Yiwū, he was born? In Shilha, yu, a son.
2. The woman is bearing (pregnant), temmat tōren.
Arau, offspring, Kab.
3. The woman gives suck, temmat tezēdut [tesēṭuṭ].
He sucks the breast, itātet [itāṭeṭ].
Yesūṭeṭ, she gave suck, Kab.; from iṭeṭ, he sucked the teat.
4. The woman suckles her child, temmat tesánkas rōris.
He sucks, inākas.
Root inkas? he sucked.
5. I am alive, edargh.
He is alive, idār. (So Kab.)
6. The boy is ripe (of age), aliad awad.
The girl is ripe (of age), taliad tawad.
Ripeness of age, tagat. An adult, amawad.
7. The girl has a full bosom, taliad tistaurat.
8. He has grown old, iwāshar.
I grow old, wāsharagh.
In Ghadámsi, ūsăr, old.
9. He died, is dead, amūt. (So Kab.)
10. Look! enhi!
I have not found, war enhēgh.
Have you found my knife? abĕsar eni tenhēt?
We have found him, nenhēt. (Prod. Son.)
We have again found him, (we have repeated the finding), nolis tahănait. (Prod. Son.)
I see, aténhegh.
Sight, ahănay.
They see not, war tehinnen.
Nobody sees anything, war ihinne wādem harret.
I saw nothing, war inhegh harret.
Ben Músa of Ghadámes gives ihen, he saw; and ehĕni, look! as Tuareg (Temght). Eheni and enehi, according to Barth, are transpositions ad libitum; also two meanings, see and find, appear.
11. I look at with attention, esagădagh.
Look before you, sageréhe dátak.
I look at with pleasure, esagrăhagh.
I listen [to thee], nek asijádănak.
[You] do not listen [to us], war hanagh tesjadet.
I looked around, asanishlămagh.
Let us look around, sanishlámănagh.
Kab. isag, he looked at; iseked, he observed. Asijadan is for asigadan (partic.), attending. Esagrah is a compound verb, from isag, he looked, and irah, he loved.
Sanishlam, frequentative from root shalam, which in Ben Músa’s Ghadámsi is izlem, and also yellem.
12. I feel with my hand, tédishagh.
Feeling (subst.), tédisha.
Idish, he felt?
13. I smell, insarghagh.
Let me smell (snuff at), disaraghagh.
I take a snuff, sárăghagh.
Isāregh, he smells (Temght of B. M.). If this is a causative form, it implies a root, iregh, it has a smell; = Arabic, rīhh. But it must not be too easily identified with irgha, it burnt.
14. I taste, etālaghagh.
Taste (subst.), tālagh.
Yalegh, he tasted; so Ben Músa’s Tuareg (Temght).
15. I have eaten, ikshēgh.
Give me (what) I-may-eat, ikfāhi awwā-kshēgh.
Ekshe, in Kab. becomes echche.
16. I am hungry, ilōzagh.
17. I have enough, iyūwanagh. (So Kab.)
We have enough, naiwen.
Thou hast enough, tiyúwanat.
18. I drink, aswēgh.
Drink! asu! (So Kab.)
Give me to drink, ikfāhi deswagh.
[We give you], nikfēk.
Ikfa [Arab. it sufficed] is ifka of Kab. he gave. See 93.
19. Thou gobblest, no stopping! ke tenséat, war díkkĕra.
20. Hunger kills me [smites me?], inákăhē lās.
I kill you, nek inrēkay [inghēkay].
Elsewhere Barth has inakken, they beat. (Kab. has nūgh, fight thou! engh, kill thou! separate verbs). Heb. Naka is either smite or slay.
21. Thirst overpowers me, inrāhi fat [fad] [or, inghāhi, kills me].
Inra (in Shilha, he overpowers, conquers, becomes irna (but see 129.) in Kab., and unites the senses superat and superest.
22. I perspire, orāfagh.
perspiration (subst.), ímselhā.
The water-carriers sweat, imsharrŏgen imsélhesan [(there is) sweat to them.]
23. Smoking, ubbok.
I smoke the pipe, rabăkagh eben.
——, sasagh ebĕni (I drink my pipe).
The present tense formed by initial r or ar is rare in Barth, common in Kabáíl and Shilha.
24. I say, ennēgh. (So Kab.)
You told me, tenāhit, [she told it to me?]
