5233. Certain particles used as absolute attributes always precede that modified. They fall into two groups: (A) regular closely joined modifiers, and (B) particles which immediately precede single words or short phrases.

234. (A) The closely joined particles usually receive regular 10treatment, being followed, for instance, by enclitics. Occasionally, however, the feeling seems to be that the particle is, as it were, placed before the whole sentence; in this case a non-enclitic subject or a loosely joined attribute or a second closely joined attribute may follow the particle, and the last-named may (instead 15of the particle) be followed by some or all of the enclitics.

In the case of huwàg (§ 240) we meet for the first time alternation of absolute and conjunctive attribution, which mostly follows the principle that the latter construction is used where ŋ (as opposed to na) is possible (§ 122).

20235. bakàʾ is expressive of an undesired contingency; it is the negative of wishes and fears: Baká ka maputúlan naŋ dalíriʾ, Hwàn. You might get your finger cut off, Juan, i. e. See that you don’t ... or I hope you won’t.... Baká nya ikátawà aŋ iyo ŋ sàsabíhin. Perhaps what you intend to say will only make 25him laugh. Baká táyu aŋ pagbintaŋàn naŋ páreʾ. I am afraid the priest may suspect us. See § 317.

236. bákit why? Bákit ka naparíto? Why have you come here? Bákit mo inakálaʾ...? Why do you think...? Bákit hindí ka magáral...? Why don’t you learn...?

30237. dìʾ not is often used instead of hindìʾ (§ 239) before shorter expressions: dí maláyoʾ not far, dí karanyúwan unusual, Si Hwàn ay dí natákot na sumakày. Juan was not afraid to mount. See § 301.

238. gayòn (§ 190), in this use always followed by dìn 35(§ 218), also, furthermore: Sya y isa ŋ táo ŋ may kauntì ŋ talíno at gayon dìn may kauntì ŋ tápaŋ. He was a man of some cleverness and also of some courage.

239. hindìʾ not is used where the specific negatives áyaw (§ 267), bakàʾ (§ 235), huwàg (§ 240), and walàʾ (§§ 61. 81. 89) 40are not applicable. Occasionally it is replaced by dìʾ (§ 237). Hindìʾ. No. Hindí akò. (It is, was) not I; I don’t, didn’t, etc. Hindí bále. It doesn’t matter. Hindí ko nàlàláman. I don’t know. Hindí ko sya nàkíta. I didn’t see him. Hindí ko mabása iyàn. I can’t read that. Aŋ túnay na lakì naŋ buwàn ay hindí sya ŋ nàkìkíta naŋ maŋa táo kuŋ gabè. The real size of the moon is not 5that which people see at night. aŋ kanya ŋ tákot na baká hindí nya abúta ŋ buhày aŋ kanya ŋ inìíbig his fear that (perhaps) he should not see his loved one alive.

Hindìʾ negates only the material part of a word, not its grammatical (affixal) elements: Aŋ kamahalàn naŋ manòk ay sya ŋ hindí 10ikabilì nitò naŋ marámi ŋ táo. The high price of chicken is that which not causes-to-buy it many people, i. e. causes many people not to buy it; the idea of buying is the material element of i-ka-bilì (see Morphology); the causal idea, which is expressed by the prefixes i-ka- is not negated. Aŋ pagkukublì naŋ maŋa sundálo ay 15siyà nilà ŋ hindí ikinamatày. The hiding of the soldiers is what caused them not to be killed, i. e. saved them from death.

Note hindí rìn (§ 218) also not, nor, and gayòn dìn hindìʾ (§ 238): Aŋ dalága ŋ si Mariyà y sumayàw sa bála ŋ táo ŋ humilìŋ sa kanyà sa sàyáwa ŋ pinaroonàn niya kagabè: sya y hindí 20namíli naŋ kanya ŋ sinamáhan at hindí rin namàn namíli naŋ tugtòg na kanya ŋ sinayawàn; gayon dìn hindí nya ininò aŋ bílaŋ at aŋ kadalasàn naŋ kanyà ŋ pagsayàw. Miss Maria danced with any man that asked her at the dance to which she went last night: she chose neither her partners nor the music to which she danced; 25nor did she mind the number and the frequency of her dances. See §§ 228. 237. 301. 319.

240. huwàg, hwàg is the negative of commands, purpose, obligation. Where ŋ is possible conjunctive attribution takes the place of absolute: Aŋ haŋàd ay aŋ huwàg bayáa ŋ lumagpàk sa 30lúpà aŋ bóla. The aim is not to let the ball fall to the ground. (46, ₃₆) Sinàsábi nya ríto na hwàg sunúgin aŋ ámi ŋ báhay. He told them not to burn our house. Aŋ túro sa ákin naŋ mayèstro ay hwàg akò ŋ mapagawày. The teacher’s order to me is that I must not be quarrelsome. Hwag mò ŋ tawánan si Hwàn. Don’t 35laugh at Juan. Hwag kà ŋ umyàk. Don’t cry. Hwag kà, Hwàn, pumásuk na sekréta. Don’t go as a spy, Juan. See § 239.

