banana, if you like, or the melon, if you prefer it.—I prefer the melon. Nápitas nyà aŋ bulaklàk naŋ hindí sinásadyàʾ. She picked the flower without intending to. Nàpútol ko naŋ hindí sinásadyàʾ aŋ lúbid na 25itò. I chanced, without intending it, to cut this string. Baká mo màsíraʾ, Hwàn, aŋ patágo sa iyù ŋ kwàlta naŋ iyu ŋ kapatìd. See to it, Juan, that you don’t do away with your brother’s money that is entrusted to you. Nàusísà ni Hwána aŋ inumìt na siŋsìŋ naŋ kanyà ŋ kapatìd. Juana happened to inquire for the ring her 30sister had filched. So from: aŋkìn, búlag, bútas, hábol, patày, púlot.

464. The direct passive may correspond regularly to the active described in § 461, and denote an object undergoing an action which a rational actor was enabled to perform by virtue of 35outer circumstances.

Aŋ úlo ni Hwàn ay nàbìbílog naŋ kanya ŋ kalaròʾ. Juan’s playmates are succeeding in making a fool of him (literally: in rounding his head). Nágupit nyà aŋ makapàl na damìt. It turned out that he was able to cut the thick cloth. Hindí ku màípon 40aŋ maŋa karáyum na naŋàsábug sa lúpaʾ. I did not succeed in gathering up all the needles that were scattered over the floor. Hindí ko mápatay aŋ púsa ŋ itò. I cannot kill this cat (i.e. its life is tough, it gets away, etc.) Kapag nàpútol mo aŋ bákal na iyàn, ikàw ay makawáwalàʾ. If you can get a chance to cut through that iron, you can make your escape. Nàpútol nya aŋ káhoy. He got the wood cut all right. Hindí nya màpútol aŋ leèg naŋ manòk. He couldn’t get the chicken’s neck cut through. 5Màpùpútol na raw nyà aŋ púno naŋ káhoy na nabwàl. He says he will be in a position to cut through the tree that has fallen. aŋ kanyà ŋ násiŋìl the money he was able to collect. Similarly, from: bálot, gawàʾ, húli, kúha, kúlam, nákaw, pitàs, sábi, taàs, táwag.

465. Similarly, the direct passive is regularly used to correspond 10to the active in § 462, of objects of sensation. Nàkilála ko si Hwàn doòn sa sàwáyan. I got acquainted with Juan at that dance. So from: alaála, dinìg, inò, kíta, málas, pansìn.

466. Other uses of the direct passive do not regularly correspond to any active, cf. § 440 f.; these have their own abstract 15with pagkà-.

The direct passive is used to denote an object which has accidentally got into such and such a condition; the actor is either indifferent or entirely lacking. There seems to be no abstract principle clearly separating this form from the passive with na- 20described in § 440; where position of the object is involved, the accidental form is preferred.

Nàbúte aŋ kanyà ŋ pagkatákot. His fear reached a high point. Aŋ kanya ŋ baŋkà y patúŋo sa bandà ŋ kalunúran, dátapuwat pagkaraàn naŋ ilà ŋ sandalìʾ ay náiba aŋ kanya ŋ bandáhin. 25His canoe was headed toward the west, but after a while his direction changed. Aŋ ìnumínan naŋ báhay ay dápat málagay sa lugàr na malílim. The shelf for drinking-water of a house should be in a shady place. Násakay sa trèn aŋ ipinahatìd mo ŋ maŋa dalaŋhítaʾ. The tangerines you sent have been shipped. Nàtúlin aŋ pagpapadulàs 30naŋ báta ŋ si Hwàn sa pútek. Juan’s sliding on the mud got faster and faster (in spite of him).