Tell him, annas.
25. Utterance, asókel [asóḳel?].
I answer, asókălagh el jawāb.
Answer me, sokalāhe el jawāb.
Restore to me my camel, sokalāhi ámenis ení.
I restore to you your thing, sókălagh harret enak.
They make them go back, isokalén-ten.
He did not return my salute, war hay isōkal essălām.
I replace the sword, esókalagh tákŏba.
The copying (of a book), asăkal.
Shut the door, sókel tefalwat.
I shut the door, sókălagh tefalwat. [Properly, turn the door.]
Isóḳal, causative, from iḳḳal, he turned (neuter). Asoḳel, utterance, is like reddere voces for edere.
26. He does not speak distinctly, ital elis enis [he has wrapt (or involved) his tongue].
He rattles [stammers?], enta ahedendán.
She rattles [stammers?], tehádendán.
Ḍenḍan, or ṭenṭan, to ring or rattle, is Kab. and Arab., and Lat., tinnio.
27. Thou talkest much, ke hek takalt.
I prattle, nek et-hahe takalt.
Taḳalt is perhaps formed from Arabic. Awal (vox), for ḳul, is the Kabáíl.
28. I want to whisper, erhēgh asimmetiktĭkāgh.
Root tiktik; the m is reciprocal, and s causative.
29. I am eloquent, orādagh.
Eloquence, erkōd [eghrōd?]
A speech, meggĕred.
He is eloquent, isrād elis enis [he made-eloquent his tongue].
I praise, egeriddagh.
He harangues them, imeggĕred dassen.
Perhaps from Arabic, ghered, he warbled, the guttural suffering obliteration.
30. I inquire, esistănagh.
Ask him the news, sistent fel isălen. (Ar. saal, he asked.)
31. Seek thou, ummagh [Kab. ūnāg.]
He sought for, yummagh, yesummagh.
I seek your advice, nek summaghekay tanhād.
32. Give us advice, ager tanhā(d?)
I advise you, egerākay tanhād.
Advice, tanhād.
——, takshit [secrecy].
I tell you this secretly, inneghak awādagh istakshit.
We confer between ourselves, neger tanhād gerēnagh.
You must not repeat it to anyone, war tíntennit (or war tisellit) awādem.
Ger, throw, cast, in Kab. and Temght. Neger tanhād, we cast advice. In the forms summaghekay (31.), egerakay (32.), irhekāy (33.), yūfekē (35.) we see that the Tawárek use the nominative kay or kē for (thee) the accusative after a verb [reserving the Kabáíl suffix ak for the dative (tibi)?], and the final gh of the 1st pl. is absorbed by k. Thus, irhēkay = erhēghkay.
33. I will, I like, irhēgh.
I like, love you, irhēkay.
I like not, wúr terhagh [or, wur-t-erhagh, I like him not?]
Irha, in Ghad. is ifráú, in Kab. is īra. The word is evidently the Berber correlative of Arab, ifrahh, he rejoiced; which the Kabáíl dialect uses side by side with ira.
34. I can, edōbegh, dōbegh.
Idōb (he is able) must be inferred. Hence also, adăbīb, expert, pl. idábăben; and a new verb, idăbab, he is expert.
35. We surpass him, nūfe-t. [So in Shilha.]
This man surpasses you, halis wādagh yūfekē.
It is better than, yūfa.
36. It is useful, yĭnfa. [Arab. yinfʿa.]
——, ahitenfa.
It is gone, finished, yimmĕdi.
It is enough, yúggeda.
It is suitable, [initúëgi?]
It is impossible, awar initúëgi.
There is, yilē.
37. What shall I do? ma diknegh?
He who makes shoes, wa yekannen ibúshegan.
We did it, neknīt.
It may be, imōkan (is feasible).
Ken, do thou! fac! (Ben Músa’s Temght.)
38. The stars shine forth, ităren iknān ebarbar.
This day is very fine, ashel idagh ikna téshel dĕje.
It is wonderful, takōnit.
Ikna, it shone? Iken, he made?
39. I have done for thee, egéaghak.
I have committed sin, egégh ébăket.
They have formed a line, égen ăfōd.
I do [have done?], iggegh.
I mend a rent, tagagh tikist.
