At that very moment Ancæus was told that a wild boar had entered his vineyard; upon which he threw down the cup, and ran to drive away the wild beast. He was killed in the attempt.

Ancalītes, a people of Britain near the Trinobantes. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5, ch. 21.

Ancarius, a god of the Jews. See: Anchialus.

Ancharia, a family of Rome.——The name of Octavia’s mother. Plutarch, Antonius.

Ancharius, a noble Roman killed by the partisans of Marius during the civil wars with Sylla. Plutarch, Marius.

Anchemŏlus, son of Rhœtus king of the Marrubii in Italy, ravished his mother-in-law Casperia, for which he was expelled by his father. He fled to Turnus, and was killed by Pallas son of Evander, in the wars of Æneas against the Latins. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 389.

Anchesītes, a wind which blows from Achisa, a harbour of Epirus. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 7, ltr. 1.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus.

Anchesmus, a mountain of Attica, where Jupiter Anchesmius had a statue.

Anchiăle and Anchiala, a city on the sea coast of Cilicia. Sardanapalus, the last king of Assyria, built it, with Tarsus in its neighbourhood, in one day. Strabo, bk. 14.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27. The founder was buried there, and had a statue, under which was a famous inscription in the Syrian language, denoting the great intemperance and dissipation which distinguished all his life. There was a city of the same name in Thrace, called by Ovid the city of Apollo. There was another in Epirus. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 1, poem 10, li. 36.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 11.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.

Anchiălus, a famous astrologer.——A great warrior, father of Mentes.——One of the Phæacians. Homer, Odyssey.——A god of the Jews, as some suppose, in Martial’s epigrams, bk. 11, ltr. 95.

Anchimolius, a Spartan general sent against the Pisistratidæ, and killed in the expedition. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 63.——A son of Rhœtus. See: Anchemolus.

Anchinoe, a daughter of Nilus and wife of Belus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Anchion. See: Chion.

Anchīse, a city of Italy. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.

Anchīses, a son of Capys by Themis daughter of Ilus. He was of such a beautiful complexion, that Venus came down from heaven on mount Ida, in the form of a nymph, to enjoy his company. The goddess became pregnant, and forbade Anchises ever to mention the favours he had received, on pain of being struck with thunder. The child which Venus brought forth was called Æneas; he was educated as soon as born by the nymphs of Ida, and, when of a proper age, was entrusted to the care of Chiron the centaur. When Troy was taken, Anchises was become so infirm that Æneas, to whom the Greeks permitted to take away whatever he esteemed most, carried him through the flames upon his shoulders, and thus saved his life. He accompanied his son in his voyage towards Italy, and died in Sicily, in the 80th year of his age. He was buried on mount Eryx by Æneas and Acestes king of the country, and the anniversary of his death was afterwards celebrated by his son and the Trojans on his tomb. Some authors have maintained that Anchises had forgot the injunctions of Venus, and boasted at a feast that he enjoyed her favours on mount Ida, upon which he was killed with thunder. Others say that the wounds he received from the thunder were not mortal, and that they only weakened and disfigured his body. Virgil, in the sixth book of the Æneid, introduces him in the Elysian fields, relating to his son the fates that were to attend him, and the fortune of his descendants the Romans. See: Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bks. 1, 2, &c.—Hyginus, fables 94, 254, 260, 270.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 1010.—Apollodorus, bk. 3.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 34.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 20, & Hymn to Aphrodite.—Xenophon, On Hunting, ch. 1.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1, Roman Antiquities.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 12, says that Anchises was buried on a mountain in Arcadia, which, from him, has been called Anchisia.——An Athenian archon. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 8.

Anchīsia, a mountain of Arcadia, at the bottom of which was a monument of Anchises. Pausanias, bk. 8, chs. 12 & 13.

Anchīsiădes, a patronymic of Æneas, as being the son of Anchises. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 348, &c.

Anchoe, a place near the mouth of the Cephisus, where there is a lake of the same name. Strabo.

Anchŏra, a fortified place in Galatia.

Anchūrus, a son of Midas king of Phrygia, who sacrificed himself for the good of his country when the earth had opened and swallowed up many buildings. The oracle had been consulted, and gave for answer, that the gulf would never close, if Midas did not throw into it whatever he had most precious. Though the king had parted with many things of immense value, yet the gulf continued open, till Anchurus, thinking himself the most precious of his father’s possessions, took a tender leave of his wife and family, and leaped into the earth, which closed immediately over his head. Midas erected there an altar of stones to Jupiter, and that altar was the first object which he turned to gold, when he had received his fatal gift from the gods. This unpolished lump of gold existed still in the age of Plutarch. Plutarch, Parallela minora.

Ancīle and Ancy̆le, a sacred shield, which, according to the Roman authors, fell from heaven in the reign of Numa, when the Roman people laboured under a pestilence. Upon the preservation of this shield depended the fate of the Roman empire, and therefore Numa ordered 11 of the same size and form to be made, that if ever any attempt was made to carry them away, the plunderer might find it difficult to distinguish the true one. They were made with such exactness, that the king promised Veterius Mamurius, the artist, whatever reward he desired. See: Mamurius. They were kept in the temple of Vesta, and an order of priests was chosen to watch over their safety. These priests were called Salii, and were 12 in number; they carried, every year on the 1st of March, the shields in a solemn procession round the walls of Rome, dancing and singing praises to the god Mars. This sacred festival continued three days, during which every important business was stopped. It was deemed unfortunate to be married on those days, or to undertake any expedition; and Tacitus, bk. 1, Histories, has attributed the unsuccessful campaign of the emperor Otho against Vitellius to his leaving Rome during the celebration of the Ancyliorum festum. These two verses of Ovid explain the origin of the word Ancyle, which is applied to these shields:

Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 5, ch. 6.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 1.—Juvenal, satire 2, li. 124.—Plutarch, Numa.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 664.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 2.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 20.

Ancon and Ancōna, a town of Picenum, built by the Sicilians, with a harbour in the form of a crescent or elbow (ἀγχων), on the shores of the Adriatic. Near this place is the famous chapel of Loretto, supposed by monkish historians to have been brought through the air by angels, August 10, A.D. 1291, from Judæa, where it was a cottage, inhabited by the virgin Mary. The reputed sanctity of the place has often brought 100,000 pilgrims in one day to Loretto. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 13.—Lucan, bk. 2, li. 402.—Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 437.