241. kaniyàʾ, kanyàʾ therefore, as a result, consequently: Bumitìw aŋ bátaʾ sa lúbid, kanyá náparapàʾ aŋ kanyà ŋ kahatakàn. The child let go of the rope, and so the one he was pulling 40against fell. Kanyàʾ hindí tulàʾ aŋ kanya ŋ kinantà. Therefore what he sang was disconnected. Kanyàʾ sa katapusàn ay sinábi nya... Therefore in the end he said.... Occasionally it is loosely joined: Kanyà y sya y umalìs. Therefore he went away. See §§ 295. 324.

242. láloʾ (§ 147), in this use always followed by nà (§ 223), especially, very: Lálù na kuŋ isa ŋ tahòl naŋ áso aŋ makàgísiŋ sa 5kanya, sya y nàpàpaluksò. Especially when the barking of a dog awoke him, he would involuntarily jump. Sya y naŋàŋáin naŋ táo lálù nà naŋ maŋa bátaʾ. It makes its food of people, especially children.

243. sakàʾ after that, then: Pagkà pinapagpùpútol ko nà 10sya naŋ káhoy ay saká sya nagdàdahilà ŋ may sakìt. As soon as I order him to cut wood, (then) he alleges that he is sick.

Especially saká pa lámaŋ (§ 227) only then, not till then: Kapag ipinamùmútol na nya naŋ káhoy aŋ lagáriʾ ay saká mo pa lámaŋ kúnin itò sa kanyà. When he uses the saw for cutting wood, 15only then do you take it from him.

244. tuwèʾ when followed by nà (§ 223) is used as a loosely joined prepositive attribute: every time: Tuwí nà y syà aŋ nagìŋ mánanalò. He turns out victorious every single time. See §§ 307. 317.

20245. (B) The particles of the second group are mechanically prefixed, as it were, to that modified.

246. The pretonic particle báwat every precedes that modified, forming an object expression with or without aŋ (§ 66, end): Báwat marúnuŋ naŋ leksyòn ay makaáalìs pagdatìŋ naŋ alasìŋko. 25Everyone who knows the lesson will be allowed to leave at five o’clock. Aŋ báwat hindí marúnuŋ naŋ leksyòn ay màtìtirà haŋgàŋ alasès. Every one of those who do not know the lesson will have to stay till six o’clock. báwat táo everyone, each person.

247. gaáno, gáno how? (§ 190) is used absolutely before 30words with prefix ka- expressing high degree of a quality (see Morphology and cf. §§ 76. 179): gáno katabàʾ? How fat? gáno kaláyoʾ? How far? Gánu ka na bà kakínis? How clever are you now?

248. The pretonic particle káhit precedes interrogatives and 35isà one absolutely or with na; its force is generalizing, more emphatically than màn (§ 221). The expression so formed is an object expression used with or without aŋ (§ 68): aŋ káhit na síno, aŋ káhit síno, káhit na síno, káhit síno anyone, anyone whatever, no matter who, káhit anò anything whatever, káhit na anu ŋ 40táo any sort of person whatever, káhit na sínu ŋ táo any person whatever, sa káhit alì ŋ bandà in any direction, káhit isà anyone whatever, even one.

These expressions are often strengthened by màn (§ 221) or pà màn (§ 227): Hindí na sya sumakày sa káhit ano pa màn. This time he did not ride on anything. káhit sínu màn anyone at all.

Expressions beginning with káhit have the peculiarity that 5in the two normally conjunctive constructions in which they stand na, ŋ is often omitted before them:

After walàʾ (§ 138): Walá káhit anò. There isn’t a thing. Walá sila káhit anò. They haven’t a thing. So even when walàʾ does not immediately precede: Nàbuksàn aŋ pintú naŋ wala ŋ 10nakàmálay káhit sínu màn. The door came open without anyone noticing it. Walá pa sila ŋ nàhùhúli káhit anò. They had not yet caught anything, literally: anything that was caught. Walá sya ŋ nàlàláman káhit isa ŋ hóta. He did not know a single iota. Occasionally na, ŋ is used: Walá sya ŋ màkíta ŋ táo ŋ káhit anò. 15He saw no person whatever.

As (normally conjunctive, § 149) attribute of time during which: Sya y hindí màtahímik káhit isà ŋ sandalèʾ. He cannot keep quiet even for a single moment. See §§ 253. 294.