Make for me a pretty song, egāhi anaya ihŏsken. [Prod. Son. ahas nigge, ut ei faciamus].
Thou hast done wrong, tegēt tellĕbist.
I have done (a good thing) for you, tagaghak.
Thou hast done me a wrong, tagaihi tellĕbist: [she has done me?].
Shall I fasten the horse? agyagh ais? [Shall I do the horse?]. See 186.
Ye have put this for me, tegimāhi tetid.
Aj (اج) is Ghadámsi for do thou! In Shilha, igā, factum est; in Temght it is active, egit. The word seems to be lost in Kabáíl. (See etagagh and ig in 47.)
40. Do not do this, kissinādi?
A good thing, harret ulāgen.
Yūlāgen, good, handsome, is participial; allied, I think, to yūlehe, it suits, it is like; in Kab., elhū, be thou good; with Venture, ilha, he was handsome or good.
41. Stand up! ebde [so Kab. and Arab.].
I halt, stand still, ebdĕdagh.
Rise! enker [so Shilha].
I rise, enkĕragh.
A rising, tennakrat.
Sit down, akīm [agīm, aghīm, Kab.]
I sit down, remain, ekēmagh.
We have remained long, nekkīm egēn.
Do not stay! ur tákkĕme.
In Kab., enker becomes ekker.
42. I bow, stoop, edunkeagh.
Lie down! gen [so Kab.].
He lay down, igen.
Cause the camel to lie! siggen amĕnis.
I rest myself, insegh.
I pass the night, insegh. [So Kab.]
I lie on the side, insegh s alărin.
Alar in, my side? Elsewhere, edis, side.
43. Sitting with bent legs, tinekaráft.
Sit thou with bent legs, senekaraffet.
[He piqueted a camel, ikerāf amĕnis.]
Sit thou with elbows on knees, asíbăkēt.
Sitting with elbows on knees, tasbíkkit.
Sit like Egyptian statues, asirte-rábărīn.
44. I lie in bent form, anékămegh.
I lie on the face, abumbéagh.
The boat is capsised, toraft tebumbay.
I upset (a boat), subumbéagh.
I lie outstretched, ezárăgagh.
[(The head) is rested, irammagh?]
I rest the head, eserámmaghagh.
Resting the head, terámmeghet.
45. Wink to him the eye, enrĕrās tēṭ; ensĕgās tēṭ.
I twist up my face, asikaniagh edymmĕni.
Blink thou, aunarōnagh.
Blinking, tenirónăghat.
I start up from having a vision, émănomawagh.
I shut my eyes, and have a vision, emaunaagh.
Asikaniagh perhaps means I aim, I point; as asikken, aiming with a gun.
46. I am sleepy, tenedōmagh.
I doze(d), enuddemagh.
Sleep, ētis, édis (éṭis).
He is asleep, iṭās, iḍās.
I want to sleep, irhēgh éḍis.
Sleep is upon me, ehaihe éḍis.
I dreamed, ehorgeagh.
A dream, táhorgēt.
In Kab., nuddam, slumber, and iṭes, sleep; yūrga, he dreamed, tergīt, a dream, tērgīt (or tergh-it?), a coal.
47. I start up (from a dream), iggedagh; ebórderit [ebordegh-it?].
I snore, esákhăregh.
Snoring, asakhādu.
I breathe, esínfosagh.
I make a long breath, etagagh infas makkōren.
He put his hands into his armpits, ig ifāsenis dag tidardagh enis.
Iggedagh is, I flew (214.), I leapt. Infas is probably imported from Arabic.
48. Go thou! mūs: síkel.
I go [went?], egeléagh.
—— [travelled?] esókalagh.
A traveller, amasōkal.
I walk, ergāshagh.
Let him go! éyit errĕgesh!
I take a ride, ushirgĕshagh.
Mūs, move thou. For in Delaporte I find itemmusu, s’agite; asemmusegh, je remue. In the Prod. Son, mus = semm, to name or call. The root sh-rgsh seems to me formed from rgsh. So sh-krsh from krsh; the last radical being prefixed.
49. I go on horseback, egeléagh nāyagh.
He rides, etinne(y).
Mount ye! annĭyet!
Cattle for riding, innemenniyen.