Ancus Martius, the fourth king of Rome, was grandson to Numa by his daughter. He waged a successful war against the Latins, Veientes, Fidenates, Volsci, and Sabines, and joined mount Janiculum to the city by a bridge, and inclosed mount Martius and the Aventine within the walls of the city. He extended the confines of the Roman territories to the sea, where he built the town of Ostia, at the mouth of the Tiber. He inherited the valour of Romulus with the moderation of Numa. He died B.C. 616, after a reign of 24 years, and was succeeded by Tarquin the elder. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 3, ch. 9.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 32, &c.—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 4.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 815.

Ancȳræ, a town of Sicily.——A town of Phrygia. Pausanias, bk. 1.

Anda, a city of Africa. Polybius.

Andabătæ, certain gladiators who fought blindfolded, whence the proverb, Andabatarum more, to denote rash and inconsiderate measures. Cicero, bk. 6, Letters to his Friends, ltr. 10.

Andania, a city of Arcadia, where Aristomenes was educated. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 1, &c. It received its name from a gulf of the same name. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 33.

Andegavia, a country of Gaul, near the Turones and the ocean. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 3, ch. 41.

Andēra, a town of Phrygia.

Andes, a nation among the Celtæ, whose chief town is now Anjou. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 2, ch. 35.——A village of Italy, near Mantua, where Virgil was born, hence Andinus. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 595.

Andocĭdes, an Athenian orator, son of Leogoras. He lived in the age of Socrates the philosopher, and was intimate with the most illustrious men of his age. He was often banished, but his dexterity always restored him to favour. Plutarch has written his life in Lives of the Ten Orators. Four of his orations are extant.

Andomătis, a river in India, falling into the Ganges. Arrian.

Andræmon, the father of Thoas. Hyginus, fable 97.——The son-in-law and successor of Œneus. Apollodorus, bk. 1.

Andragrathius, a tyrant defeated by Gratian, A.D. 383, &c.

Andragrăthus, a man bribed by Lysimachus to betray his country, &c. Polyænus, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Andragŏras, a man who died a sudden death. Martial, bk. 6, ltr. 53.

Andramy̆les, a king of Lydia, who castrated women, and made use of them as eunuchs. Athenæus.

Andrēas, a statuary of Argos. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 16.——A man of Panormum, who wrote an account of all the remarkable events that had happened in Sicily. Athenæus.——A son of the Peneus. Part of Bœotia, especially where Orchomenos was built, was called Andreis after him. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 34, &c.

Andriclus, a mountain of Cilicia. Strabo, bk. 14.——A river of Troas, falling into the Scamander. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.

Andriscus, a man who wrote a history of Naxos. Athenæus, bk. 1.——A worthless person called Pseudophilippus, on account of the likeness of his features to king Philip. He incited the Macedonians to revolt against Rome, and was conquered and led in triumph by Metellus, 152 B.C. Florus, bk. 2, ch. 14.

Androbius, a famous painter. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 11.

Androclēa, a daughter of Antipœnus of Thebes. She, with her sister Alcida, sacrificed herself in the service of her country, when the oracle had promised the victory to her countrymen, who were engaged in a war against Orchomenos, if any one of noble birth devoted himself for the glory of his nation. Antipœnus refused to do it, and his daughters cheerfully accepted it, and received great honours after death. Hercules, who fought on the side of Thebes, dedicated to them the image of a lion in the temple of Diana. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 17.

Andrōcles, a son of Phintas, who reigned in Messenia. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 5, &c.——A man who wrote a history of Cyprus.

Androclīdes, a noble Theban, who defended the democratical, against the encroachments of the oligarchical, power. He was killed by one of his enemies.——A sophist in the age of Aurelian, who gave an account of philosophers.

Androclus, a son of Codrus, who reigned in Ionia, and took Ephesus and Samos. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 2.

Androcy̆des, a physician, who wrote the following letter to Alexander:—Vinum potaturus, Rex, memento te bibere sanguinem terræ, sicuti venenum est homini cicuta, sic et vinum. Pliny, bk. 14, ch. 5.

Androdămus. See: Andromadas.

Andrōdus, a slave known and protected in the Roman circus by a lion whose foot he had cured. Aulus Gellius, bk. 5, ch. 15.

Andrŏgeos, a Greek, killed by Æneas and his friends, whom he took to be his countrymen. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 371.

Andrŏgeus, son of Minos and Pasiphae, was famous for his skill in wrestling. He overcame every antagonist at Athens, and became such a favourite of the people, that Ægeus king of the country grew jealous of his popularity, and caused him to be assassinated as he was going to Thebes. Some say that he was killed by the wild bull of Marathon. Minos declared war against Athens to revenge the death of his son, and peace was at last re-established on condition that Ægeus sent yearly seven boys and seven girls from Athens to Crete to be devoured by the Minotaur. See: Minotaurus. The Athenians established festivals by order of Minos, in honour of his son, and called them Androgeia. Hyginus, fable 41.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 20.—Pausanias, bk. 1, chs. 1 & 27.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 3, chs. 1 & 15.—Plutarch, Theseus.

Androgy̆næ, a fabulous nation of Africa, beyond the Nasamones. Every one of them bore the characteristics of the male and female sex; and one of their breasts was that of a man, and the other that of a woman. Lucretius, bk. 5, li. 837.—Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 2.

Andrŏmăche, a daughter of Eetion king of Thebes in Cilicia, married Hector son of Priam king of Troy, by whom she had Astyanax. She was so fond of her husband, that she even fed his horses with her own hand. During the Trojan war she remained at home employed in her domestic concerns. Her parting with Hector, who was going to a battle, in which he perished, has always been deemed the best, most tender and pathetic of all the passages in Homer’s Iliad. She received the news of her husband’s death with extreme sorrow; and after the taking of Troy, she had the misfortune to see her only son Astyanax, after she had saved him from the flames, thrown headlong from the walls of the city, by the hands of the man whose father had killed her husband. Seneca, Troades. Andromache, in the division of the prisoners by the Greeks, fell to the share of Neoptolemus, who treated her as his wife, and carried her to Epirus. He had by her three sons, Molossus, Piclus, and Pergamus, and afterwards repudiated her. After this divorce she married Helenus son of Priam, who, as herself, was a captive of Pyrrhus. She reigned with him over part of the country, and became mother by him of Cestrinus. Some say that Astyanax was killed by Ulysses, and Euripides says that Menelaus put him to death. Homer, Iliad, bks. 6, 22, & 24.—Quintus Calaber [Smyrnæus], bk. 1.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 486.—Hyginus, fable 123.—Dares Phrygius.—Ovid, Amores, bk. 1, poem 9, li. 35; Tristia, bk. 5, poem 6, li. 43.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 11.