249. kápuwàʾ, kápwàʾ fellow-, equally, applied to one of a 20pair, is sometimes used with personal pronouns: in this case it follows (cf. § 129): Si Pédro at si Hwàn ay dalawa ŋ kápwa magnanákaw. Pedro and Juan are two fellow thieves. aŋ kápwa nya magnanákaw his fellow-thief, Kápuwa maínam aŋ tinìg nila ŋ dalawà. The voices of the two are equally pleasant. Kápwa 25sila malakàs. They are equally strong. Sinàsaktan silà kápuwaʾ. They both get hurt. Redundantly: Namílog si Hwàn naŋ úlo naŋ kápwa nya kalaròʾ. Juan fooled (literally: rounded the head of) his (fellow) playmate.

The word modified may be anaphorically omitted: Aŋ táwo 30y hindí dápat sumakìt naŋ kanya ŋ kápwaʾ. One must not injure one’s fellow (sc. táo man).

250. The transient pretonic particle magìŋ and its other transient forms (see Morphology) express that the word or phrase modified is something coming into being, arising, at the time 35specified by the tense-form of the particle: Sya y nagìŋ hukòm. He became judge. aŋ nagìŋ pagkáhulè the falling-behind which arose, Nagìŋ isa syà sa maŋa hindí nátaŋgàp. He turned out to be one of those who were not accepted.

251. The pretonic particle maŋà is the sign of explicit plurality 40with object expressions. It precedes the central element immediately, not even the na, ŋ necessitated by a preceding conjunctive attribute comes between; only ibà may come after maŋà: aŋ kanyà ŋ magúlaŋ, or: aŋ kanyà ŋ maŋa magúlaŋ his, her parents, aŋ maŋa ibà ŋ táo other people. Redundantly: Sa tapàt naŋ báhay ni Pédro ay marámi ŋ maŋa bulaklàk. In front of Pedro’s house there are many flowers. Aŋ áraw ay sya ŋ pinópoon naŋ ilà ŋ maŋa salbáhe sa Áfrika. The sun is worshipped 5by some savages in Africa. And even: aŋ maŋa ilan pà ŋ maŋa tanòŋ several further questions. With maŋà compare the prefix of the same form, see Morphology.

252. The pretonic particle máy belongs here. For examples see §§ 69. 70. 85. 110. 139.

10253. nì pretonic, is a frequent substitute (Spanish) for káhit (§ 245) in negative sentences. The object expressions which begin with it never take aŋ (§ 68): Ní isa y walà ŋ nátira. There isn’t a single one left. Walá ní isa. There isn’t a single one. Nàbuksàn aŋ pintú naŋ wala ŋ nakàmálay nì sínu màn. The door 15came open without anyone noticing it. Walà ŋ nátira ní isa naŋ maŋa péras sa mésa. Not one was left of the pears on the table.

Occasionally nì seems to take the place of naŋ before káhit: Bákit hindí sya makátagpo nì káhit isà naŋ maŋa bágay na itò? Why could he not meet even a single one of these things? Cf. 20§ 319.

254. The pretonic particle tagà, tigà preceding an expression of place forms an expression denoting a person from that place: Sya y isa ŋ taga Kapampáŋan. He is a Pampangan. aŋ taga búkid, aŋ tiga búkid: aŋ isa ŋ táo ŋ túbo sa búkid a country-man: 25a person raised in the country, aŋ mayáma ŋ taga iba ŋ báyan the rich man from another town, stranger, foreigner, aŋ maŋa taga iba t ibà ŋ lupaìn people from various countries. So: taga báyan, tiga báyan townsman, taga Filipínas Filipino, taga Amérika American, taga Espánya Spaniard (beside Amerikáno, 30Kastílaʾ). Cf. in Morphology, the prefix taga-.

255. Numerative pronouns and cardinal numerals are used as absolute attributes before katáo persons, men: sa m pú katáo ten people, ten men; or: sa m pù ŋ táo; Ilàn katáo (or: Ilà ŋ táo) aŋ bumúhat sa báhay? How many men lifted at the house?

35256. The terms of relationship and titles which are treated as personal names (§ 59) precede a name as absolute attributes; after most of those that end in a syllabic, n, or ʾ, ŋ is however used. Some titles occur only in this construction: si Kúya ŋ Pédro my oldest brother Pedro, si Atè Lóleŋ my oldest sister 40Lola, si Iŋkòŋ Píro Grandfather Pedro, si Indà ŋ Hwána, or: si Impò ŋ Hwána Grandmother Juana, si Áli ŋ Maryà, or: si Tiyà Maryà Aunt Maria, si Mà ŋ Andrès Uncle Andrés, Don Andrés, si Ginoò ŋ Polikàrpiyo Mr. Policarpio, si Gíniŋ Màrkes Miss or Mrs. Marques, si Párì Hwàn Father Juan, si Mayèstro ŋ Pédro Teacher Pedro, Master Pedro, si Báo ŋ Mariyà Widow Maria, si nasíra ŋ Mariyà the deceased Maria.