Ināy, he rides, is the root suggested by the above, and is confirmed by amnāy, a rider, in Delaporte and Venture. In a passage of Zwawa (Kabáíl) in De Slane, inig seems to me to mean he rode. Are nāyagh and etinnegh two forms of the present? Or is nāyagh, I rode? In 62., néyagh, I ride.
50. I go sporting, egeléagh ahuyye.
A sportsman, amahāyen (plur.?).
I go by water, esákalagh dar eghírrëu [I travel by the river].
I go by land, elílagh esalīm; perhaps, I follow by the shore (asarīm in vocab., but alim in 224.).
Following, alīlen. (105. 201.)
Straight, isellīlet.
Even, flat, selīlen, nesauel.
Free, alīl.
Freed, nellīl.
51. I come, asagh.
I arrive, ussēgh.
——, wāṭagh, wāḍagh.
We are arrived, newāṭ.
Come! iyu! (Tad.); mellīt. (Awelm.)
In Kab., yūsa, he came; ūsīgh, I am come. Here, asagh and ussīgh might seem different in tense. Iwwat, in Kab., he approached.
52. We went [we passed], nikka.
The ball passed his head, tesawe tŏke eghaf enis.
I wish to go, irhēgh tikaut.
I flee, shun, egewuaṭagh.
He fled, igĕwaṭ.
Ikka, he passed, he went; Kab. and Shil.: arīgh dakagh, I wish to go, Temght of Ben Músa.
53. I go in, enter, eggĭshagh.
Come in to the tent! eggish ehen!
The rain enters the tent, aman éskăran dar ehen.
He went up and down, imgha.
He went down, imki (in 209.).
I go about, tamaghagh.
——, kelin falánnagh.
Eskăran, in Kab., “doing,” faciens. Imagha, he went up (Kab.); he went down (Ben Músa’s Temght); he went up and down (Delaporte’s Shilha); and here.
54. I go out [went out], ebarberagh.
The stars shine out, ităren iknan ebarbar.
The moon comes out, ayōr ibarbar.
I come out of the boat, tabárbaragh tóraft.
Set them loose! simbăra!
Barbar, extra, might seem a formative from Arab. barra; but the native root is ebru in Kabáíl, which exists side by side with barra. There is ibra, dimisit, repudiavit; inebran, repudium; aberru, manumissio; innabra, emisit (?); sinabra, perhaps the same as simbara above.
55. Run! hasten! oshal, figgedigdig, akkĕra fedigdig.
I run, oshălagh, olékwualégh.
Come back [to me] quick! kalāhi shik.
I return, come back, ekālagh [ḳalāhi, eḳālagh (?). So Kab., iḳḳal, he turned himself. See 25. above].
Come near! ahaz!
I approach, áhĕzagh.
Oshal is ūzal of Kab., correlative to ʿujel of Arabic. Lekwual is like leklek (to trot) of Arabic, for which we have kelkel in Kab. Shik is zik of Kab.
56. He started early, inshaya.
You start early, tinshayat, (subst.) tanshit.
I start early, ismargărēgh.
—— inshēgh semmūt [semmūṭ, cold, fresh?].
Early to-morrow, ashikken semmūt.
I start in the afternoon, eduēgh, (subst.) tádŭit.
I wish to start late, erhēgh tádŭit.
57. You start to-morrow morning from Timbúktu, ke tinshayat ashikke dag Timbutku.
You pass the heat in Kábara, tekĕlét te Kábarăten [you broil].
You start in the afternoon from Kábara, ke teduēt dag te Kábarăten.
You lodge in Lenga, temendagh Lenga.
We pass the heat, nikkĕla [we broil].
Where do we pass the heat to-day? indegh dihau demáde nikkel ashel idagh?
Ikĕla is here iḳĕla, Arabic ḳala, he broiled. Brosselet gives as Kab. eḳlu, broil thou; perhaps a root common to both languages. Eḳḳel is the imperative for Turn yourself. In fact, to turn and to roast may be modifications of one root.
58. We lodge for the night, nemendagh.
I pass the night (I rest), insēgh (42.).
Where (is it) that we shall rest this night, endeg dihā dihennas ehaḍ idagh? [read dinennas?]
Edag or edagh, a place: (edeg iyen, one place; annagh edak? what place?) Dāj, house with yard in Ghadámsi, which = Arab dār. Idegh, he dwelt? (Irhan adedekken Bosebango, they want to dwell at Bosebango) To this root I am disposed to refer emendagh. Izdegh, he dwelt, is the Kabáíl.