Andromachidæ, a nation who presented to their king all the virgins who were of nubile years, and permitted him to use them as he pleased.

Andromăchus, an opulent person of Sicily, father to the historian Timæus. Diodorus, bk. 16. He assisted Timoleon in recovering the liberty of the Syracusans.——A general of Alexander, to whom Parmenio gave the government of Syria. He was burnt alive by the Samaritans. Curtius, bk. 4, chs. 5 & 8.——An officer of Seleucus the younger. Polyænus, bk. 4.——A poet of Byzantium.——A physician of Crete, in the age of Nero.——A sophist of Naples, in the age of Diocletian.

Andromădus, or Androdamus, a native of Rhegium, who made laws for the Thracians concerning the punishment of homicide, &c. Aristotle.

Andrŏmĕda, a daughter of Cepheus king of Æthiopia by Cassiope. She was promised in marriage to Phineus her uncle, when Neptune drowned the kingdom, and sent a sea monster to ravage the country, because Cassiope had boasted herself fairer than Juno and the Nereides. The oracle of Jupiter Ammon was consulted, and nothing could stop the resentment of Neptune, if Andromeda was not exposed to the sea monster. She was accordingly tied naked on a rock, and at the moment that the monster was going to devour her, Perseus, who returned through the air from the conquest of the Gorgons, saw her, and was captivated with her beauty. He promised to deliver her and destroy the monster, if he received her in marriage as a reward for his trouble. Cepheus consented, and Perseus changed the sea monster into a rock, by showing him Medusa’s head, and untied Andromeda and married her. He had by her many children, among whom were Sthenelus, Ancæus, and Electryon. The marriage of Andromeda with Perseus was opposed by Phineus, who, after a bloody battle, was changed into a stone by Perseus. Some say that Minerva made Andromeda a constellation in heaven after her death. See: Medusa, Perseus. Hyginus, fable 64.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 43.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Marcus Manilius, bk. 5, li. 533.—Propertius, bk. 3, poem 21.——According to Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 31, it was at Joppa in Judæa that Andromeda was tied on a rock. He mentions that the skeleton of the huge sea monster, to which she had been exposed, was brought to Rome by Scaurus, and carefully preserved. The fable of Andromeda and the sea monster has been explained, by supposing that she was courted by the captain of a ship, who attempted to carry her away, but was prevented by the interposition of another more faithful lover.

Andron, an Argive, who travelled all over the deserts of Libya without drink. ♦Aristotle’s book on Drunkenness [quoted in Apollonius] “Historiæ Mirabiles”.——A man set over the citadel of Syracuse by Dionysius. Hermocrates advised him to seize it and revolt from the tyrant, which he refused to do. The tyrant put him to death for not discovering that Hermocrates had incited him to rebellion. Polyænus, bk. 5, ch. 2.——A man of Halicarnassus, who composed some historical works. Plutarch, Theseus.——A native of Ephesus, who wrote an account of the seven wise men of Greece. Diogenes Laërtius.——A man of Argos.——Another of Alexandria, &c. Apollonius [Paradoxographus], Historiæ Mirabiles, ch. 25.—Athenæus.

♦ reference edited for clarity

Andronīcus Livius. See: Livius.

Andronīcus, a peripatetic philosopher of Rhodes, who flourished 59 years B.C. He was the first who published and revised the works of Aristotle and Theophrastus. His periphrasis is extant, the best edition of which is that of Heinsius, 8vo, Leiden, 1617. Plutarch, Sulla.——A Latin poet in the age of Cæsar.——A Latin grammarian, whose life Suetonius has written.——A king of Lydia, surnamed Alpyus.——One of Alexander’s officers.——One of the officers of Antiochus Epiphanes.——An astronomer of Athens, who built a marble octagonal tower in honour of the eight principal winds, on the top of which was placed a Triton with a stick in his hand, pointing always to the side whence the wind blew.

Androphăgi, a savage nation of European Scythia. Herodotus, bk. 4, chs. 18, 102.

Andropompus, a Theban who killed Xanthus in a single combat by fraud. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 18.

Andros, an island in the Ægean sea, known by the different names of Epagrys, Antandros, Lasia, Cauros, Hydrussa, Nonagria. Its chief town was called Andros. It had a harbour, near which Bacchus had a temple, with a fountain, whose waters, during the ides of January, tasted like wine. It received the name of Andros from Andros son of Anius, one of its kings, who lived in the time of the Trojan war. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 648.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 80.—Juvenal, satire 3, li. 70.—Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 103.—Mela, bks. 1 & 2.

Androsthĕnes, one of Alexander’s generals, sent with a ship on the coast of Arabia. Arrian, bk. 7, ch. 10.—Strabo, bk. 16.——A governor of Thessaly, who favoured the interest of Pompey. He was conquered by Julius Cæsar. Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 3, ch. 80.——A statuary of Thebes. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 19.——A geographer in the age of Alexander.

Androtrion, a Greek, who wrote a history of Attica, and a treatise on agriculture. Pliny.—Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 8.

Anelontis, a river near Colophon. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 28.

Anerastus, a king of Gaul.

Anemolia, a city of Phocis, afterwards called Hyampolis. Strabo.

Anemōsa, a village of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 35.

Anfinomus and Anapius. Rather Amphinomus, which see.

Angelia, a daughter of Mercury.

Angelion, a statuary who made Apollo’s statue at Delphi. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 32.

Angĕlus, a son of Neptune, born in Chios, of a nymph whose name is unknown. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 4.

Angītes, a river of Thrace falling into the Strymon. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 113.

Angli, a people of Germany at the north of the Elbe, from whom, as being a branch of the Saxons, the English have derived their name. Tacitus, Germania, ch. 40.

Angrus, a river of Illyricum, flowing in a northern direction. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 49.

Anguitia, a wood in the country of the Marsi, between the lake Fucinus and Alba. Serpents, it is said, could not injure the inhabitants, because they were descended from Circe, whose power over those venomous creatures has been much celebrated. Silius Italicus, bk. 8.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 759.

Ania, a Roman widow, celebrated for her beauty. One of her friends advised her to marry again. “No,” said she, “if I marry a man as affectionate as my first husband, I shall be apprehensive for his death; and if he is bad, why have him, after such a kind and indulgent one?”

Anicētus, a son of Hercules by Hebe the goddess of youth. Apollodorus, bk. 2.——A freedman who directed the education of Nero, and became the instrument of his crimes. Suetonius, Nero.

Anicia, a family at Rome, which, in the flourishing times of the republic, produced many brave and illustrious citizens.——A relation of Atticus. Cornelius Nepos.

Anicium, a town of Gaul. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7.

Anicius Gallus, triumphed over the Illyrians and their king Gentius, and was propretor of Rome, A.U.C. 585.——A consul with Cornelius Cethegus, A.U.C. 594.——Probus, a Roman consul in the fourth century, famous for his humanity.

Anigrus, a river of Thessaly, where the centaurs washed the wounds which they had received from Hercules, and made the waters unwholesome. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 281. The nymphs of this river are called Anigriades. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 6.

Anio and Anien, now Taverone, a river of Italy, flowing through the country of Tibur, and falling into the river Tiber, about five miles at the north of Rome. It receives its name, as some suppose, from Anius, a king of Etruria, who drowned himself there when he could not recover his daughter, who had been carried away. Statius, bk. 1, Sylvæ, poem 3, li. 20.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 683.—Strabo, bk. 5.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 7, li. 13.—Plutarch, de Fortuna Romanorum.

Anitorgis, a city of Spain, near which a battle was fought between Asdrubal and the Scipios. Livy, bk. 25, ch. 33.

Anius, the son of Apollo and Rhea, was king of Delos and father of Andrus. He had by Dorippe three daughters, Oeno, Spermo, and Elais, to whom Bacchus had given the power of changing whatever they pleased into wine, corn, and oil. When Agamemnon went to the Trojan war, he wished to carry them with him to supply his army with provisions; but they complained to Bacchus, who changed them into doves. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 642.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.—Diodorus, bk. 5.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 80.

Anna, a goddess, in whose honour the Romans instituted festivals. She was, according to some, Anna the daughter of Belus and sister of Dido, who after her sister’s death fled from Carthage, which Jarbas had besieged, and came to Italy, where Æneas met her, as he walked on the banks of the Tiber, and gave her an honourable reception, for the kindnesses she had shown him when he was at Carthage. Lavinia the wife of Æneas was jealous of the tender treatment which was shown to Anna, and meditated her ruin. Anna was apprised of this by her sister in a dream, and she fled to the river Numicus, of which she became a deity, and ordered the inhabitants of the country to call her Anna Perenna, because she would remain for ever under the water. Her festivals were performed with many rejoicings, and the females often, in the midst of their cheerfulness, forgot their natural decency. They were introduced into Rome, and celebrated the 15th of March. The Romans generally sacrificed to her, to obtain a long and happy life: and thence the words Annare et Perennare. Some have supposed Anna to be the moon, quia mensibus impleat annum; others call her Themis, or Io, the daughter of Inachus, and sometimes Maia. Another more received opinion maintains that Anna was an old industrious woman of Bovillæ, who, when the Roman populace had fled from the city to mount Sacer, brought them cakes every day; for which kind treatment the Romans, when peace was re-established, decreed immortal honours to her whom they called Perenna, ab perennitate cultûs, and who, as they supposed, was become one of their deities. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 653, &c.—Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 79.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, lis. 9, 20, 421, & 500.

Anna Commena, a princess of Constantinople, known to the world for the Greek history which she wrote of her father Alexius, emperor of the east. The character of this history is not very high for authenticity or beauty of composition: the historian is lost in the daughter; and instead of simplicity of style and narrative, as Gibbon says, an elaborate affectation of rhetoric and science betrays in every page the vanity of a female author. The best edition of Anna Commena is that of Paris, folio, 1651.

Annæus, a Roman family, which was subdivided into the Lucani, Senecæ, Flori, &c.

Annāles, a chronological history which gives an account of all the important events of every year in a state, without entering into the causes which produced them. The annals of Tacitus may be considered in this light. In the first ages of Rome, the writing of the annals was one of the duties and privileges of the high priest; whence they have been called Annales Maximi, from the priest Pontifex Maximus, who consecrated them, and gave them as truly genuine and authentic.

Annālis lex, settled the age at which, among the Romans, a citizen could be admitted to exercise the offices of the state. This law originated in Athens, and was introduced in Rome. No man could be a knight before 18 years of age, nor be invested with the consular power before he had arrived to his 25th year.

Anniānus, a poet in the age of Trajan.