Ehad, night, must be ehaḍ. It is efaḍ of Ghadámsi, egheḍ of Wadreagh, yīeḍ of Delaporte, yīṭ of Hámed, &c. Tegīt in the Tuareg (Temght) of Hodgson. The root is seen in Arab. غطا, obscura fuit nox.
59. Thou dost not keep the path, war tóherit. [Qu. from Turco-Arab., dōghere, straight?]
I lose my way, ebehāhi eberīk.
He has lost his way, ebehās eberēk [fefellit eum via].
[Ibāhe, it misleads; ibehe, it misled?]
False, bāho.
Liar, wambāho.
Renowned, anesbāho [boasted of extravagantly?].
Yoher, he has kept the track? Eberīk, road, is Temght of Ben Músa; in Kab. ebrid, in Arab. derb.
60. He has found his way, enta iggĕro abárrăka.
I am tired, ildāshagh.
Weariness, ilídish.
I am very tired, ildāshagh húllen húllen.
My bones are shattered, nek tatáktărau eghasánnini.
Iggera (Igra), it lighted upon, is surely Arabic jera. The ō in iggĕro may even be the Arabic pronoun him. [? H.B.]
Tataktarau seems akin to karrau or kaurau, to be torn, t being inserted as in the Arabic 8th form, not a Berber practice. The root is not unlike zarau; see below.
61. Exhaustion, temánkīt.
I repose, eḳēmagh dissūn.
—— adehāgegh fessagh.
Let us repose a little, nehāget andurren.
Temankīt. Compare War itemanākit, lest it hurt (him). Perhaps from naka. Dissun, my side? Edis, side; uni, eni, of me.
62. I ride a horse, néyagh aïs. (49.)
I dismount, ezōbegh. (66.)
Dismount ye, zōbet.
I make the camel lie down, esiggănagh amĕnis.
Make thy camel lie, siggen amĕnis innek.
I drive my horse on, egedémmegh aïsin.
63. I go fast, égelegh shik.
I make my horse trot, eshisheriwuēgh aïsin.
I keep back my horse, esamásănagh aïsin.
I make him gallop, etegeriwuēgh aïsin.
I take a ride, ushírgeshagh; adsummorómaragh.
Eshisheriwuēgh, etegeriwuēgh, seem to show wuēgh as marking the 1st person of a causative verb, when the root ends in au. Shisherau, perhaps, denotes frequentative alternative movement, nearly as sheresherau, to work the pump-handle.
Esámăsan, causative, from amăsan?
Etegeriwūegh (I set loose?) has et to mark present tense. I make the root igherau, it is easy: whence egheraugh, I am easier, yeherowen, easy; iharowen, spacious.
Adsummorómaragh seems to be a causative from a frequentative root mormor. Ad marks present time.
64. I will go into a boat, erhēgh ogish-n-tóraft [I desire the entering of a boat].
I entered a boat, egĭshagh tóraft.
I get on the sand, tarásănagh taméllelt.
We have got on the sand, urannar-n-akal.
I disembark, tabarbăragh tóraft.
Tarásănagh (from yarăsan,) he touched? he grazed? Tursar (211.), ran aground.
65. Do we cross in a boat? nisger is tóraft?
Or have we to go on foot? mēr essi sídaránnanagh?
I cross a river, isgeragh.
I ford a river, nek yer teawent.
Take my horse through the river, kuletāhi aïseni.
Essi may seem to be the Latin num, an, as is in Delaporte’s Kabáíl.
Isger is izger in Kabáíl, perhaps more correct.
Yer may seem to be for yegh, first person of a verb, so as to mean “I keep the ford” (teawent is a ford); but eyyi, in Barth, means let, leave, being the Kabáíl ejji.
Kulet, plural, from root kul? Compare ikel, he marched: or is t radical?
66. I pass a town, kayetánnagh.
Shall we sleep in Kabara, or pass it? awak nemendagh e Kábaraten, mer nokaitenit?
I alight (and take quarters) at the house of a certain man, ezubbegh rōr halis iyen.
I climb down, nek azúbbegh.
Mohammed E’ sghīr [probably?] will lodge with El Bakáy, Mohammed eṣṣghīr kodōsen azubbet rōr El Bakáy.