Annĭbal, a celebrated Carthaginian general, son of Amilcar. He was educated in his father’s camp, and inured from his early years to the labours of the field. He passed into Spain when nine years old, and, at the request of his father, took a solemn oath that he never would be at peace with the Romans. After his father’s death, he was appointed over the cavalry in Spain; and some time after, upon the death of Asdrubal, he was invested with the command of all the armies of Carthage, though not yet in the 25th year of his age. In three years of continual success, he subdued all the nations of Spain which opposed the Carthaginian power, and took Saguntum after a siege of eight months. This city was in alliance with the Romans, and its fall was the cause of the second Punic war, which Annibal prepared to support with all the courage and prudence of a consummate general. He levied three large armies, one of which he sent to Africa; he left another in Spain, and marched at the head of the third towards Italy. This army some have calculated at 20,000 foot and 6000 horse; others say that it consisted of 100,000 foot and 20,000 horse. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 38. He came to the Alps, which were deemed almost inaccessible, and had never been passed over before him but by Hercules, and after much trouble he gained the top in nine days. He conquered the uncivilized inhabitants that opposed his passage, and, after the amazing loss of 30,000 men, made his way so easy, by softening the rocks with fire and vinegar, that even his armed elephants descended the mountains without danger or difficulty, where a man, disencumbered of his arms, could not walk before in safety. He was opposed by the Romans as soon as he entered Italy; and after he had defeated Publius Cornelius Scipio and Sempronius, near the Rhone, the Po, and the Trebia, he crossed the Apennines and invaded Etruria. He defeated the army of the consul Flaminius near the lake Thrasymenus, and soon after met the two consuls Culleo Terentius and Lucius Æmilius at Cannæ. His army consisted of 40,000 foot and 10,000 horse, when he engaged the Romans at the celebrated battle of Cannæ. The slaughter was so great, that no less than 40,000 Romans were killed, and the conqueror made a bridge with the dead carcases; and as a sign of his victory, he sent to Carthage three bushels of gold rings which had been taken from 5630 Roman knights slain in the battle. Had Annibal, immediately after the battle, marched his army to the gates of Rome, it must have yielded amidst the general consternation, if we believe the opinions of some writers; but his delay gave the enemy spirit and boldness, and when at last he approached the walls, he was informed that the piece of ground on which his army then stood was selling at a high price in the Roman forum. After hovering for some time round the city, he retired to Capua, where the Carthaginian soldiers soon forgot to conquer in the pleasures and riot of this luxurious city. From that circumstance it has been said, and with propriety, that Capua was a Cannæ to Annibal. After the battle of Cannæ the Romans became more cautious, and when the dictator Fabius Maximus had defied the artifice as well as the valour of Annibal, they began to look for better times. Marcellus, who succeeded Fabius in the field, first taught the Romans that Annibal was not invincible. After many important debates in the senate, it was decreed that war should be carried into Africa, to remove Annibal from the gates of Rome; and Scipio, who was the first proposer of the plan, was empowered to put it into execution. When Carthage saw the enemy on her coasts, she recalled Annibal from Italy; and that great general is said to have left, with tears in his eyes, a country which during 16 years he had kept under continual alarms, and which he could almost call his own. He and Scipio met near Carthage, and after a parley, in which neither would give the preference to his enemy, they determined to come to a general engagement. The battle was fought near Zama: Scipio made a great slaughter of the enemy, 20,000 were killed, and the same number made prisoners. Annibal, after he had lost the day, fled to Adrumetum. Soon after this decisive battle, the Romans granted peace to Carthage, on hard conditions; and afterwards Annibal, who was jealous and apprehensive of the Roman power, fled to Syria, to king Antiochus, whom he advised to make war against Rome, and lead an army into the heart of Italy. Antiochus distrusted the fidelity of Annibal, and was conquered by the Romans, who granted him peace on the condition of his delivering their mortal enemy into their hands. Annibal, who was apprised of this, left the court of Antiochus, and fled to Prusias king of Bithynia. He encouraged him to declare war against Rome, and even assisted him in weakening the power of Eumenes king of Pergamus, who was in alliance with the Romans. The senate received intelligence that Annibal was in Bithynia, and immediately sent ambassadors, amongst whom was Lucius Quintus Flaminius, to demand him of Prusias. The king was unwilling to betray Annibal and violate the laws of hospitality, but at the same time he dreaded the power of Rome. Annibal extricated him from his embarrassment, and when he heard that his house was besieged on every side, and all means of escape fruitless, he took a dose of poison, which he always carried with him in a ring on his finger; and as he breathed his last, he exclaimed, Solvamus diuturnâ curâ populum Romanum, quando mortem senis expectare longum censet. He died in his 70th year, according to some, about 182 years B.C. That year was famous for the death of the three greatest generals of the age, Annibal, Scipio, and Philopœmen. The death of so formidable a rival was the cause of great rejoicing in Rome; he had always been a professed enemy to the Roman name, and ever endeavoured to destroy its power. If he shone in the field, he also distinguished himself by his studies. He was taught Greek by Sosilus, a Lacedæmonian, and he even wrote some books in that language on different subjects. It is remarkable that the life of Annibal, whom the Romans wished so many times to destroy by perfidy, was never attempted by any of his soldiers or countrymen. He made himself as conspicuous in the government of the state as at the head of armies, and though his enemies reproached him with the rudeness of laughing in the Carthaginian senate, while every senator was bathed in tears for the misfortunes of the country, Annibal defended himself by saying that he, who had been bred all his life in a camp, ought to be dispensed with all the more polished feelings of a capital. He was so apprehensive for his safety, that when he was in Bithynia his house was fortified like a castle, and on every side there were secret doors which could give immediate escape if his life was ever attempted. When he quitted Italy, and embarked on board a vessel for Africa, he so strongly suspected the fidelity of his pilot, who told him that the lofty mountains which appeared at a distance was a promontory of Sicily, that he killed him on the spot; and when he was convinced of his fatal error, he gave a magnificent burial to the man whom he had so falsely murdered, and called the promontory by his name. The labours which he sustained, and the inclemency of the weather to which he exposed himself in crossing the Alps, so weakened one of his eyes, that he ever after lost the use of it. The Romans have celebrated the humanity of Annibal, who, after the battle of Cannæ, sought the body of the fallen consul amidst the heaps of slain, and honoured it with a funeral becoming the dignity of Rome. He performed the same friendly offices to the remains of Marcellus and Tiberius Gracchus, who had fallen in battle. He often blamed the unsettled measures of his country; and when the enemy had thrown into his camp the head of his brother Asdrubal, who had been conquered as he came from Spain with a reinforcement into Italy, Annibal said that the Carthaginian arms would no longer meet with their usual success. Juvenal, in speaking of Annibal, observes that the ring which caused his death made a due atonement to the Romans for the many thousand rings which had been sent to Carthage from the battle of Cannæ. Annibal, when in Spain, married a woman of Castulo. The Romans entertained such a high opinion of him as a commander, that Scipio, who conquered him, calls him the greatest general that ever lived, and gives the second rank to Pyrrhus the Epirot, and places himself the next to these in merit and abilities. It is plain that the failure of Annibal’s expedition in Italy did not arise from his neglect, but from that of his countrymen, who gave him no assistance; far from imitating their enemies of Rome, who even raised in one year 18 legions to oppose the formidable Carthaginian. Livy has painted the character of Annibal like an enemy, and it is much to be lamented that this celebrated historian has withheld the tribute due to the merits and virtues of the greatest of generals. Cornelius Nepos, Lives of Distinguished Romans.—Livy, bks. 21, 22, &c.—Plutarch, Flamininus, &c.—Justin, bk. 32, ch. 4.—Silius Italicus, bk. 1, &c.—Appian.—Florus, bks. 2 & 3.—Polybius.—Diodorus.—Juvenal, satire 10, li. 159, &c.—Valerius Maximus.—Horace, bk. 4, ode 4, stanza 16.——The son of the great Annibal, was sent by Himilco to Lilybæeum, which was besieged by the Romans, to keep the Sicilians in their duty. Polybius, bk. 1.——A Carthaginian general, son of Asdrubal, commonly called of Rhodes, above 160 years before the birth of the great Annibal. Justin, bk. 19, ch. 2.—Xenophon, Hellenica.——A son of Giscon and grandson of Amilcar, sent by the Carthaginians to the assistance of Ægista, a town of Sicily. He was overpowered by Hermocrates, an exiled Syracusan. Justin, bks. 22 & 23.——A Carthaginian, surnamed Senior. He was conquered by the consul Gaius Sulpicius Paterculus in Sardinia, and hung on a cross by his countrymen for his ill success.

Annicĕris, an excellent charioteer of Cyrene, who exhibited his skill in driving a chariot before Plato and the academy. When the philosopher was wantonly sold by Dionysius, Anniceris ransomed his friend, and he showed further his respect for learning by establishing a sect at Cyrene, called after his name, which supported that all good consisted in pleasure. Cicero, de Officiis, bk. 3.—Diogenes Laërtius, Plato & Aristotle.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 2, ch. 27.

Annius Scapŭla, a Roman of great dignity, put to death for conspiring against Cassius. Hirtius, Alexandrine War, ch. 55.

Annon, or Hanno, a Carthaginian general conquered in Spain by Scipio, and sent to Rome. He was son of Bomilcar whom Annibal sent privately over the Rhone to conquer the Gauls. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 27.——A Carthaginian who taught birds to sing “Annon is a god,” after which he restored them to their native liberty; but the birds lost with their slavery what they had been taught. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 14, ch. 30.——A Carthaginian who wrote, in the Punic language, the account of a voyage which he had made round Africa. This book was translated into Greek, and is still extant. Vossius, Greek Historians, bk. 4.——Another, banished from Carthage for taming a lion for his own amusement, which was interpreted as if he wished to aspire to sovereign power. Pliny, bk. 8, ch. 16.——This name has been common to many Carthaginians who have signalized themselves among their countrymen during the Punic wars against Rome, and in their wars against the Sicilians. Livy, bks. 26, 27, &c.

Anopæa, a mountain and road near the river Asopus. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 216.

Anser, a Roman poet, whom Ovid, Tristia, bk. 3, poem 1, li. 425, calls bold and impertinent. Virgil and Propertius are said to have played upon his name with some degree of severity.

Ansibarii, a people of Germany. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 13, ch. 55.

Antæa, the wife of Proteus, called also Stenobæa. Homer, Iliad.——A goddess worshipped by the inhabitants of Antium.

Antæas, a king of Scythia, who said that the neighing of a horse was far preferable to the music of Ismenias, a famous musician who had been taken captive. Plutarch.

Antæus, a giant of Libya, son of Terra and Neptune. He was so strong in wrestling, that he boasted that he would erect a temple to his father with the skulls of his conquered antagonists. Hercules attacked him, and as he received new strength from his mother as often as he touched the ground, the hero lifted him up in the air, and squeezed him to death in his arms. Lucan, bk. 4, li. 598.—Statius, bk. 6, Thebiad, li. 893.—Juvenal, satire 3, li. 88.——A servant of Atticus. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 13, ltr. 44.——A friend of Turnus, killed by Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 561.

Antagŏras, a man of Cos. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 5.——A Rhodian poet, much admired by Antigonus. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 2. One day as he was cooking some fish, the king asked him whether Homer ever dressed any meals when he was recording the actions of Agamemnon. “And do you think,” replied the poet, “that he ὡ λαοι τ’ ἐπιτετραφαται και τοσσα μεμηλε (ever inquired whether any individual dressed fish in his army)?” Plutarch, Convivium Septem Sapientium & Apophthegmata Laconica.

Antalcĭdas, of Sparta, son of Leon, was sent into Persia, where he made a peace with Artaxerxes very disadvantageous to his country, by which, B.C. 387, the Greek cities of Asia became tributary to the Persian monarch. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 1, &c.—Diodorus, bk. 14.—Plutarch, Artaxerxes.

Antander, a general of Messenia, against the Spartans. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 7.——A brother of Agathocles tyrant of Sicily. Justin, bk. 22, ch. 7.

Antandros, now St. Dimitri, a city of Troas, inhabited by the Leleges, near which Æneas built his fleet after the destruction of Troy. It has been called Edonis, Cimmeris, Assos, and Apollonia. There is a hill in its neighbourhood called Alexandria, where Paris sat, as some suppose, when the three rival goddesses appeared before him when contending for the prize of beauty. Strabo, bk. 13.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 6.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 18.

Anterbrogius, an ambassador to Cæsar from the Rhemi a nation of Gaul. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 2, ch. 3.

Anteins Publius, was appointed over Syria by Nero. He was accused of sedition and conspiracy, and drank poison, which, operating slowly, obliged him to open his veins. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 13, &c.

Antemnæ, a city of the Sabines between Rome and the Anio, whence the name (ante amnem). Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 631.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus.

Antēnor, a Trojan prince related to Priam. It is said that, during the Trojan war, he always kept a secret correspondence with the Greeks, and chiefly with Menelaus and Ulysses. In the council of Priam, Homer introduces him as advising the Trojans to restore Helen and conclude the war. He advised Ulysses to carry away the Trojan palladium, and encouraged the Greeks to make the wooden horse which, at his persuasion, was brought into the city of Troy by a breach made in the walls. Æneas has been accused of being a partner of his guilt, and the night that Troy was taken, they had a number of Greeks stationed at the doors of their houses to protect them from harm. After the destruction of his country, Antenor migrated into Italy near the Adriatic, where he built the town of Padua. His children were also concerned in the Trojan war, and displayed much valour against the Greeks. Their names were Polybius, Acamas, Agenor, and, according to others, Polydamas and Helicaon. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 1.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 13.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 242.—Tacitus, bk. 16, ch. 21.—Homer, Iliad, bks. 3, 7, 8, 11.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13.—Dictys Cretensis, bk. 5.—Dares Phrygius, ch. 6.—Strabo, bk. 13.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.—Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 27.——A statuary. Pausanias.——A Cretan, who wrote a history of his country. Ælian.

Antenorĭdes, a patronymic given to the three sons of Antenor, all killed during the Trojan war. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 484.

Antĕros (ἀντι ἐρως, against love), a son of Mars and Venus. He was not, as the derivation of his name implies, a deity that presided over an opposition to love, but he was the god of mutual love and of mutual tenderness. Venus had complained to Themis that her son Cupid always continued a child, and was told that, if he had another brother, he would grow up in a short space of time. As soon as Anteros was born, Cupid felt his strength increase and his wings enlarge; but if ever his brother was at a distance from him, he found himself reduced to his ancient shape. From this circumstance it is seen, that return of passion gives vigour to love. Anteros had a temple at Athens raised to his honour, when Meles had experienced the coldness and disdain of Timagoras, whom he passionately esteemed, and for whom he had killed himself. See: Meles. Cupid and Anteros are often represented striving to seize a palm tree from one another, to teach us that true love always endeavours to overcome by kindness and gratitude. They were always painted in the Greek academies, to inform the scholars that it is their immediate duty to be grateful to their teachers, and to reward their trouble with love and reverence. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 23.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 30; bk. 6, ch. 23.——A grammarian of Alexandria, in the age of the emperor Claudius.——A freedman of Atticus. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 9, ltr. 14.

Anthēa, a town of Achaia. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 18.——Of Messenia. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 31.——Of Trœzene. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 30.

Antheas, a son of Eumelus, killed in attempting to sow corn from the chariot of Triptolemus drawn by dragons. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 18.

Anthēdon, a city of Bœotia, which received its name from the flowery plains that surround it, or from Anthedon, a certain nymph. Bacchus and Ceres had there temples. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 10; bk. 9, ch. 22. It was formerly inhabited by Thracians. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 905.——A port of Peloponnesus. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 5.—Statius, bk. 9, li. 291.

Anthēla, a town near the Asopus, near which Ceres and Amphictyon had a temple. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 176.

Anthĕmis, an island in the Mediterranean, the same as the Ionian Samos. Strabo, bk. 10.

Anthemon, a Trojan. Homer, Iliad, bk. 4.

Anthĕmus, a city of Macedonia at Thermæ.——A city of Syria. Strabo.

Anthemusia, the same as Samos.——A city of Mesopotamia. Strabo.

Anthēne, a town of Peloponnesus. Thucydides, bk. 5, ch. 41.

Anthermus, a Chian sculptor, son of Micciades and grandson to Malas. He and his brother Bupalus made a statue of the poet Hipponax, which caused universal laughter on account of the deformity of its countenance. The poet was so incensed upon this, and inveighed with so much bitterness against the statuaries, that they hung themselves, according to the opinion of some authors. Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 5.

Anthes, a native of Anthedon, who first invented hymns. Plutarch, de Musica.——A son of Neptune.

Anthesphoria, festivals celebrated in Sicily in honour of Proserpine, who was carried away by Pluto as she was gathering flowers. Claudian, de Raptu Proserpinæ.——Festivals of the same name were also observed at Argos in honour of Juno, who was called Antheia. Pausanias, Corinth.—Pollux, Onomasticon, bk. 1, ch. 1.

Anthesteria, festivals in honour of Bacchus among the Greeks. They were celebrated in the month of February, called Anthesterion, whence the name is derived, and continued three days. The first was called Πιθοιγια, ἀπο του πιθους οἰγειν, because they tapped their barrels of liquor. The second day was called Χοες, from the measure χοα, because every individual drank of his own vessel, in commemoration of the arrival of Orestes, who, after the murder of his mother, came, without being purified, to Demophoon or Pandion king of Athens, and was obliged, with all the Athenians, to drink by himself for fear of polluting the people by drinking with them before he was purified of the parricide. It was usual on that day to ride out in chariots, and ridicule those that passed by. The best drinker was rewarded with a crown of leaves, or rather of gold, and with a cask of wine. The third day was called χυτροι from χυτρα, a vessel brought out full of all sorts of seeds and herbs, deemed sacred to Mercury, and therefore not touched. The slaves had the permission of being merry and free during these festivals; and at the end of the solemnity a herald proclaimed, Θυραζε, Καρες, ουκ ετ’ Ἀνθεστηρια, i.e. Depart, ye Carian slaves, the festivals are at an end. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 2, ch. 41.

Anthēus, a son of Antenor, much esteemed by Paris.——One of the companions of Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 514.

Anthīa, a sister of Priam, seized by the Greeks. She compelled the people of Pallene to burn their ships, and build Scione. Polyænus, bk. 7, ch. 47.——A town. See: Anthea.——A daughter of Thespius, mistress to Hercules. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Anthias. See: Antheas.

Anthippe, a daughter of Thestius.

Anthium, a town of Thrace, afterwards called Apollonia. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 11.——A city of Italy.

Anthius (flowery), a name of Bacchus worshipped at Athens. He had also a statue at Patræ.

Antho, a daughter of Amulius king of Alba.

Anthōres, a companion of Hercules, who followed Evander, and settled in Italy. He was killed in the war of Turnus against Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 778.

Anthracia, a nymph. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 31.

Anthropinus, Tisarchus, and Diocles, three persons who laid snares for Agathocles tyrant of Sicily. Polyænus, bk. 5, ch. 3.

Anthropophăgi, a people of Scythia that fed on human flesh. They lived near the country of the Massagetæ. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12; bk. 6, ch. 30.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Anthylla, a city of Egypt on the Canopic mouth of the Nile. It maintained the queens of the country in shoes, or, according to Athenæus, bk. 1, in girdles. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 98.

Antia lex, was made for the suppression of luxury at Rome. Its particulars are not known. The enactor was Antius Restio, who afterwards never supped abroad for fear of being himself a witness of the profusion and extravagance which his law meant to destroy, but without effect. Macrobius, bk. 3, ch. 17.

Antianīra, the mother of Echion.

Antias, the goddess of fortune, chiefly worshipped at Antium.——A poet. See: Furius.

Anticlēa, a daughter of Autolycus and Amphithea. Her father, who was a famous robber, permitted Sisyphus son of Æolus to enjoy the favours of his daughter, and Anticlea was really pregnant of Ulysses when she married Laertes king of Ithaca. Laertes was nevertheless the reputed father of Ulysses. Ulysses is reproached by Ajax in Ovid, Metamorphoses, as being the son of Sisyphus. It is said that Anticlea killed herself when she heard a false report of her son’s death. Homer, Odyssey, bks. 11, 19.—Hyginus, fables 201, 243.—Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 29.——A woman who had Periphetes by Vulcan. Apollodorus, bk. 3.——A daughter of Diocles, who married Machaon the son of Æsculapius, by whom she had Nicomachus and Gorgasus. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 30.

Antĭcles, an Athenian archon.——A man who conspired against Alexander with Hermolaus. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 6.——An Athenian victor at Olympia.

Anticlīdes, a Greek historian, whose works are now lost. They are often quoted by Athenæus & Plutarch, Alexander.

Anticrăgus, a mountain of Lycia, opposite mount Cragus. Strabo, bk. 4.

Anticrătes, a Spartan who stabbed Epaminondas, the Theban general, at the battle of Mantinea. Plutarch, Agesilaus.

Anticy̆ra, two towns of Greece, the one in Phocis and the other near mount Oeta, both famous for the hellebore which they produced. This plant was of infinite service to cure diseases, and particularly insanity; hence the proverb Naviget Anticyram. The Anticyra of Phocis was anciently called Cyparissa. It had a temple of Neptune, who was represented holding a trident in one hand and resting the other on his side, with one of his feet on a dolphin. Some writers, especially Horace (Art of Poetry, li. 300), speak of three islands of this name, but this seems to be a mistake. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 36.—Horace, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 166; Art of Poetry, li. 300.—Persius, bk. 4, li. 16.—Strabo, bk. 9.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 4, poem 3, li. 53.——A mistress of Demetrius. Plutarch, Demetrius.

Antidŏmus, a warlike soldier of king Philip at the siege of Perinthus.

Antidŏtus, an excellent painter, pupil of Euphranor. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 11.

Antigĕnes, one of Alexander’s generals, publicly rewarded for his valour. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 14.

Antigenĭdas, a famous musician of Thebes, disciple to Philoxenus. He taught his pupil Ismenias to despise the judgment of the populace. Cicero, Brutus, ch. 97.

Antigŏna, daughter of Berenice, was wife to king Pyrrhus. Plutarch, Pyrrhus.

Antigŏne, a daughter of Œdipus king of Thebes by his mother Jocasta. She buried by night her brother Polynices, against the positive orders of Creon, who, when he heard of it, ordered her to be buried alive. She, however, killed herself before the sentence was executed; and Hæmon the king’s son, who was passionately fond of her, and had not been able to obtain her pardon, killed himself on her grave. The death of Antigone is the subject of one of the tragedies of Sophocles. The Athenians were so pleased with it at the first representation, that they presented the author with the government of Samos. This tragedy was represented 32 times at Athens without interruption. Sophocles, Antigone.—Hyginus, fables 67, 72, 243, 254.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Ovid, Tristia, bk. 3, poem 3.—Philostratus, bk. 2, ch. 29.—Statius, Thebiad, bk. 12, li. 350.——A daughter of Eurytion king of Phthia in Thessaly. Apollodorus.——A daughter of Laomedon. She was the sister of Priam, and was changed into a stork for comparing herself to Juno. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 93.

Antigŏnia, an inland town of Epirus. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 1.——One of Macedonia, founded by Antigonus son of Gonatas. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 10.——One in Syria, on the borders of the Orontes. Strabo, bk. 16.——Another in Bithynia, called also Nicæa. Strabo, bk. 12.——Another in Arcadia, anciently called Mantinea. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 8.——One of Troas in Asia Minor. Strabo, bk. 13.

Antigŏnus, one of Alexander’s generals, universally supposed to be the illegitimate son of Philip, Alexander’s father. In the division of the provinces after the king’s death, he received Pamphylia, Lycia, and Phrygia. He united with Antipater and Ptolemy, to destroy Perdiccas and Eumenes; and after the death of Perdiccas he made continual war against Eumenes, whom, after three years of various fortune, he took prisoner, and ordered to be starved. He afterwards declared war against Cassander, whom he conquered, and had several engagements by his generals with Lysimachus. He obliged Seleucus to retire from Syria, and fly for refuge and safety to Egypt. Ptolemy, who had established himself in Egypt, promised to defend Seleucus, and from that time all friendship ceased between Ptolemy and Antigonus, and a new war was begun, in which Demetrius the son of Antigonus conquered the fleet of Ptolemy, near the island of Cyprus, and took 16,000 men prisoners, and sunk 200 ships. After this famous naval battle, which happened 26 years after Alexander’s death, Antigonus and his son assumed the title of kings, and their example was followed by all the rest of Alexander’s generals. The power of Antigonus was now become so formidable, that Ptolemy, Seleucus, Cassander, and Lysimachus combined together to destroy him; yet Antigonus despised them, saying that he would disperse them as birds. He attempted to enter Egypt in vain, though he gained several victories over his opponents, and he at last received so many wounds in a battle that he could not survive them, and died in the 80th year of his age, 301 B.C. During his life, he was master of all Asia Minor, as far as Syria; but after his death, his son Demetrius lost Asia, and established himself in Macedonia after the death of Cassander, and some time after attempted to recover his former possessions, but died in captivity in the court of his son-in-law Seleucus. Antigonus was concerned in the different intrigues of the Greeks. He made a treaty of alliance with the Ætolians, and was highly respected by the Athenians, to whom he showed himself very liberal and indulgent. Antigonus discharged some of his officers because they spent their time in taverns, and he gave their commissions to common soldiers who performed their duty with punctuality. A certain poet called him divine; but the king despised his flattery, and bade him go and inquire of his servants whether he was really what he supposed him. Strabo, bk. 13.—Diodorus, bk. 17, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 6, &c.—Justin, bks. 13, 14, & 15.—Cornelius Nepos, Eumenes.—Plutarch, Demetrius, Eumenes, & Aratus.——Gonatas, son of Demetrius and grandson to Antigonus, was king of Macedonia. He restored the Armenians to liberty, conquered the Gauls, and at last was expelled by Pyrrhus, who seized his kingdom. After the death of Pyrrhus, he recovered Macedonia, and died after a reign of 34 years, leaving his son Demetrius to succeed, B.C. 243. Justin, bks. 21 & 25.—Polybius.—Plutarch, Demetrius.——The guardian of his nephew Philip, the son of Demetrius, who married the widow of Demetrius and usurped the kingdom. He was called Doson, from his promising much and giving nothing. He conquered Cleomenes king of Sparta, and obliged him to retire into Egypt, because he favoured the Ætolians against the Greeks. He died, B.C. 221, after a reign of 11 years, leaving his crown to the lawful possessor, Philip, who distinguished himself by his cruelties, and the war which he made against the Romans. Justin, bks. 28 & 29.—Polybius, bk. 2.—Plutarch, Cleomenes.——A son of Aristobulus king of Judæa, who obtained an army from the king of Parthia, by promising him 1000 talents and 500 women. With these foreign troops he attacked his country, and cut the ears of Hyrcanus to make him unfit for the priesthood. Herod, with the aid of the Romans, took him prisoner, and he was put to death by Antony. Josephus, bk. 14.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus & Plutarch, Antonius.——Carystius, an historian in the age of Philadelphus, who wrote the lives of some of the ancient philosophers. Diogenes Laërtius.—Athenæus.——A writer on agriculture.——A statuary, who wrote on his profession.